Growth Of Fruiting Bodies Research Articles

Established Digital Model of Fruit Body Growth of Agrocybe cylindracea Based on Network Programming

Agricultural information technology is an emerging technology based on the cross-fertilization of information technology and agricultural science, which has caused the rapid development of digital agriculture and smart agriculture. Crop growth models, as one of their core components, can dynamically simulate the crop growth and development process and its relationship with climate factors, soil properties, and management techniques, thus effectively overcoming the strong spatial and temporal limitations in traditional agricultural production management research and providing quantitative tools for early warning and effect assessment of crop productivity prediction under different conditions. This study focuses on the general technical approach, the latest research progress, and future development thinking developed by the authors in the construction and application of the tea mushroom growth model. Based on the fitting method of the data model curve of the Internet laboratory, this study is proposed to use network programming technology to digitally fit the growth curve of cap diameter and stalk diameter of the fruiting body in the process of Agrocybe cylindracea growth. The fitting system adopted the development mode of PHP + MYSQL and took the MYSQL database as the core, which made the curve fitting of the final experimental data fast, convenient, and more intelligent. This study laid a preliminary foundation for the effective establishment and improvement of laboratory Agrocybe cylindracea, fruiting body growth data statistics and analysis, and graphical output network sharing.

Impact of substrate supplemented with CaCO3 on mycelial growth, yield, morphological features and storability of fruiting bodies of black poplar mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea (DC.) Marie.

Black poplar mushroom, Agrocybe cylindracea deserves special attention, due to its medicinal properties. Water and alcohol extracts from fruiting bodies of the fungus have an anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, cholesterol and triglycerides blood level lowering abilities. This mushroom is rich in proteins and vitamins, mineral elements and low in fat. The aim of the experiments was to determine effect of a substrate supplementation with CaCO3 on mycelial growth, yield, morphological features and storability of fruiting bodies of four strains of A. cylindracea (DC.) Marie. The amount of additive to sawdust substrate affects rate of mycelial growth and yield of investigated strains. A. cylindracea mycelial growth was not affected by addition of CaCO3 to substrate, however a significant effect of this additive was found on yield, which was the highest with CaCO3 addition in an amount of 8 g/100 g of substrate. Carpophores characterized with the largest caps diameter, and the largest individual mass obtained of substrate enriched with CaCO3 addition of 8 g/100 g of substrate. In addition, it was found that supplementation with CaCO3 affect storability of A. cylindracea. The lowest weight loss of fruiting bodies after 3 and 7 days of storage was found with addition of CaCO3 to substrate in an amount of 4 g/100 g of substrate.

Waste-free fungi production in the Russian Federation

Due to their pleasant taste, high protein levels, and tonic and medicinal value, fungi are clearly one of the world’s largest untapped resources of nutritious and delicious food for humanity. Different types of fungi have different abilities to use substrates. This depends on the specific enzymes secreted by the individual fungus. Commercially cultivated fungi show different abilities to use different lignocellulolytic substances as a substrate for growth and formation of fruit bodies. Fungi growing fits perfectly into the production line with such branches of agriculture as crop production and animal husbandry, as in its technological process it uses raw materials that are waste from these branches of agricultural production, disposes of them and gets a cost-effective output of food-valuable and environmentally friendly products.

Growth and yield performance of Pleurotus on selected Lignocellulosic wastes in the vicinity of PUP main campus, Philippines

Objectives: Urban wastes that contain lignocellulosic substances are potential substrates for mushroom cultivation. The study tested selected urban wastes as substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus djamor, P. sajor caju, and P. florida. Methods: Three different urban wastes (white used paper, banana peels and mixture of leaf litters) and their combinations were used in the study with sawdust served as the control. Percentage of mycelial growth, colonization period, and number of fruiting bodies, cap diameter, stipe length, total yield, and size of the mushroom and biological efficiency of the substrates used were assessed to determine the effects on growth and yield. Findings: Results revealed that the rapid mycelial colonization where the highest mushroom yield and percentage biological efficiency were observed from UP100 for P.djamor, UP75 for P. sajor caju and BP25 for P. florida and the lowest yield were obtained from those in combinations of leaf litters and banana peels. Novelty: Protocol obtained from this research can be applied and implemented in an urban setting where there are no available agricultural wastes rich in lignocellulosic substances can be used in the cultivation of edible mushroom such as P. djamor, P. sajor caju and P. florida. Keywords: Oyster mushroom; growth performance; lignocellulose; biological efficiency; mushroom yield

Effect of bamboo waste replacing cottonseed husk on cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus

Bamboo debris are rich in nutrients and suitable for the cultivation of edible fungi. In order to develop the new raw materials for cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus and the resource utilization of bamboo debris, the mycelial growth, fruiting body growth and economic benefits of P. geesteranus was studied in 9 types of bamboo debris replacement medium formulas (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I) and the cottonseed husk formula cultivated for P. geesteranus in Leshan City as a control (CK). Results shown that formula G was suitable for the growth of P. geesteranus. The composition of the formula G was 64% bamboo debris, 16% cottonseed husk, 8% sawdust, 10% bran, 1% white sugar and 1% plaster. In formula G, the average growth rate of P. geesteranus mycelia was 5.39 mm / d, 7.67 mm / d, and 8.42 mm / d in 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days after inoculation, average bag yield was 0.33 kg / bag, biological efficiency was 89.87%, and the ratio of output value to input value was 3.34.

FORMULASI MEDIA PRODUKSI JAMUR TIRAM (Pleurotus ostreatus) DENGAN SUPLEMENTASI AMPAS SAGU

This study aims to know the basic media with sago pulp supplementation which can be formulated into a medium for producing white oyster mushrooms and also to know the comparison of the right media and supplements in the formulation to give maximum oyster mushrooms production. In this study using a comparison with sawdust substrate and sago pulp to see how effective the sago pulp substrate as a supplement media for the oyster mushroom production. the program used is experimental designed in Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consists of three replications so that twelve experiments were obtained. The treatment arrangement is M1: Base media without supplements (controls), M2: 90% base media + 10% sago pulp, M3: 80% basic media + 20% sago pulp, M4: base media 70% + sago pulp 30%. The observation parameters used in the study are mycelium growth, fruit body growth, biological efficiency and measurement of protein levels in the fruit body of the oyster mushroom. The results showed that the addition of sago pulp in the media of oyster mushroom production had no effect on the growth of oyster mushrooms. This can be seen from the media of production of M1 (without the addition of sago pulp) experiencing a higher growth rate of mycelium compared to other treatments. The addition of sago pulp has an effect on the levels of oyster mushroom protein. This can be seen from the protein content of oyster mushrooms in M2 production media which have high protein content. Normal levels of white oyster mushrooms in sawdust media range from 18% -20%. This is due to the mixing of wood powder as a production medium and 10% sago pulp as supplementation to produce more nutrient levels.

Sterilization of oyster mushroom crop residue substrate by using cold plasma technology

Traditional steaming method applied by mushroom entrepreneurs took long time (48 h) to complete the sterilization process. Moreover, improper steaming process causes contamination by soil-borne pathogens. This study will develop a new design by using cold plasma technology for crop residue substrate sterilization process. The cold plasma discharge works as sterilization able to kill the soil-borne pathogens without effect the substrate properties. Hence, focus was intention to examine the efficiency of the dielectric barrier discharges cold plasma (DBD-CP) pen mixer system on the crop residue substrate sterilization process for oyster mushroom cultivation. This renewal process develops by using electric field from voltage breakdown to discharge the plasma. The plasma with variable sterilization duration of 0 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min and 25 min will discharge on the crop residue substrate. The soil-borne pathogens inactivation occupies on agro-waste substrate will examine using bacteria colony forming unit (CFU) method. Data gathered shows the bacteria colonies reduce from 1.0 9 CFU/mL (0 min) to 1.5 8 CFU/mL (25 min) due to increment of sterilization time. The mushrooms cultivation duration also characterized. The mushroom fruiting body was successfully growth two days earlier on crop residue substrate sterilized using cold plasma technology. Results show 25 min of sterilization duration by cold plasma technology shows the best optimum time. As conclusion, cold plasma technology is an efficient technology and can be applied in oyster mushroom industry for crop residue substrate sterilization process. The mushroom productivity was increase, the mushroom fruiting body growth faster, the sterilization time was shorter and the soil-borne pathogens were reduced.

English

Sawdust from four types of woods (Milicia excelsa, Gmelina arborea, Afzelia africana and Khaya senegalensis) was used for cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius. Growth and yield of fruiting bodies were monitored and biological efficiency (BE) determined. Proximate composition of fruiting bodies was determined; total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extract from the mushrooms were investigated. Results obtained show significant yield (P<0.05) of 361.30±4.55 g/kg substrate (BE = 36.13%) on G. arborea followed by K. senegalensis. The highest crude protein content (19.69±0.09%) was observed in mushrooms harvested on A. africana. Crude fibre was significantly (P<0.05) higher in mushrooms harvested from A. africana. Magnessium, sodium, potassium and calcium content of all the mushrooms were significantly different but all had significantly (P<0.05) higher potassium content (3.52±0.11 to 7.09±0.004 mg/kg). The highest TPC and TFC were recorded in mushrooms harvested from M. excelsa and the least TPC was observed for mushrooms harvested from K. senegalensis while the least TFC was recorded in G. arborea and A. africana. These findings indicate effective economic bioconversion of sawdust with varying effects on yield, nutritional composition, TPC and TFC of P. pulmonarius. G. arborea gave a better yield and can be further exploited in various capacities. Key words: Sawdust, biological efficiency, Pleurotus pulmonarius, proximate composition.

Heat and light stresses affect metabolite production in the fruit body of the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris.

Cordyceps militaris is a highly valued edible and medicinal fungus due to its production of various metabolites, including adenosine, cordycepin, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, and carotenoids. The contents of these metabolites are indicative of the quality of commercially available fruit body of this fungus. In this work, the effects of environmental abiotic factors, including heat and light stresses, on the fruit body growth and metabolite production in C. militaris were evaluated during the late growth stage. The optimal growth temperature of C. militaris was 20°C. It was found that a heat stress of 25°C for 5-20days during the late growth stage significantly promoted cordycepin and carotenoid production without affecting the biological efficiency. Light stress at 6000lx for 5-20days during the late growth stage significantly promoted cordycepin production but decreased the carotenoid content. Both heat and light stresses promoted N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine production. In addition, gene expression analysis showed that there were simultaneous increases in the expression of genes encoding a metal-dependent phosphohydrolase (CCM_04437) and ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (CCM_04438) that are involved in the cordycepin biosynthesis pathway, which was consistent with the accumulation of cordycepin during heat stress for 5-20days. A positive weak correlation between the cordycepin and adenosine contents was observed with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.338 (P < 0.05). The results presented herein provide a new strategy for the production of a superior quality fruit body of C. militaris and contribute to further elucidation of the effects of abiotic stress on metabolite accumulation in fungi.

Influence of Strain Preservation Methods on Fruiting Body Growth and Metabolite Production by the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes).

Cordyceps militaris is a highly valued edible and medicinal fungus because of its production of various metabolites including adenosine, cordycepin, and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine. Fruiting bodies of this fungus have been used successfully in industrial production and widely as a substitute for Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. C. sinensis) in traditional Chinese medicine and health supplements. Strain degeneration occurs with high frequency during the subculturing and preservation of C. militaris strains, which leads to significant losses during industrial production. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different strain preservation methods on fruiting body growth and metabolite production. We found that strain degeneration affects not only fruiting body differentiation but also metabolite production, and suitable preservation methods can avoid degeneration. Preservation in sterile water has a similar effect as cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at -196°C with regard to maintaining the characteristics of C. militaris strains for at least 1 year, and it is a practical and satisfactory method for preserving C. militaris strains that can be used in factories. Ultracold freezing at -80°C is not suitable for this fungus. Lyophilization, which causes C. militaris strains to retain their inherent characteristics and avoid degeneration, is suitable for long-term preservation (at least 4 years). This study provides practical preservation methods for C. militaris strains over the short and long term and will be helpful to achieve stable and superior-quality production of C. militaris fruiting bodies.

Transcriptome-wide analysis reveals the progress of Cordyceps militaris subculture degeneration.

BackgroundThe entomopathogenic mushroom Cordyceps militaris is an important medicinal and food resource owing to its various medicinal components and pharmacological effects. However, the high frequency of strain degeneration during subculture seriously restricts the large-scale production of C. militaris, and the mechanism underlying strain degeneration remains unclear. In this study, we artificially cultured C. militaris for six generations and compared changes during fruiting body growth. The transcriptome of six generations of C. militaris strains were sequenced with the Illumine Hiseq4000.ResultsThe subcultured C. militaris strains degenerated beginning at the third generation, with incomplete fruiting body growth beginning at the fourth generation. Over 9,015 unigenes and 731 new genes were identified. In addition, 35,323 alternative splicing (AS) events were detected in all samples, and more AS events occurred in the second, fourth and sixth generations. Compared with the first generation, the third generation (degenerated strain) included 2,498 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 1,729 up-regulated and 769 down-regulated genes. This number was higher than the number of DEGs in the second (1,892 DEGs), fourth (2,006 DEGs), fifth (2,273 DEGs) and sixth (2,188 DEGs) generations. Validation of RNA-seq by qRT-PCR showed that the expression patterns of 51 DEGs were in accordance with the transcriptome data.ConclusionOur results suggest that the mechanism of C. militaris strain degeneration is associated with gene involved in toxin biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and DNA methylation and chromosome remodeling.

De novo transcriptomic analysis during Lentinula edodes fruiting body growth

The fruiting body of Lentinula edodes is a popular edible mushroom, and extracts from the mycelium and the fruiting body of this species have diverse therapeutic potential. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the fruiting body growth of L. edodes from the early bud stage (EBS), through the intermediate developing stage (IDS), to the fully developed stage (FDS), we performed de novo transcriptomic analysis using high-throughput Illumina RNA-sequencing. First, we generated three cDNA libraries representative of the three respective stages. We then obtained 38,933,148, 44,594,472, and 37,905,646 high-quality reads from the respective libraries and assembled the reads into 25,104 transcriptional contigs, containing 15,199 unigenes. We found that only 9331 of the unigenes had been annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein database, and we functionally annotated 4758 of them through Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and 2921 of them through Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COGs) analysis. We also assigned 3995 unigenes to metabolic pathways by using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). We further identified 399 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EBS and IDS, 1428 between IDS and FDS, and 1830 between EBS and FDS, uncovering 769 DEGs in multiple metabolic and signaling pathways. Interestingly, there were a limited number of DEGs whose expression was dramatically associated with FDS. Finally, genes, whose expression was either highly up-regulated in FDS or remained at a high level during fruiting body growth, were annotated specifically in the pathways of purine metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid metabolism and meiosis, suggesting that these key molecular events were actively occurring in the fruiting body. Our work is the first high-throughput transcriptome study on the growth of L. edodes fruiting bodies, and the results uncovered candidate genes for future gene identification and utilization of this commercially and medically important mushroom.

Growth sites of polypores from quantitative expert evaluation: Late-stage decayers and saprotrophs fruit closer to ground

Abstract Life history traits are key to why species occur when and where they do and how their populations will respond to environmental changes. However, dispersal-related traits of fungi are generally poorly known. We studied how spore release height from the ground, an important determinant of airborne dispersal, is connected to other traits in polypores. We collected expert evaluations of fruit body growth sites for 140 species and found that experts generally provided consistent estimates of height above the ground. Height was correlated with other traits: species fruiting on living trees, earlier decay stages and deciduous hosts tend to fruit higher above the ground. While our data do not allow mechanistic explanations, our study demonstrates the potential of expert knowledge and identifies fruit body height above the ground as one consistent trait relevant to species’ life history strategies. We recommend a more comprehensive expert survey as one cost-efficient way towards a more trait-based fungal ecology.

다수성 병재배용 느타리 신품종 『만타리』의 균사배양 및 생육특성

갓 조직이 탄력있고 다수성으로 수출 및 장기유통에 적합한 느타리버섯 신품종 "만타리"의 주요특성은 다음과 같다. 균사생장 적온은 <TEX>$26{\sim}29^{\circ}C$</TEX>이고 버섯발생온도는 <TEX>$19^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 버섯생육온도 <TEX>$16^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 '춘추2호'와 유사하였다. 병 재배시 배양기간은 32일, 초발이 소요일수는 4일, 생육일수는 3일로 총재배기간은 39일이 소요되었다. 갓직경은 30.2 mm이며, 갓색도(L)는 32로 진회색을 나타냈었다. 대는 직경 10.2 mm, 길이 92.7 mm로 가늘고 긴형태이며, 대색택은 회백색을 나타내었다. 수량은 생산력 검정시 900 ml병에서 179g을 나타내었다. 대의 물리성에서 있어 탄력성, 응집성, 씹음성, 깨짐성이 각각 96%, 76%, 160g, 15 kg을 나타내었다. DNA다형성을 비교 분석한 결과 UFPF3, UFPF7, UFPF7등의 primer에서 교배모본인 '춘추2호'와 'DM11732'의 DNA의 밴드가 혼합되어 있었으며 품종간, 균주간의 밴드 차이가 있었다. 저장기간에 따른 중량 감모율은 저온 저장시 7.8%, 상온 보관시 0.2% 이었으며, 신선도는 저온 저장시 6점, 상온 보관시 4점을 나타내어 대조품종인 '춘추2호'와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 'Mantari' is a new variety of oyster mushroom for bottle culture. It was bred by crossing monokaryons isolated from 'DM11732' and 'Chunchu-2ho'. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was <TEX>$26{\sim}29^{\circ}C$</TEX> on PDA medium, and that for the primordia formation and the growth of fruiting body of 'Mantari' on sawdust media was <TEX>$18^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$16^{\circ}C$</TEX>. It took 32 days to finish spawn running, 4 days to finish primordia formation, and 3 days to finish fruiting body growth in the bottle culture. The fruitcharacteristics: the pileus was round and gray-black in color, and the stipe was long, thin, and light gray in color. The yield per bottle was 179 g/900 ml and was 5% higher than that of the control variety (Chunchu-2ho). The physical properties of the fruit body were as follows: springiness, cohesive, gumminess, and brittleness of the stipe tissue were 96%, 76%, 160 g, and 15 kg, respectively.

Performance of Vegetative Growth and Artificial Fruit Body Formation of Hypsizygus marmoreus in Bangladesh

Hypsizygus marmoreus is an edible and medicinal mushroom belongs to Basidiomycetes. The optimal culture conditions for the vegetative growth of brown and white strains of H. marmoreus were investigated to obtain suitable farming condition. Temperature suitable and unsuitable for vegetative growth was obtained at 20 and 35oC, respectively. The both strains of H. mermoreus love medium temperature and the mycelial growth was well developed at 20-25oC. This mushroom prefer pH ranging 6-8 for mycelial growth. The highest and lowest mycelial growth was found at pH 7 and 5 of both strains, respectively. Among 5 different carbon sources, sucrose was the best, whereas, maltose and lactose were the worst. The most suitable nitrogen sources were CaNO3 (in brown strain 65.6 mm and in white strain 56.3 mm) and the most unsuitable was NH_4H_2PO_4 (in brown strain 44.02 mm and in white strain 40.2 mm). Five different culture media were used to screen the optimal mycelial growth of H. marmoreus. PDA and YM (yeast-malt extract) were the most suitable and Czapek dox and Hennerberg were the most unfavorable for vegetative growth, whereas, glucose peptone was moderately suitable. The highest and lowest vegetative growth was observed in media prepared with mango (Mangifera indica) and koroi (Albizia procera) sawdust, respectively. However, for both strains, 3 weeks were required to complete mycelium running in mango sawdust, whereas, 4 weeks were spent to get 100% mycelium running in mahagoni (Swietenia mahagoni) and koroi sawdust. The premordia and fruiting bodies of H. marmoreus were formed in the mango sawdust medium sooner. The fruiting bodies of brown strain were formed earlier than white strain after occurrence of primordia. In case of limiting ventilation, the stem development was found to be good but no cap was seen to be formed. Ventilation influenced the growth and development of fruit body of H. marmoreus. Therefore, it could be said that physiochemical requirement for the vegetative growth is strictly considerable and results focused in this paper could be followed by farmers to scale up farming of H. marmoreus in Bangladesh.

Nutritional profile and yield of oyster mushroom cultivated on selected agricultural wastes

Research on mushroom production and products is gaining more grounds globally and in particular Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine nutritional relationship between the substrate used for cultivation and the fruiting body on each of the substrates. Agro-wastes, namely: palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruit shaft, plantain (Musa paradisiaca) leaves, sawdust and kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) stem, were assessed for suitability as substrates for cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus floridanus Singer). The spawn of the mushroom was used to inoculate each of the substrates, using a complete randomised design, with five replicates for each substrate. Results showed that all the substrates supported mycelia growth and development of fruiting bodies of the fungus. There were significant differences (P&lt;0.05) among substrates in terms of number of days to complete mycelia run, with the least recorded in palm fruit shaft (25.20), and the highest in kenaf (32.40). Total yield also differed significantly (P&lt;0.05), with the highest in palm fruit shaft (51.4 g 100 g-1) and lowest in plantain leaves (6.0 g 100 g-1). There was also significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in the nutritional content of fruiting bodies, the highest fat content being on plantain leaves (1.72 g 100 g-1) and the lowest on palm fruit shaft (0.55 g 100 g-1). The trend was similar for mushroom substrates, plantain leaves having (2.55 g 100 g-1) and palm fruit shaft, (0.41g 100 g-1). Starch content for fruiting bodies was highest on sawdust (5.31 g 100 g-1) and lowest on kenaf (2.66 g 100 g-1), while for mushroom substrates, kenaf was (0.33g 100 g-1) and palm fruit shaft was (4.45g 100 g-1). There was a positive correlation (r = 0.24) between the nutrient of fruiting bodies and that of the substrate on which it was cultivated.Key Words: Kenaf, nutrient composition, mushroom fruiting body, mushroom substrate, Pleurotus floridanus

Carbohydrate changes during growth and fruiting in Pleurotus ostreatus

The carbohydrate distribution in mushrooms is reported changing greatly in its different regions during growth and fruiting. In this study, the carbohydrate distribution in the compost and fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus was analysed. Sugar, polyol, polysaccharide, and chitin content during different growth phases and in different regions of the mushroom were determined. Results indicate that trehalose, mannitol, and glucose were first accumulated in the compost and then decreased during differentiation and growth of fruiting bodies. Meanwhile, trehalose, mannitol, and glucose also accumulated in the fruiting bodies and primarily distributed in the stipe, base, and pileus region, respectively. Polysaccharides mainly accumulated within the pileus and stipe regions, and chitin was mainly observed in the base region. These findings provide insights into carbohydrate function and utilisation during mushroom growth.

Yetiştirme Ortamlarının Hericium İzolatlarının Verim ve Şapka Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

In the present study, it was aimed to determinate the effects of different substrates on mycelial growth, fructification, yield, sizes and colours of fruit bodies of Hericium isolates (HE-Ankara, HE-Denizli, HE, HE-Trabzon, HE-İzmit, HC, HE-Amerika). Experiments were conducted with 7 different substrates prepared with oak sawdust (MT), wheat bran (BK), cotton seed hulls (PK) and olive press cake (ZP) (80MT:20BK, 90MT:10PK, 80MT:20PK, 70MT:30PK, 90MT:10ZP, 80MT:20ZP, 70MT:30ZP). 1 kg (wet weight) of substrates were packed in polypropylene autoclaveable bags of 25x45 cm and sterilized in autoclave at 121oC during 90 minutes. Sterilized substrate was inoculated and then carried to growing room at 25±2ºC. After full colonization, the bags were exposed to 400 lux for a 12 hours photoperiod at 20±2ºC with a humidity of 80-90% in a cropping room. The best yield and BE were detected from oak sawdust medium supplemented with 20 and 30% cotton seed hulls on HE-Ankara, HE-Denizli, HE, HE-İzmit, HC, HE-Amerika isolates while the best yield and BE were detected from 70MT:30ZP on Trabzon isolate. Significant differences were found among substrates regarding yield, BE, average mushroom weigh, fruit body size and colour of Hericium isolates.

The effect of selenium on phenolics and flavonoids in selected edible white rot fungi

The objective of the study was to determine total phenolic and flavonoid content and composition as well as antioxidant activity in Pholiota nameko, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus growing on substrates supplemented with selenium salts. The concentration of Se in control samples (without Se addition) was 4.86 ± 0.12 mg/kg for P. nameko, 2.54 ± 0.22 mg/kg DW for P. ostreatus, and 7.34 ± 0.17 mg/kg DW for P. eryngii. The addition of selenium salts to the substrate resulted in increases of Se concentration in the fruiting bodies. Total phenolic and flavonoid concentration was the highest for P. nameko. In all examined mushrooms p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids and myricetin were identified, while gallic and t-cinnamic acids were identified only in P. nameko. The greatest inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radicals was confirmed for P. nameko, and the lowest for P. eryngii. Se supplementation at the concentration between 0.5 and 5.0 mmol/L inhibited growth of fruiting bodies of the mushrooms and enhanced the biosynthesis of phenolics and flavonoids. The increase of scavenging activity for all mushrooms was confirmed in Se-treated mushrooms. The inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radicals was correlated with total phenolic and flavonoid contents only for P. ostreatus.

상대습도에 따른 잣버섯의 생육형태

본 연구는 잣버섯 재배에서 자실체의 생장과 상대습도와의 관계를 파악하기 위해 수행하였다. 상대습도가 증가할수록 갓과 대의 수분함량은 높은 경향이었고, 초발이소요일수와 생육일수는 상대습도 95%에서 가장 짧았다. 수량 및 상품수량은 다른 처리구에 비해 상대습도 95%에서 가장 많았고, 갓의 균열정도는 상대습도 65%에서 가장 강하게 나타났다. This study was focused on finding a relationship between fruit-body growth and relative humidity in Neolentinus lepideus cultivation. The higher the relative humidity, the moisture content of pileus and stipe were also tends to be increased. The day of formation of primordia and development of fruit body was shortest at the relative humidity 95%. The yield and commercial yield were higher in the relative humidity 95% than in the other treatment. Individual weight of fruit body was the highest at the relative humidity 75% and 85%. Crack indices of pileus was the strongest at the relative humidity 65%.