Full Ripeness Research Articles

STUDY THE REEVALUATION BERRIES GROWTH FOR SEVEN GRAPE VARIETIES AT SLAHALDEN CONDITION

The study was carried out in the Department of Horticulture & Landscape research station – college of Agriculture, University of Tikrit for the two seasons 2010-2011, on seven grape varieties (Saadani, seedless, Dasaliniz, Black Hamburk, Halawni, Kamali and Black monika), age 8 years ,2.5 x 2.5m planting, Kamariat training. Factorial experiment were carried out in the design R.C.B.D.three replicates and were compared on the basis of less significant defference LSD the level of risk 0.05. The result for tow season average conducted that the berries wight & valium increase and depress same time different between varieties, the total soluble solid decrease after three to five week frome full bloom and increase to berries ripe, acid significant decrease to ripening accept Kamaly and black monica varieties rise after first measuring and decrease anther time to full ripe, Respiration decrease until fruits ripe in varieties Sadany and Black monica, anther varites rise in last measuring when berries ripening.

A feature collection of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) by nutritious value of seeds

The study purpose was to summarize and analyze multi-year data on the nutritional quality of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) accessions from the basic collection of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (NCPGRU).Materials and methods. In 1992–2018, 555 accessions of the NCPGRU’s basic collection of lentils were studied. Lens culinaris Medik. accessions were represented by two subspecies: subsp. microsperma and subsp. macrosperma.The collection accessions of lentils were investigated and morphologically described; they were grouped by economic and biological features according to the Classifier of the genus Lens L.The protein content in seeds was determined by the Kjeldahl digestion in the Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology and Quality of the Plant Production Institute nd. a. VYa Yuriev NAAS.Results and discussion. The nutritional parameters of lentil seeds were evaluated in the full ripeness phase: protein content, cooking time, palatability, colors of cotyledons and seed coat, resistance to infuscation, and seed size.As to the protein content in seeds, the collection includes the following accessions: with a very high protein content (>30%) – one reference accession UD0600398 (Ukraine) with the protein content of 30.34%; with high protein content (29-30%) – 26 accessions; with medium protein content (26–28%) – 55 accessions; with low protein content (20–25%) – 79 accessions. As to the cooking boiling rate, the collection includes 154 accessions: with a very good rate (< 40 minutes) – 45 accessions; with a good rate (40–60 minutes) – 89 accessions; with a medium rate (61–80 minutes) – 20 accessions. Reference accessions for various levels of lentil palatability were distinguished and included in the collection: very low palatability (3 points) – LUG 330/04 (Ukraine); low palatability (5 points) – 1743 T 19 (Canada); high palatability (7 points) – Miledi, (Russia).The seed appearance is an important aspect of the market value of food lentils: the seed coat color, cotyledon color, resistance to infuscation. The accessions were grouped by cotyledon color as follows: yellow – 87 accessions; hot-yellow – 67 accessions; green – 6 accessions. In accordance with the Classifier of the genus Lens, there are currently eight types of the seed coat pigmentation; their references are listed below: white – LUG 45/09 (Ukraine); pink – LUG 116/09 (Ukraine); green – Zelenyy Chervonets (Ukraine); yellow-green – Krasnohradska 250 (Ukraine); gray – 1743 T 19 (Canada); gray-red – Elista (Slovakia); brown – UD0600444 (Ethiopia); and black – Beluga (Israel).Given the ability of the seed coat to infuscate, the reference accessions for this trait were chosen: infuscating – Krasnohradska 250 (Ukraine); non-infuscating – LUG 45/09 (Ukraine).

The dependence of spring triticale yield and its structure on harvesting time and methods

The yield level of the spring triticale and its structure is largely determined by the timing and methods of harvesting, especially in the region where this crop was not cultivated previously. This issue is important for Amur region because it is located in the zone of risky agriculture and harvesting of spring triticale here runs in difficult conditions. The research aims to establish optimal terms and methods of harvesting, which will accelerate the introduction of this new crop in the region. In 2014-2016 field studies were conducted with methods generally accepted for grain crops. It was established that the highest grain yield at optimal terms of sowing, was obtained during harvesting on August 25th (in the phase of grain’s full ripeness). Earlier harvesting resulted in an 11-29% reduction of yield. It was especially noticeable in Carmen variety. During harvesting on August 4th, this variety’s yield decreased by 0.69 tons per hector (metric, t/ha). Similarly, with a later harvest date (September 1st), all varieties showed lower yields. This was especially evident in Ukro variety with a 17% reduction. As for harvesting on August 4th and 11th, while grain moisture exceeded 20%, a separate method of cropping turned out to give the best results. Yields in these experiments amounted to 2.31 - 2.55 t/ha (Dill variety), 2.06 - 2.17 t/ha (Yarilo variety), and 1.81 - 2.26 t/ha (Carmen variety). August 18th is optimal for the two-phase method of harvesting when crops reach the spring triticale phase - the middle of grain wax ripeness. In this case, the yield amounted to 2.33 t/ha.

Changes in the polypeptide/ protein banding pattern of guava (Psidium guavajava L.) fruits during ripening on-tree and in-storage

Changes in the polypeptide pattern of guava (Psidium guavajava L.) cvs. viz. Hisar Safeda and Hisar Surkha were examined during ripening on-tree as well as in-storage, at different stages of ripening. Observation of protein banding profile of guava fruits revealed that the profiles differed among cultivars as well as seasons. Both the hybrids revealed reproducible bands ranging from Rf values of 0.48 to 0.98 in rainy season and 0.36 to 0.93 in winter season. Polymorphism was exhibited clearly in fruits of rainy season crop than winter season crop. Also the profiles were affected differentially during ripening on-tree and in-storage. Differences were also observed with respect to maturity stages. There were few bands which were present only at green mature and half ripe stages but absent at full ripe stage while some bands were absent at green mature and half ripe stages but present at full ripe stage. In the present investigations, two unique bands were also observed. One band (Rf value 0.28) was present only in Hisar Surkha at full ripe stage whereas another band (Rf value 0.66) was present in Hisar Safeda at green mature stage only.

The use of herbicides for cultivation of the maize hybrid “Zernogradsky 354 MV” in the south of the Rostov region

The field trials were conducted in 2017–2019 in the laboratory for cultivation technologies of row crops in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The experimental plots were located in the southern soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region characterized with insufficient and unstable moisture. The soil of the experimental plots was heavy-loamy ordinary blackearth (chernozem) on forestry loams with 3.2% of humus, fertilized with 18.5 – 20.0 mg/kg of P2O5 and 342 – 360 mg/kg of K2O. The current paper has presented the study results of the effect of herbicides on middle ripening maize hybrid “Zernogradsky 354 MV”, included in the State List of RF in 2010. The used herbicides had a positive effect on reducing the contamination of maize sowings with monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds (90% decrease), which contributed to an improvement of grain crop productivity. In the phase of full ripeness, the number of weeds in the experimental variants was 2.7–3.1 times less than in the control variant. The productivity increase in the control variant was 0.55–0.83 t/ha. The largest net income (22 545 rub/ha) was obtained due to the use of the herbicide “Elumis”. The high cost of the preparations negatively affected the cost of production, which exceeded the control variant on 436–519 rubles per ton. The profitability of the applied herbicides was lower than the control variant on 30 and 39%. The grain productivity increase obtained in the trials has paid for the costs of herbicides’ use; the payback amount was 1.15–1.57 rubles.

Fermentation quality of ensiled crimped faba beans using different additives with special attention to changes in bioactive compounds

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a grain legume that provides possibilities to increase local protein self-sufficiency both as feed and food in areas where possibilities for cultivation of other protein crops are limited. However, full ripening may not be achieved and storage of the moist beans by crimping and ensiling provides an economic alternative to drying, and is well suited for animal feeding. The objectives of the current experiment were to evaluate the effects of moisture content and various silage additives on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and fate of bioactive compounds of ensiled crimped faba beans in a pilot scale ensiling experiment. Faba beans were combine harvested at moisture level of 443 g/kg and crimped prior to ensiling. The following additive treatments were applied using three replicates: 1) control (CON), 2) two commercial lactic acid bacteria inoculants as mixture (LABmix), 3) In-house LAB inoculant (LABLuke), 4) Formic acid based product (FA) and 5) Salt based product (Salt). Further, two of the additive treatments were prepared with additional moisture: 6) Control with tap water addition (CON + w) and 7) LABmix with tap water addition (LABmix + w). The beans ensiled without additive showed elevated pH, butyric acid and ethanol concentrations and proportion of ammonia N in total N. Addition of water further decreased the fermentation quality. The LAB inoculants improved the fermentation quality of the beans compared to CON. The fermentation was effectively restricted when FA was used. Both LAB and chemical additives improved aerobic stability compared to CON and Salt was especially effective in improving aerobic stability. Vicine disappeared totally during the ensiling period and also convicine was effectively degraded. It seems that promoting microbial activity in the silo either by LAB inoculation or increased moisture promoted the degradation of convicine, while chemical additives decreased the degradation of it. Total and particularly soluble proanthocyanidins were also degraded during the ensiling period. Crimping and ensiling is an alternative preservation method for faba beans which eliminates the energy consumption and investments required for drying. In addition, benefits regarding the concentrations of bioactive compounds may be expected.

Carotenogenesis and chromoplast development during ripening of yellow, orange and red colored Physalis fruit.

Formation of specific ultrastructural chromoplastidal elements during ripening of fruits of three different colored Physalis spp. is closely related to their distinct carotenoid profiles. The accumulation of color-determining carotenoids within the chromoplasts of ripening yellow, orange, and red fruit of Physalis pubescensL., Physalis peruvianaL., and Physalis alkekengiL., respectively, was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) as well as light and transmission electron microscopy. Both yellow and orange fruit gradually accumulated mainly β-carotene and lutein esters at variable levels, explaining their different colors at full ripeness. Upon commencing β-carotene biosynthesis, large crystals appeared in their chromoplasts, while large filaments protruding from plastoglobules were characteristic elements of chromoplasts of orange fruit. In contrast to yellow and orange fruit, fully ripe red fruit contained almost no β-carotene, but esters of both β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin at very high levels. Tubule bundles and unusual disc-like crystallites were predominant carotenoid-bearing elements in red fruit. Our study supports the earlier hypothesis that the predominant carotenoid type might shape the ultrastructural carotenoid deposition form, which is considered important for color, stability and bioavailability of the contained carotenoids.

The Antioxidant Profile Evaluation of Some Tomato Landraces with Soil Salinity Tolerance Correlated with High Nutraceuticaland Functional Value

Romania has a wide variety of local landraces and heirloom genotypes. Our study aims to assess the performance of twenty halotolerant tomato landraces, collected from areas with medium and high levels of soil salinity, in terms ofthe accumulation of antioxidant compounds in fruits and to cluster them according to their nutraceutical components. The tomatoes used in the study were harvested once they had attained full ripeness and then analyzed for lycopene (Lyc), ascorbic acid content (AsA), total phenolic content (TPC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results revealed major differences between genotypes in terms of nutraceutical values. According to principal component analysis, the tomato landraces were grouped into five clusters, characterized by different proportions of compounds with antioxidant activity. The high/moderate nutritional values of Lyc, TAC, TPC, and AsA were obtained from varieties taken from local lands with high soil salinity, over 6.5 dS m−1. These findings support the idea that metabolites and secondary antioxidants are involved in the process of stress adaptation, thereby increasing salinity tolerance in tomatoes. Our results show that there are tomato landraces with a tolerance of adaptation to conditions of high soil salinity and provide information on their ability to synthesize molecules with antioxidant functions that protect plants against oxidative damage.

Биотехнологический потенциал томата факел, произрастающего в Дагестане

The article explores the biotechnological potential of growing Torch tomatoes in the territory of Dagestan. The characteristics of the hybrid varieties of tomatoes Torch are given. The comparative characteristic of yield indicators of tomato varieties Torch with other varieties cultivated in the southern part of Russia is presented. Five universal soil fertilizer schemes and their application regimes for growing tomatoes were tested as part of the field experiment. The most optimal ratios of the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for fertilizing soils and fertilizing plants, as an alternative to natural organic nitrogen fertilizers. It is proved that with the introduction of mineral fertilizers against the background of the aftereffect of manure in the soil, the content of nitrates, mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium increases. The influence of the timing of the use of fertilizers on the accumulation of dry matter and the area of the assimilation surface of tomatoes of the Torch variety during the growing season was studied. The dependence of the yield of commodity fruits of the Torch tomato on the doses and timing of the use of fertilizers was established. The effect of fertilizers on individual biometric indicators of Torch tomato plants on the period of mass ripening of fruits is shown; individual indicators of the quality of the Torch tomato fruit in full ripeness are determined depending on fertilizers. It has been shown that the application of fertilizers ensures the yield of fruits of sown tomatoes of the Torch cultivar at the level of 480-500 centner, and also that the tomato plants of the Torch cultivar form the maximum assimilation surface during the period of mass fruit formation. It is shown that the amount of nitrates in the fruits, regardless of the background of cultivation, does not exceed their maximum permissible concentration; in practice, the high yield of tomatoes Torch cultivar in the climatic conditions of Dagestan has been proved.

Productivity of sugar sorghum as affected by the elements of the technology of cultivation in the zone of insufficient moisture in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To find out the dependence of sugar sorghum productivity on varietal characteristics, the sowing date and the harvesting date in the zone of insufficient moisture in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. The biological and statistical methods were used in the research. Biological methods included field experiments and monitoring of productivity indicators. The results were processed using the following statistical methods: descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and correlation analysis.Results. The degree of the effect of varietal characteristics, sowing date, harvesting date and weather conditions on the productivity and quality of sugar sorghum biomass have been established. The yield of green biomass, the sugar content of the juice and the dry matter content of sugar sorghum hybrid ‘Mamont’ exceeded the corresponding indicators of the variety ‘Sylosne 42’. Harvesting sugar sorghum of the ‘Sylosne 42’ variety and the ‘Mamont’ hybrid in the wax ripeness phase increased the yield of green biomass by 10.4 and 9.5 %, respectively, the sugar content of the juice by 1.8 times, and the dry matter content by 32.6 and 18.3 %, the crude ash content in this case decreased by 4.6 and 3.0 % compared with the phase of booting.Conclusions. The yield of green biomass depends on the varietal characteristics of sugar sorghum (36.5 %), the sowing date (12.1 %) and the harvesting date (12.2 %). A close relationship (R2=0.76) between the yield of green biomass and the length of the vegetation period of sugar sorghum had been established. To obtain a high yield of green biomass of sugar sorghum, its seeds should be sown in late April – early May, and the biomass should be collected no earlier than September in the phase of full ripeness of seeds. The dominant effect on the variation in the sugar content of the juice made the harvesting date (68.1 %). The effect of sowing dates, weather conditions and varietal characteristics on the sugar content in the juice was significantly less and amounted to 2.7, respectively; 2.3 and 1.0 %. Harvesting sugar sorghum in the wax ripeness phase provided a 1.8 times higher sugar content of the juice compared to the phase of booting, and further transfer of harvesting time to the full ripeness phase insignificantly increased the sugar content of the juice. The accumulation of dry matter in sugar sorghum plants was influenced by the harvesting date (54.5 %), the sowing date (5.2 %), weather conditions (3.3 %) and varietal characteristics (0.3 %). Delay in sowing date for every 10 days since the end of April leads to a decrease in the dry matter content in the biomass of sugar sorghum by an average of 1%. Extension of the vegetation by 1 day due to the later harvesting of biomass increases the dry matter content by 0,25 %. The influence of varietal characteristics (12.4 %), sowing date (1.9 %) and harvesting date (23.6 %) on the content of crude ash in the sugar sorghum was established. With an increase in the growing season, the content of ash elements in the biomass of sugar sorghum, both varieties and hybrids, decreased significantly. In terms of yield of green biomass (91.5 t/ha), sugar content of juice (12.7 %) and dry matter content (24.6 %), Sorghum sugar hybrid 'Mamont' exceeded the 'Sylosne 42' variety, the corresponding indices of which were 70,8 t/ha, 12 % and 24.0 %, while the content of ash elements in the biomass of the hybrid was lower than that of the variety.

THE CONTENT OF CAROTINOIDS IN FRUITS OF SOME REPRESENTATIVES OF THE SORBUS L. GENUS AT THE INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to determine the content of carotenoids in the fruits of some representatives of Sorbus genus from the collection of the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute. For the quantitative analysis, the fruits of the rowan trees were collected in the phase of full ripening and dried to an air-dry state. Sorbus aucuparia L. was used as an object of comparison as the official pharmacopoeias species. Qualitative detection of carotenoids was performed by thin layer chromatography, quantitative determination - spectrophotometrically.It was found that the highest content of carotenoids is characterized by a sort of hybrid origin × Crataegosorbus miczurinii “Garnet” – 46.41 mg/% and a natural hybrid Sorbocotoneaster pozdnijkovii – 42.64 mg /%. The minimum content of this group of substances is noted in the raw material of Sorbus frutescens (0.86 mg/%) with white fruits. This fact is confirmed by the presence of plant pigments – carotenoids, in fruits that have a yellow-orange-red color. The local Sorbus aucuparia had a low carotenoid content (11.24 mg/%).The study, with a certain degree of reliability, suggests the presence of carotenoids in the fruits of the rowan trees studied and allows us to recommend them as a promising source of raw materials for the production of vitamin-active drugs and food additives. The studied taxons × Crataegosorbus miczurinii and × Sorbocotoneaster pozdnijkovii are characterized by high introduction resistance under the conditions of the Bashkir Cis-Urals. In the future, it is intended to continue the study of other members of the Sorbus genus for the presence of pharmacopoeias properties.

Adaptation of Threshing Devices to Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Harvested Crops

The purpose of this study was to substantiate the directions of reducing the damage to seeds during harvesting of grain crops. Threshing-separating devices of combine harvesters, physicomechanical characteristics of plants using wheat as an example, and parameters and modes of threshing devices that reduce grain damage were studied. It was revealed that grain damage is a consequence of the fact that parameters and operating modes of combines' threshing-separating devices are not consistent with harvested plants' characteristics. For threshing grain without damage, the shock pulse should be enough to separate the grain from inflorescence but be less than the force restricted by elastic properties (elastic limit) of the grain. The dependence of the average value of the bonding strength between the grain and the spike on the temperature and humidity, air temperature, and the standing time since reaching full ripeness can be described by a regression equation with a correlation coefficient of 0.89 and a determination coefficient of 0.79. This equation can be applied for the operational control of the rotational speed of the drum. For the operational control of feeding the harvested crop to the threshing device of the combine in the fields, the yield in individual sections of which varies significantly, methods developed for the introduction of precision farming are proposed. To obtain information on increasing the range between the bonding strength and elastic properties of the grain and to determine the dependence of the bonding strength between the grain and the spike on the properties of plants, it is necessary to study properties of both commercial and new cultivars.

Genotypes and harvest maturity influence the nutritional fruit quality of mulberry

Higher water content and delicate fruit texture of mulberry limit its postharvest shelf-life with poor eating quality. Therefore, the current study was planned to evaluate fruit quality characteristics of four mulberry genotypes (“Black short”, “Black long”, “Chinese white” and “Chinese long”) harvested at two maturity stages (Semi ripe and ripe). Among different genotypes, the fruit of Chinese long exhibited significantly higher fruit length, fruit weight, number of drupelets, juice weight, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, moisture and ash content. The maximum ripening index (TSS/TA), juice pH, antioxidant scavenging activity (ASA) and catalase (CAT) were found in Chinese white. However, Black short showed the higher value of fruit diameter, dry matter, titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic contents (TPC), protein, carbohydrates and peroxidase activity (POD). The highest superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) was observed in “Black long”. As the maturity advanced, fruit diameter, fruit weight, juice weight, TSS, TSS/TA, TA, ascorbic acid, ASA, TPC, moisture and fat content showed an increasing trend from Semi ripe to Full ripe stage while dry matter, pH, ash, protein, carbohydrates, and activities of antioxidative enzymes (POD, SOD, and CAT) showed the reverse trend. In conclusion, Chinese long genotype at a fully ripe stage exhibited the best fruit quality attributes with higher nutritional values.

Allelic Mutations in the Ripening -Inhibitor Locus Generate Extensive Variation in Tomato Ripening.

RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN) is a transcription factor with transcriptional activator activity that plays a major role in regulating fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Recent studies have revealed that (1) RIN is indispensable for full ripening but not for the induction of ripening; and (2) the rin mutation, which produces nonripening fruits that never turn red or soften, is not a null mutation but instead converts the encoded transcriptional activator into a repressor. Here, we have uncovered aspects of RIN function by characterizing a series of allelic mutations within this locus that were produced by CRISPR/Cas9. Fruits of RIN-knockout plants, which are characterized by partial ripening and low levels of lycopene but never turn fully red, showed excess flesh softening compared to the wild type. The knockout mutant fruits also showed accelerated cell wall degradation, suggesting that, contrary to the conventional view, RIN represses over-ripening in addition to facilitating ripening. A C-terminal domain-truncated RIN protein, encoded by another allele of the RIN locus (rinG2), did not activate transcription but formed transcription factor complexes that bound to target genomic regions in a manner similar to that observed for wild-type RIN protein. Fruits expressing this truncated RIN protein exhibited extended shelf life, but unlike rin fruits, they accumulated lycopene and appeared orange. The diverse ripening properties of the RIN allelic mutants suggest that substantial phenotypic variation can be produced by tuning the activity of a transcription factor.

Proteomic and metabolic analysis reveals novel sweet cherry fruit development regulatory points influenced by girdling

Despite the application of girdling technique for several centuries, its impact on the metabolic shifts that underly fruit biology remains fragmentary. To characterize the influence of girdling on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit development and ripening, second-year-old shoots of the cultivars ‘Lapins’ and ‘Skeena’ were girdled before full blossom. Fruit characteristics were evaluated across six developmental stages (S), from green-small fruit (stage S1) to full ripe stage (stage S6). In both cultivars, girdling significantly altered the fruit ripening physiognomy. Time course fruit metabolomic along with proteomic approaches unraveled common and cultivar-specific responses to girdling. Notably, several primary and secondary metabolites, such as soluble sugars (glucose, trehalose), alcohol (mannitol), phenolic compounds (rutin, naringenin-7-O-glucoside), including anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3.5-O-diglucoside) were accumulated by girdling, while various amino acids (glycine, threonine, asparagine) were decreased in both cultivars. Proteins predominantly associated with ribosome, DNA repair and recombination, chromosome, membrane trafficking, RNA transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and redox homeostasis were depressed in fruits of both girdled cultivars. This study provides the first system-wide datasets concerning metabolomic and proteomic changes in girdled fruits, which reveal that shoot girdling may induce long-term changes in sweet cherry metabolism.

DEGRADATION KINETICS OF VITAMIN C AND β- CAROTNE IN MANGO JUICE

Kinetics study on Vitamin C and beta-carotene degradation in mango juice was examined. Ten (10) mango fruits (Mangifera Indica) of the common cultivar were selected for analysis; the fruits were allowed to reach approximately 75% of full ripeness. Sixteen (16) samples of the mango juice were pasteurized at temperatures of 60oC, 70 oC, 80 oC and 90 oC for 10, 20, 30, 40 minutes respectively, and kept under refrigerated conditions at 10 oC. The pH values at these periods ranged from 4.43-4.47. Results showed that both Vitamin C and beta carotene concentrations decreased with time following a zero order kinetic model. The highest R2 coefficient was 0.9955 in Vitamin C, while that of beta- carotene was 0.9872. The Arrhenius plots (Ink versus 1/T) showed the calculated activated energy Ea =12.192KJ/mol for Vitamin C. while the activation energy Ea = 19.097KJ/mol for beta-carotene. Hereto, heat treatment of mango juice should be carried out under low temperature conditions at short given intervals to retain the vitamin c and beta-carotene contents after juicing, during processing.

Landscape characteristics of Codot Coffee in Kota Agung Utara Forest Management Unit, Lampung

Codot coffee is a new coffee variety produced from codot or fruit-eating bats activity. This coffee is produced from bats spitting activity after they eat a full ripe coffee bean. We believed that there are interactions between coffee and codot along the landscape that can be withdrawn by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The purpose of this study is to determine the landscape characteristics of the distribution of codot coffee over Community Forest (Hutan Kemasyarakatan/HKm) area in Kota Agung Utara Forest Management Unit (FMU) (Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan/KPH). The codot coffee’s points were collected using direct GPS survey technique followed by spatial analysis. It was indicated that codot coffee has a tendency to exist between 0 to 300 m from the river, and more than 1,000 m from the road. The buffer analysis results of codot coffee distribution showed that codot has a tendency to require forests as a place to live and rest. Data showed that codot coffee mostly found in the slope between 15 to 30 percent and in the slope of 0 to 7 percent. The codot coffee were only found in area within 500 to 900 asl.

Agrobiological characteristics of spelt wheat and intermediate wheatgrass under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Agrobiological characteristics of spelt wheat and intermediate wheatgrass under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Effect of nitrogen on activity of peptide hydrolases and protein content in caryopses and flag leaf of barley in ontogenesis

The aim of the research was to study the influence peculiarities of different levels of nitrogen nutrition on the activity of peptide hydrolases and protein content in ontogeny of barley plants.The paper discusses the content of total nitrogen, protein and the dynamics of activity of proteolytic enzymes during ontogenesis of barley plants. The activity of peptide hydrolases, the content of protein and total nitrogen were determined in four developmental phases in the flag leaf and forming caryopses of barley. The aim of the work was to determine the effect of different levels of nitrogen on the quantitative content of protein, the total amount of nitrogen, as well as on the activity of acidic and neutral peptide hydrolases. In the course of the research, the following features were revealed: 1. The content of total nitrogen and protein, as well as the activity of proteases, depended on the developmental phase and on the level of nitrogen nutrition; 2. Increasing doses of nitrogen contribute to a greater nitrogen outflow from flag leaves into the forming grain; 3. High nitrogen norms inhibit the activity of peptide hydrolases. 4. The highest rates of activity of acidic proteases were noted in the phase of full ripeness. 5. The total activity of peptide hydrolases increased in variants with a twoand three-fold nitrogen dose.

Non-Destructive Identification of Internal Watercore in Apples Based on Online Vis/NIR Spectroscopy

HighlightsA custom-designed online Vis/NIR spectroscopy system was used for real-time detection of watercore in apples.Watercore severity index (WSI) was applied for watercore severity assessment.Higher than 95.0% accuracy was obtained for total samples in classifying sound apples from watercore groups using kNN, BPNN, SVM, and 1D CNN at a detection speed of 3 apples s-1.Linear kernel SVM achieved the best classification accuracy of 96% for samples in the prediction set.Abstract. Watercore, an internal physiological disorder affecting apples, can be characterized by water-soaked, glassy regions near the fruit core. It is used as an indicator of full ripeness, storage suitability, and price of apples in many countries. Therefore, fast and non-destructive detection of watercore plays an important role in improving the commercial value of apples and reducing postharvest costs. In this study, an online visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy system was proposed for real-time detection of watercore in ‘Fuji’ apples (Malus pumila Mill.). A total of 318 samples harvested during harvest season in the same orchard were analyzed for both watercore severity index (WSI) and soluble solids content (SSC). According to the USDA watercore classification standard, all samples were classified into one of four classes (sound, slight, moderate, or severe) based on the affected area of watercore. Results showed that, although there was a positive correlation between spectral intensity and affected area of watercore, no significant relationship between affected area size and SSC could be obtained by Pearson test (correlation coefficient ~0.094). Generally, >95.0% accuracy was obtained for total samples at a detection speed of 3 apples s-1 in classifying sound from watercore groups using k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm, back-propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM) classification, and one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN). The best classification result was achieved by linear kernel SVM, with an accuracy of 96% for total samples. These classification algorithms showed preliminary feasibility for online screening of apples with watercore using Vis/NIR spectroscopy in industrial applications. Keywords: Apple watercore, Machine learning, Online detection, Vis/NIR spectroscopy, Watercore severity index.