Fuchsin Research Articles

High efficient removal of synthetic cationic and anionic dyes from water by using functional Al-BTB as adsorbent

ABSTRACT The waste water containing synthetic organic dyes is commonly carcinogenic to the physical health of humans and wildlife. Solid-extraction is considered to be one of the most effective technologies in the removal of these synthetic organic dyes from the water. In this paper, the Al-BTB is synthesized and first applied in the removal of eight synthetic dyes including malachite green, basic fuchsin, acid black 210, Congo red, direct black 19, rhodamine B, direct blue 15 and methyl orange. Interestingly, the as-synthesized Al-BTB represents the highly efficient adsorption capacities toward these organics at a rapid rate. The adsorption conditions including the pH, adsorption time and the dye’s concentrations were optimized, and adsorption behaviors were explored through the adsorption kinetics simulation and the adsorption isotherm analyses. It is worth noting that the resulting Al-BTB is mesoporous and represents prominent adsorption efficiency at rapid rates toward eight dyes despite its cationic or anionic nature and with different functional groups. The reusability of the Al-BTB is also investigated, and the adsorption mechanism is discussed. This work enriches the prospective applications of mesoporous MOFs in the efficient removal of the organic dyes from waste water.

Preparation of sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol composite nanofiber membranes for adsorption of dyes

In this research, electrospinning was used to prepare sodium alginate (SA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite nanofiber membranes. Effects of electrospinning parameters on the morphology and fiber diameter were investigated, and an orthogonal design was chosen to optimize the parameters. The optimized nanofiber membranes were applied as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB), basic fuchsin (BF), and methyl orange (MO). Kinetic and isotherm of adsorption and effects of different experimental conditions such as pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration on adsorption capacity were investigated. It was found that the optimum parameters for the nanofiber membranes were SA/PVA blend ratios (3:7), electric field strength (20 kV), flow rate (0.05 mL/h), and distance (12.5 cm) between the syringe needle and collector, and the mean fiber diameter of the optimized membranes was 99.58 nm. The adsorption of nanofiber membranes was well described by the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model and the Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption mechanism was chemisorption by a monolayer. Based on the Langmuir model, the adsorption capacities for MB, BF, and MO were 9.25 mg/g, 9.02 mg/g, and 7.35 mg/g, respectively.

Chemisorption of basic fuchsine in packed beds of dialdehyde cellulose fibres

The discharge of textile dyes in water systems, due to poor binding to fabrics, is a major health and environmental concern. The majority of synthetic dyes used in textile are hazardous and carcinogenic. Despite efforts in addressing challenges associated with covalent binding of dyes to fibers and effluent filtration, there has been no promising green solution based on green materials and chemistry. Here, we demonstrate that dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) engineered through the chemical functionalization of cellulose fibres provides great functionality for Schiff base dye conjugation. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) of basic fuchsine in packed beds of DAC fibers were fitted to a Langmuir model and pseudo-first order kinetics. DAC fibers with an aldehyde density of 10.8 mmol g-1 had an adsorption capacity, adsorption and desorption rates of 204 mg g-1, 0.05 min-1 and 9.0 × 10-5 min-1, respectively. For cellulose fibers, used as a control, these values are 61 mg g-1, 0.15 min-1 and 2.6 × 10-3 min-1, respectively. It is shown that all dye is chemisorbed on DAC fibres, after initial physisorption and ion-exchange. Addition of 1 M NaCl to the dye solution resulted in coagulation of the dye and the removal capacity through filtration increased to 489 mg g-1, a process ideal for dye recovery or water purification.

Use of laser-scanning confocal microscopy in the detection of diagenesis in bone.

This research demonstrates the value of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) as a research tool in osteological studies, and diagenetic studies in particular. LSCM combines properties of light and scanning electron microscopy using laser light to excite fluorophores throughout the z-axis, developing a 3-D image. Using differential staining and selecting for specific wavelengths of light, one can image targeted materials. This research is divided into two parts: visualizing bone structures such as proteins and their decompositional products and visualizing diagenesis. Part one of this study utilized pig bones as a means of testing the overall ability of LSCM to fluoresce bone. Twenty-three samples were imaged, including 13 samples from a decompositional study conducted 5years previous, and 10 "fresh" samples collected from a commercial butcher. This part of the study determined that protein and organic components of the bone could be fluoresced and diagenetic alteration could be imaged. The second part of the study used human samples as a means of imaging and mapping diagenetic alterations. The second part of the study used 13 samples, including 4 clinical, 7 ancient, and 2 modern controls. The pig study used Basic Fuchsin and SlowFade Gold stains, while the human study used toluidine blue. Images were also taken with unstained elements. The results of the non-human study found that a fresh bone fluoresced differently than that of a 5-year subset, while the results of the human study confirmed these findings and determined that the bone diagenesis can be mapped using LSCM.

OPTIMIZATION OF REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND ABSORPTION CAPACITY OF DYESTUFFS BY ASPERGILLUS SP. USING MANOVA

Fungi is widely found on air, soil, water and organic substances in nature. Unlike single-celled bacteria, fungi form multicellular structures, sometimes even visible to the naked eye. In studies of Aspergillus sp. removal and dye removal in order to obtain information, examinations are made by painting. Basic dyes, when ionized, are charged with positive electricity. Basic dyes include malachite green, methyl violet, crystal violet, and basic fuchsin. The aim of this research is to determine the effects of different factors on the parameters of absorption capacity and the removal efficiency of malachite green, methyl violet, crystal violet and basic fuchsin from Aspergillus sp. The data analyzed using Minitab statistical software. MANOVA used as the statistical analysis. It is concluded that the temperature and initial concentration have significant effect on removal efficiency and absorption capacity.

Efficient adsorption of dyes by γ-alumina synthesized from aluminum wastes: Kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics and toxicity assessment

This study aimed at synthesizing γ-alumina from aluminum residue obtained from a frame fabrication factory, through precipitation followed by calcination, and apply it as an adsorbent to remove dyes from aqueous solution. The produced adsorbent was designated as non-rigid of aggregates of irregularly shaped particles, with a plate format, a mesoporous structure and with high surface area (304.31 m2·g−1). The kinetic studies indicated the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) follows the pseudo-first order model, while the pseudo-second order best fitted in case of the adsorption of crystal violet (CV) and basic fuchsin (BF). The equilibrium studies indicated the adsorption process is exothermic and the Langmuir model best fitted the equilibrium data with qmax equal to 57.81, 32.92 and 31.92 mg·g−1 for MB, BF and CV, respectively. The adsorption capacity of synthesized alumina from waste was compared with commercial ones and proved to be superior in surface area and adsorption capacity, where this was 40–60% higher for the analyzed dyes. The thermal regeneration was effectively reported towards the attainment of 3 complete cycles of dyes adsorption/desorption. The toxicity assays using Artemia salina and Lactuca sativa as biomarkers reinforce adsorption results demonstrating the treatment of dye solutions by γ-alumina can decrease the mortality of the microcrustaces and the phytotoxicity of solutions. The obtained results indicated some minimum feasibility of the proposed material to be applied in real contamination scenarios.

Facile Synthesis of Matrix‐Free Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Dots and Their Application as Security Inks

AbstractRoom‐temperature phosphorescent (RTP) nitrogen‐doped carbon dots (N‐CDs) have attracted great interest but their efficiency is usually dependent on a solid matrix. Developing efficient matrix‐free RTP CDs is still a great challenge. Here, a simple strategy is reported to synthesize efficient matrix free RTP N‐CDs from citric acid (CA) and basic fuchsine (BF) via a single step hydrothermal process. The synthesized N‐CDs show strong fluorescence in aqueous solution and the solid state, and the RTP lifetime is long‐lived (51.9 ms at 298 K). The phosphorescence of the N‐CDs is attributed to the formation of an internal hydrogen bonded network by the organic polymers on the surface of the N‐CDs. This reduces the nonradiative transitions of the triplet excitons and mitigates oxygen quenching. The application of N‐CDs as security inks is demonstrated.

Preparation of MgTi2O5 nanoparticles for sonophotocatalytic degradation of triphenylmethane dyes

MgTi2O5 (magnesium dititanate) nanoparticles were prepared by a simple hydrothermal assisted post-annealing method and characterized with various analytical techniques. The catalytic properties (sonocatalytic, photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic activity) were evaluated using the degradation of triphenylmethane dyes (crystal violet, basic fuchsin, and acid fuchsin). The sonophotocatalytic activity of MgTi2O5 nanoparticles towards crystal violet was found to be ~2.9 times higher than the photocatalytic activity and ~20 times higher than that of the sonocatalytic processes. In addition, the sonophotocatalytic efficiency of MgTi2O5 nanoparticles was found to be remarkable for the degradation of basic fuchsin (cationic dye) and acid fuchsin (anionic dye). The mechanism of these catalytic activities has been discussed in detail.

Preparation of copper doped walnut shell-based biochar for efficiently removal of organic dyes from aqueous solutions

Malachite green has been demonstrated to be highly toxic, causing mutagenic side effects. To solve this problem, Cu-doped walnut shell-based activated carbon (Cu-WS-AC) was prepared and tested as a competitive adsorbent in various dyes removal. Compared with AC (1415 mg g−1), a 2477 mg g−1 experimental adsorption capacity of MG using Cu-WS-AC was obtained at 298 K. The universality performance showed that Cu-WS-AC was an effective adsorbent in the removal of other organic dyes including acid fuchsin (669.5 mg g−1), Congo red (248.2 mg g−1), methylene blue (414.5 mg g−1), alizarinred (1358 mg g−1), basic fuchsin (753.4 mg g−1). The samples were characterized using SEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR, N2 adsorption–desorption and pHpzc characterization. The adsorption mechanism was proposed. The electrostatic attraction, the hydrogen bonding, the π-π stacking between the graphite layer structure and the aromatic ring in the MG molecule are the main reason to bring about high removal capacity. Also, the surface complexation interaction between Cu0/Cu2+ and cationic dye MG occurring simultaneously help to achieve remarkable adsorption capacity. Intraparticle diffusion model was applied to further explain the adsorption process. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption process was most suitable for the pseudo-second order model (R2 = 0.9997), inferring the chemisorption process. The adsorption equilibrium data were in good agreement with the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9995), giving a calculated maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 3546 mg g−1. This work provides a new idea for the practical application of Cu-doped adsorption materials in organic dye containing water treatment.

A dye combination for the staining of pollen coat and pollen wall.

The pollen coat, which forms on the pollen surface, consists of a lipid-protein matrix. It protects pollen from desiccation and is involved in adhesion, pollen-stigma recognition, and pollen hydration during interactions with the stigma. The classical methods used for pollen coat observation are scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In this work, we screened a collection of fluorescence dyes and identified two fluorescent brighteners FB-52 and FB-184. When they were used together with the exine-specific dye, Basic fuchsin, the pollen coat and the exine structures could be clearly visualized in the pollen of Brassica napus. This co-staining method was applied successfully in staining pollen from Fraxinus chinensis, Calystegia hederacea, and Petunia hybrida. Using this method, small pollen coat-containing cavities were detected in the outer pollen wall layer of Oryza sativa and Zea mays. We further showed these dyes are compatible with fluorescent protein markers. In the Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic line of GFP-tagged pollen coat protein GRP19, GRP19-GFP was observed to form particles at the periphery of pollen coat. This simple staining method is expected to be widely used for the studies of the palynology as well as the pollen-stigma interaction.

Comparative Evaluation of Cavities Disinfected with Ozone Gas and Photodynamic Therapy and Restored with Two Different Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cements on Microleakage and Color Change

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX), ozone and photodynamic (PDT) therapy on the microleakage of reinforced glass ionomer cement and on tooth discoloration. The class V cavities were opened on the buccal faces of 96 extracted molar teeth and the samples were divided into four groups (n = 24). Before and after cavity disinfection, color measurement of teeth was determined by using a spectrophotometer. The groups were separated into two subgroups and restored with ACTIVA and Giomer. One thousand thermal cycles were applied to the teeth at 5–55 C. After the penetration of 0.5% basic fuchsin, teeth were examined with a stereomicroscope and SEM. The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann Whitney U-test and the Kruskal Wallis test. The differences were statistically significant among the cavity disinfectants on the occlusal edge in the ACTIVA groups (p < .05), There was no significant difference considering cavity disinfectants on occlusal and gingival margins in the Giomer groups (p > .05). While ozone gas showed an acceptable color change in teeth, CHX and PDT caused the discoloration in teeth. It was concluded that the Ozone gas does not affect the microleakage of the reinforced glass ionomer cements and does not cause detectable color change. CHX and PDT reduce the microleakage of ACTIVA at the enamel level.

Distribution of microcrack surface density in the human otic capsule

Background The bony otic capsule is comprised of highly mineralized and dense compact bone. It is rarely remodelled and degenerative changes, therefore, accumulate around the inner ear. It is also a predilection site for the pathological remodelling seen in otosclerosis. Morphometric studies have documented increased numbers of dead osteocytes and microcracks in the human otic capsule. Microcracks may disrupt the lacuno-canalicular network and cause osteocyte apoptosis ultimately breaking up the perilabyrinthine bone signalling pathways and dynamics. This may be important to understand the pathogenesis of remodelling diseases like otosclerosis. Aims/Objectives This study describes the spatial and regional distribution of microcrack surface density in relation to the inner ear and compares it to that previously recorded for otosclerosis. Material and methods Forty-two temporal bones and five ribs were used. All samples were undecalcified, bulk stained in basic fuchsin and plastic embedded. Unbiased stereology was used to estimate the true surface density of microcracks (mm2/mm3) in perilabyrinthine bone. Results The surface density of microcracks accumulates around the inner ear spaces, particularly in the lateral window regions, and increases with age. Conclusions and significance This study documents the spatial and temporal association between microfractures and otosclerosis in the otic capsule.

Marginal microleakage of flowable resin composites used to adhere Semi-Direct restorations

Introduction Conservative Dentistry has gradually replaced traditional invasive procedures with minimally invasive techniques that rely on adhesion to tooth substrates [1]. Due to these recent developments, indirect restorations are increasingly used in contemporary practice. In order to bond these restorations, a vast choice of materials exist, and these include flowable resin composites [2,3]. However, studies featuring these materials are seldom found [3]. The aim of this in vitro pilot study was to evaluate and compare the microleakage of indirect restorations luted with a flowable composite and different luting agents. Materials and methods This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Egas Moniz, CRL. Thirty human molars were randomly divided between 3 groups (n = 10) according to the luting agent used: resin cement Bifix QM (VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) (G1), pre-heated resin composite Z100 MP Restorative (3 M ESPE) (G2) and flowable composite GrandioSO Flow (VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) (G3). Standardised class V cavities were prepared in the buccal surface and immediate dentine sealing was carried out with Optibond FL (Kerr). Composite restorations were made using a semi-direct technique with GrandioSO (VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany). After 24 h cavities and restorations were pre-treated and adhesively luted according to the groups. After finishing and polishing, specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h. After thermal aging (500 cycles at 5–55 °C) teeth were sealed and immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine dye for 4 h. Each specimen was then sectioned vertically and microleakage was assessed and classified for both occlusal and cervical margins according to ISO/TS 11405:2015. The results were statistically analysed by Kruskal–Wallis (KW) test and binomial data analysis, at a significance level of 5% (SPSS 24.0). Results There were no significant differences in microleakage scores between the tested groups (p > .05, KW). All the groups scored more leakage in cervical margins. Binomial analysis confirmed that the success rate was material and margin dependent. The probability of failure of a cervical margin bonded to Z100 (G2) and to GrandioSO Flow (G3) using a semi-direct technique was significantly higher than 50% (p = .021) and (p = .002) respectively. Z100 had 100% failure rate in the cervical margin. Discussion and conclusions Longevity of a bonded interface is determined by sealing and microleakage. When this interface is compromised, failure of the restoration may happen [4]. Microleakage occurred in composite restorations made semi-directly the same way amongst the different materials used for bonding. However, cervical margins bonded with resin composites carry a greater chance of failure.

Effective and sequential removal of acid and basic dye wastewater with metallic hybrid mesoporous silica

In this work, nickel‐modified mesoporous silica prepared via sol–gel method (Ni‐S) and co‐precipitation method (Ni‐C) as effective adsorbents were successfully employed for the removal of acid fuchsin (AF) and basic fuchsin (BF). The effect of the retained templates on the adsorption of AF in synthetic materials was investigated in detail. The results indicated that retained templates contributed to improve the adsorption of AF and the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of Ni‐S reached 689.66 mg/g according to Langmuir model. The electrostatic attraction between the anions (‐SO3−) in the dye molecules and the cations (‐NH3+) in the template (HAD) helps to enhance the adsorption effect. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics data fitted perfectly to Langmuir isotherm model and followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. The thermodynamic parameters calculated from temperature‐dependent isotherms suggested that AF adsorption on nickel‐modified hexagonal mesoporous silica (Ni‐HMS) was endothermic and spontaneous process. In addition, the above‐mentioned adsorbents depleted after adsorbing AF could be recovered by simple calcination to apply into the adsorption of BF and exhibited excellent removal performance for basic dyes.

Multi-functionalized self-floating microspheres for dyes capture: Amphoteric adsorption and rapid surface solid-liquid separation

With the rapidly increased discharges of various complex dyeing wastewaters, adsorbents are required to own more properties such as cost-effectiveness, amphoteric ability, and rapid solid-liquid separation ability, to treat dyeing wastewaters. A multi-functional adsorbent was synthesized by co-grafting m-phenylenediamine and sodium allyl sulfonate on the surface of a low-cost base-material: hollow glass microsphere (HGM). Characterization results indicated the surface roughness and –Si–OH groups of HGM were increased by NaOH corrosion; functional groups such as aromatic-rings, –NH2, and –HSO3− were grafted on the surface of HGM. The synthesized adsorbent showed amphoteric attraction abilities for anionic acid green 25 and cationic basic fuchsin dyes. Kinetics and isotherms studies suggested the PSO model and Langmuir model were most satisfactory for adsorption processes, the theoretical maximum adsorption capacities for acid green 25 and basic fuchsin reached 454.55 and 588.24 mg g−1, respectively. The mechanism investigations indicated the electrostatic attraction, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonds were the potential interaction forces between dyes and adsorbents. The synthesized material owns self-floating ability due to the hollow structure of HGM, over 95.7% of adsorbents were collected at water surface via the self-floating process in 12 min, which was beneficial to the solid-liquid separation process and the reuse of adsorbents. The technologies developed by these research efforts can serve as templates for synthesizing multi-functional adsorbents for complex wastewaters decontaminations.

Dentin Bond Strength and Microleakage Comparison of Three Different Universal Adhesives

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the bond strengths and microleakage values of three different universal adhesive systems applied in self-etch to dentin. Materials and Methods: The study consists of two tests as the bond strength (SBS) test and microleakage test. In the SBS test, the mid-coronal dentin surfaces of forty-five human molars were exposed and randomly assigned into three groups [Single Bond Universal, Optibond XTR, and Tokuyama Universal] and adhesive systems were applied to dentin surfaces. The SBS test was performed after composite build-up. Then, the fracture surfaces were evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the microleakage test, identifical adhesive systems were applied to forty-five human premolars with fasial class V cavities were prepared as in the groups specified in the SBS. After composite resin restoration of cavities, the specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles and then immersed in basic fuchsine, sectioned, and examined under a stereo-microscope. Data were evaluated using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s, Chi-square and Mann Whitney U tests. Results: Among the adhesives, the highest bond strength was achieved in Optibond XTR, while Tokuyama Universal showed the lowest (p&amp;lt;0.05). When evaluated for microleakage, no significant difference was reported in occlusal margins. In gingival margins, Optibond XTR showed less leakage compared to Tokuyama Universal (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusions: One-step universal adhesive systems did not show bond strength and leakage resistance that was as good as the two-step universal adhesive system.

An azine-based polymer derived hierarchically porous N–doped carbon for hydrophilic dyes removal

In this study, a novel hierarchically porous N–doped carbon (HPNC) material was successfully prepared by soft-templating method. The commercial triblock copolymer of Pluronic F127 and a polyazine derived from hydrazine hydrate & glyoxal were used as soft template and precursor, respectively. The obtained materials were fully characterized and tested as a sorbent for the removal of hydrophilic dyes of Methylene blue (MB), Basic Fuchsin (BF), Eosin Y (EY) and Rhodamine B (RB) from their aqueous effluents. According to the characterization results, the synthesized material of HPNC-1000 presented thick fibrous morphology with micron size in diameter, hierarchically porous structure with surface area of 1853 m2/g, pore volume of 1.59 cm3/g and nitrogen content of 4.5 wt%. Adsorption-desorption investigation reveals that synergistic effect of hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen-bonding formation of the dye molecules with the sorbent was most pronounced in the adsorptions. The maximum adsorption capacities for MB, BF, EY and RB reached 0.83, 0.92, 1.23 and 1.83 mmol g−1, respectively. The adsorption processes well fitted by the pseudo first-order kinetic model and the Liu′s isotherm. The sorbent can be regenerated by above 90% of the initial adsorption efficiency after six regeneration cycles.

Marginal Sealing of Bulk Fill versus Conventional Composites in Class II Composite Restorations: An In Vitro Study.

Objectives:Bulk fill composites are preferred to conventional composites with time-consuming incremental application technique, given that they have good mechanical properties and low microleakage. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the dentinal marginal microleakage of bulk fill (in two viscosities) and conventional composites in class II cavities in maxillary premolars.Materials and Methods:In this in vitro study, 42 class II cavities were prepared in the mesial and distal surfaces of 21 maxillary premolars extending 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction, and restored with Grandio composite with 2-mm increments, and X-tra fil and X-tra base with 4-mm increments. After 24 h of storage at 37oC and 100% humidity, they were thermocycled (500 cycles, 5–55oC), stored in basic fuchsine, sectioned, and evaluated under a stereomicroscope (×40). The microleakage scores of the gingival margin were recorded. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 21 via the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at P≤0.05 level of significance.Results:No statistically significant differences were noted among the groups in marginal microleakage (P=0.47). No statistically significant difference was noted between bulk and incremental application techniques in this respect either (P=0.23).Conclusion:There was no difference in marginal microleakage between the bulk fill and conventional composites.

Nicorandil inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves cardiac function by suppressing the HtrA2/XIAP/PARP signaling after coronary microembolization in rats.

Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is a key factor in the deterioration of cardiac function after coronary microembolization (CME). Nicorandil (NIC) affects myocardial injury, which may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis. However, the specific mechanism of cardioprotection has not been elucidated. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of NIC on cardiac function in rats subjected to CME and its effect on the high‐temperature requirement peptidase 2/X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein/poly ADP‐ribose polymerase (HtrA2/XIAP/PARP) pathway. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham, CME, CME + NIC, and CME + UCF. Echocardiography was performed 9 hours after CME. Myocardial injury markers were evaluated in blood samples, and the heart tissue was collected for hematoxylin‐eosin staining, hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid staining staining, TdT‐mediated DUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, Western blot analysis of the HtrA2/XIAP/PARP pathway, and transmission electron microscopy. NIC ameliorated cardiac dysfunctioncaused by CME and reduced serum levels of CK‐MB and LDH. In addition, NIC decreased myocardial microinfarct size and apoptotic index. NIC reduced the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio, levels of cleaved caspase 3/9, cytoplasmic HtrA2, and cleaved PARP, and increased the level of XIAP. The effects of NIC were similar to those of the HtrA2 inhibitor, UCF101. This study demonstrated that NIC reduces CME‐induced myocardial injury, reduces mitochondrial damage, and improves myocardial function. The reduction in cardiomyocyte apoptosis by NIC may be mediated by the HtrA2/XIAP/PARP signaling pathway.

Biosorption of cationic and anionic dyes using the biomass of Aspergillus parasiticus CBS 100926T.

Aspergillus parasiticus (A. parasiticus) CBS 100926T was used as a biosorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue (MB), Congo Red (CR), Sudan Black (SB), Malachite Green Oxalate (MGO), Basic Fuchsin (BF) and Phenol Red (PR) from aqueous solutions. The batch biosorption studies were carried out as a function of dye concentration and contact time. The biosorption process followed the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The resulting biosorbent was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffractometer and Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The results of the present investigation suggest that A. parasiticus can be used as an environmentally benign and low cost biomaterial for the removal of basic and acid dyes from aqueous solution.