Frontal View Research Articles

Covid CNN–SVM: Automated Categorization of Novel Coronavirus Disease from X-Ray Images

In the computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system, automated Coronavirus infection disclosure plays a crucial role in early identifying positive patients to prevent the disease from spreading further. The advent of algorithms for deep learning and machine learning has tackled classification tasks with promising results, especially in classifying images. However, the small size of the databases for medical images is a limitation associated with train deep neural networks. We use a combination of convolutional neural network (CNN) features and a support vector machine (SVM) for X-ray image classification to overcome this problem. This research work used CNN methods to extract features from 1,338 Chest X-ray frontal view image data. An SVM is used with CNN features to classify images in two classes: COVID-19 and Normal cases for enhanced performance. We conducted and evaluated our experiments on several public databases, which have been used in the recently published articles. The performance of the proposed method revealed accuracy, AUC, sensitivity, specificity of 0.995, 0.999, and 0.995 for classification, respectively. The high performance of the detection system achieved in this research reveals the effectiveness of deep features and the machine learning classifier approach for detecting COVID-19 cases using X-ray images. This would be extremely helpful in accelerating disease diagnosis with the available resources.

The genus Aberlemnia and its Silurian–Devonian fossil record

The genus Aberlemnia from the Early Devonian of Scotland is revised herein, based on its type-material A. caledonica. Emended diagnoses are provided. A. caledonica shows simple isotomously branched axes in the way the basal-most segments are the longest, and each segment further distally is shorter. Terminal axial segments form subtending axes, each bearing a single sporangium. The sporangium is circular, oval, rarely reniform in front view, vase-shaped in sagittal view, consisting of two equal valves with the line of dehiscence reaching the basal part of the sporangium. A new species Aberlemnia krizii sp. nov is described from the Pridoli, Silurian of the Barrandian Area, Czechia, in Central Europe. It is similar to A. caledonica in habitus, isotomous branching and isovalvate sporangia. It differs in having shorter subtending axes, sporangia of clearly reniform shape and markedly broader than high, an absence of radial striation of sporangia, and the line of dehiscence reaching as far as 1/3 of the way down the sporangium. The difference is also in size: A. caledonica is more robust. Aberlemnia is positioned on a clade line leading to the Lycophytina.

Gravitational Deep Convoluted Stacked Kernel Extreme Learning Based Classification for Face Recognition

In recent times, researchers have designed several deep learning (DL) algorithms and specifically face recognition (FR) made an extensive crossover. Deep Face Recognition systems took advantage of the hierarchical framework of the DL algorithms to learn discriminative face characterization. However, when handling severe occlusions in a face, the execution of present-day methods reduces appreciably. Several prevailing works regard that, when face recognition is taken into consideration, affinity materializes to be a pivotal recognition feature. However, the rate of affinity changes when the face image for recognition is found to be illuminated, and occluded, with changes in the age of the subject. Motivated by these issues, in this work a novel method called Gravitational Deep Convoluted Stacked Kernel Extreme Learning-based (GDC-SKEL) classification for face recognition is proposed for human face recognition problems in frontal views with varying age, illumination, and occlusion. First, with the face images provided as input, Gravitational Center Loss-based Face Alignment model is proposed to minimize the intra-class difference, which can overcome the influence of occlusion in face images. Second, Deep Convoluted Tikhonov Regularization-based Facial Region Feature extraction is applied to the occlusion-removed face images. Here, by employing the Convoluted Tikhonov Regularization function, salient features are said to be extracted with an age-invariant representation. Finally, Stacked Kernel Extreme Learning-based Classification is designed. The extracted features are given to the Stacked Kernel Extreme Learning-based Classification and to identify testing samples Stacked Kernel is utilized. The performance of GDC-SKEL is evaluated on Cross-Age Celebrity Dataset. Experimental results are compared with other state-of-the-art classifiers in terms of face recognition accuracy, face recognition time, PSNR, and False Positive Rate which shows the effectiveness of the proposed GDC-SKEL classifier.

Bone Transport with the Taylor Spatial Frame Technique: A Case Series.

Bone transport is a beneficial reconstructive method for bone defects caused by infected non-unions or bone tumours. The Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) is a three-dimensional corrective external fixator that can be used to achieve bone transport and correct any residual deformities easily at any time. This study reports the results of bone transport using TSF. This is a retrospective study of ten patients who underwent bone transport using the TSF. The mean age was 32.3 years; the femur was affected in one case and the lower leg in nine. Bone defects were due to infected non-unions in seven cases and bone tumours in three. The duration of external fixation, bone transport distance, distraction index (DI), alignment at the end of correction, leg length discrepancy, and complications were investigated. The average bone transport distance was 76.0 mm. The external fixation period averaged 367 days with the DI at 20.8 days/cm. Deformity at the docking site was assessed to have an average 2.6° deformity and 2.0 mm translation in the frontal view, as well as 3.3° deformity and 3.7 mm translation in the lateral view. The mean leg length discrepancy was 10.9 mm and the percentage of the mechanical axis (%MA) was 40.6%. Four patients underwent plate conversion after correction and two required additional surgery for non-union at the docking site. Bone union was achieved in all patients and there was no reaggravation of infection or tumour recurrence. The TSF allowed for the correction of deformities and translations that occurred during bone transport giving excellent results. However, as with bone transport using this or other devices, additional procedures are often needed to obtain consolidation or docking site union. Shimokawa K, Matsubara H, Hikichi T, et al. Bone Transport with the Taylor Spatial Frame Technique: A Case Series. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2023;18(2):117-122.

The Influence of Scar Patterns After Reduction Mammoplasty on Eye Movement and Gaze Pattern: An Eye-Tracking Investigation

BackgroundGiven that scars are acknowledged as the primary cause of postoperative dissatisfaction following reduction mammoplasty, it is imperative to comprehend the patient’s visual perception of different scar patterns in order to enhance patient satisfaction. To achieve this, eye-tracking technology provides an unbiased method of evaluating how observers assess breast scars.Methods58 participants (32 females and 26 males) between the ages of 19 and 82 years (mean age of 29.47 ± 10.98 years) were shown 18 color photographs, taken at 3 viewing angles (right 45° oblique, frontal and frontal view with arms raised), from 6 patients undergone reduction mammoplasty with the inverted T-scar technique (3 patients) or no-vertical-scar technique (3 patients). The images were presented to every participant for a fixed duration of 5 s each. Eye-tracking device was used to collect and analyze the gaze data of viewers.ResultsThe nipple-areola complex (NAC) and the periareolar scar captured observers’ gaze faster, had longer duration and more count of eye fixation than all other parts of breast scars, regardless of the viewing angle and scar pattern. Moreover, the scar region in the inverted T-scar pattern received greater and faster visual attraction of observer’s gaze than the no-vertical-scar pattern.ConclusionThe NAC and the periareolar scar seem to be perceived as the most important regions for breast aesthetics. The findings can be helpful to assist plastic surgeons in determining the most appropriate technique for reduction mammoplasty, meanwhile underlining the importance of a fine periareolar scar and symmetric NAC for excellent aesthetic outcomes.This is to our best knowledge the first study using eye-tracking technology in evaluating reduction mammoplasty outcomes.This study explored the influence of different scar patterns after reduction mammoplasty on eye movements and gaze patterns among observers.The study have validated the significance of the NAC and the periareolar scar for breast aesthetics and revealed that the scar region in the inverted T-scar pattern may be judged less visually attractive than the no-vertical-scar pattern.Level of Evidence VThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Myxobolus dumerilii sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infecting the brain of Chinese longsnout catfish Tachysurus dumerili (Bleeker) in China.

During an investigation of Myxobolus diversity in the Chinese longsnout catfish Tachysurus dumerili (Bleeker), a new species infecting the intracranial epidermis of the host was discovered. Upon opening the cranial cavity, several round whitish plasmodia measuring 0.55-0.80 mm in diameter were observed. Fresh spores (n= 50) were pyriform in the frontal view and fusiform in the sutural view, with a length of 15.4±0.6 (13.9-16.5) μm, width of 9.1±0.4 (8.3-9.8) μm, and thickness of 7.0±0.4 (6.3-7.9) μm. The spores had smooth shell surfaces and transparent membrane sheaths in the posterior. No folds, intercapsular appendix, and caudal appendages were observed. Two equal polar capsules were pyriform and measured 7.5±0.5 (6.7-8.7) μm in length and 3.2±0.3 (2.5-3.6) μm in width. The polar filaments were coiled with five to six turns and perpendicular to the polar capsule length. A BLAST search indicated M. dumerilii sp. n. was closely related to five Myxobolus species (with sequences similarities ranging from 90.54% to 96.52%) found in different organs of yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson), rather than the T. dumerili-infecting species M. branchiola Dong and Zhao, 2014 (with 90.5% sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analysis showed that M. dumerilii sp. n. didn't form sister clade with brain-infecting Myxobolus spp, but clustered with M. jianlinensis Gao et Zhao, 2020 and M. voremkhai Akhmerov, 1960 within the Siluriformes-clade with highly supported values, indicating that the host specificity may play a stronger signal than site infections during the evolution of Myxobolus species. Based on the morphological, ecological, and molecular differences observed between the newly discovered species and other available Myxobolus species, M. dumerilii sp. n., is proposed and described in this study.

Facial Height and Its Effect by Tooth Wear, Age and Sex Assessed By Soft Tissue Analysis

IntroductionTooth wear is one of the major and widely accepted problem nowadays. It is the loss of dental hard tissues by these processes: attrition, abrasion and erosion. It can occur due to various factors such as abnormal tooth contact, abrasive dental hygiene habits and erosive dietary factors.MethodsFull face photographs of each subject was taken from the frontal view with a natural head position guided to true horizontal in 66 sample. All photographs were evaluated for consistency in head position and picture quality. Total facial height was subdivided into two components: upper facial height and lower facial height. Measurements of UFH and LFH and their ratio were recorded. Also tooth wear was assessed on a tooth-by-tooth basis rated according to the 5-point ordinal scale (0-4). All the data was statistically analyzed by SPSS.ResultsStatistically significant difference was found between Lower Facial Height and age group (p-value=0.02) whereas there was no statistically significant difference between UFH and RUL with age group. UFH and LFH was found to be slightly higher in females than males, however, on application of independent t-test it was found that there were no statistically significant differences between gender and facial height (p-value > 0.05). Weak negative correlation was found between facial height, age and tooth wear (r=-0.24, p-value 0.052 and r-value =-0.28, p-value 0.023).ConclusionsFacial height decreases with increase in age. Upper facial height is slightly greater than lower facial height with tooth wear.

Characterization of Cherenkov imaging parameters and positional constraints on an O-ring linear accelerator

Objective. With the introduction of Cherenkov imaging technology on the Halcyon O-ring linear accelerator platform, we seek to demonstrate the imaging feasibility and optimize camera placement. Approach. Imaging parameters were probed by acquiring triggering data Cherenkov image frames for simplistic beams on the Halcyon and comparing the analyzed metrics with those from the TrueBeam platform. Camera position was analyzed by performing 3D rendering of patient treatment plans for various sites and iterating over camera positions to assess treatment area visibility. Main results. Commercial Cherenkov imaging systems are compatible with the pulse timing of the Halcyon, and this platform design favorably impacts signal to noise in Cherenkov image frames. Additionally, ideal camera placement is treatment site dependent and is always within a biconical zone of visibility centered on the isocenter. Visibility data is provided for four treatment sites, with suggestions for camera placement based on room dimensions. Median visibility values were highest for right breast plans, with values of 80.33% and 68.49% for the front and rear views respectively. Head and neck plans presented with the lowest values at 26.44% and 38.18% respectively. Significance. This work presents the first formal camera positional analysis for Cherenkov imaging on any platform and serves as a template for performing similar work for other irradiation platforms. Additionally, this study confirms the Cherenkov imaging parameters do not need to be changed for optimal imaging on the Halcyon. Lastly, the presented methodology provides a framework which could be further expanded to other optical imaging systems which rely on line of sight visibility to the patient.

An evaluation of the customized nasal clip protocol for bilateral cleft lip and palate presurgical infant orthopaedics.

Nasoalveolar moulding (NAM) has resulted in profound outcomes in the treatment of bilateral cleft lip and palate patients, including non-surgical columellar lengthening and nasal moulding. We examine an innovative alternative that is less invasive, yet provides similar results. In this study, we describe a novel approach using the Customized Nasal Clip Protocol (CNCP™) and compare the treatment outcomes of a small cohort of infants with bilateral cleft lip ± palate with published results of the Grayson nasoalveolar moulding protocol. A cohort of six bilateral-cleft-affected patients was evaluated for this study. Standardized frontal and worm's eye view photographs were obtained, and clinical measurements were utilized to garner columellar length measurements and nostril height comparisons. The initial and post-surgical results were statistically compared with a student's t-test (p < .05). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the cohort, which will be described. The resulting columellar length and nostril height increases of the CNCP™ group were comparable to a published cohort of subjects that have undergone nasoalveolar moulding. The nasal changes were found to be significant with a p-value <.01. The CNCP™ cohort also had fewer clinic visits, no complications that led to complete pauses of active treatment, and the benefit of receiving comprehensive treatment that was initiated at their first clinical presentation, in comparison to traditional NAM patients. The increase of columellar length and nostril height that resulted from utilizing the CNCP™ in bilateral cleft patients met the treatment goals of presurgical infant orthopaedics, with results on par with published results of NAM. These results, paired with the reduction in patient, family, and provider burden, further support the continued use and development of the CNCP™ for appropriate patient populations.

Umbilical Venous Catheter Position: The Value of Acquiring a Lateral in Addition to a Frontal Chest Radiograph.

Introduction Umbilical venous catheters (UVCs) are standardly used for central venous access in acutely sick neonates. Complications associated with UVCs include thrombosis, infection, diffuse intravascular coagulopathy, arrhythmia, tamponade, and liver injury, many of which are related to misplacement of the catheters. Therefore, this study aimed to institute a policy of obtaining lateral and frontal radiographs to improve the determination of the UVC position. Methods We retrospectively reviewed UVC placement from 132 radiographs. We compared interpretations by different reviewers of frontal versus frontal and lateral chest radiographs for the most accurate determination of the UVC position. The reviewers completed questionnaires indicating their assessment of the catheter tip position, as well as the appropriate catheter manipulation required for optimal positioning. Their assessment was derived from frontal chest radiographs followed by frontal plus lateral view radiographs a week later. Results The reviewers (junior neonatology fellow, senior neonatology fellow, pediatric radiology fellow, and senior pediatric radiologist) revised their assessment with regard to the UVC positioning between frontal and frontal plus lateral radiographs in 24.6%, 22.7%, 19.6%, and 15.9% of cases, respectively, and indicated that the lateral view was helpful in 18%, 13.6%, 19.6%, and 31% of the cases, respectively. UVCs were placed appropriately at the first attempt in only 13.6% of the cases. Conclusion Correct initial placement of a UVC is uncommon. A lateral radiograph is beneficial in determining the UVC position. Hence, we suggest the inclusion of a lateral view along with the frontal chest radiograph for the evaluation of the UVC position if real-time ultrasound cannot be performed before UVC usage.

The CineECG in ischemia localization in ST-elevation (equivalent) acute coronary syndromes

Aim of the studyIn this proof of concept study we aimed to visualize and quantify the injury vectors using the CineECG in representative examples of ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) and STEMI-equivalent electrocardiograms (ECG's). For this purpose ECG's were selected with different ST deviation patterns in acute anterior wall, inferior or posterolateral wall infarctions. MethodsThe ST-amplitudes of the individual leads were measured between J-point and 60 ms after the J-point. These data were used to compute the direction and size (i.e. ST-amplitudes) of the injury vectors of the respective STEMI (equivalent)’s and displayed in the frontal, transverse and sagittal view. The relative contribution of the ST vector was computed for each axis (X,Y,Z) and per view using the length of the projected ST vector on the respective plane. ResultsThe injury vectors accurately pointed to the area at risk in either proximal, mid or distal occlusions of the respective coronary arteries. Moreover in LCX occlusions, where no or small ST abnormalities in the standard ECG were present, the CineECG was found to be capable in pointing towards the ischemic area. Especially the visualization of the ST-vector in the sagittal plane was found to be contributing. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the CineECG could become a useful additional tool to support the clinician. Moreover our preliminary findings suggest that CineECG may be more capable in detecting ischemic changes in situations where the ECG is not supportive, such as in LCX occlusions. Further studies in patient cohorts are needed to confirm these observations.

A possible mechanism and predictors of forming looped guidewire between the right subclavian and brachiocephalic artery during coronary angiography with right radial artery access: An original paper.

Guidewire occasionally creates a loop-like appearance between the right subclavian artery and brachiocephalic artery when performing coronary angiography (CAG) with right radial artery (RtRA) access. We called this occurrence a looped guidewire at the brachiocephalic artery (looped GW at BA). It is associated with difficulties in catheter manipulation. This study aimed to assess the predictors of forming a looped GW at the BA. We examined 175 (mean age, 71.3 ± 9.5 years; 74.9% men) consecutive patients who underwent elective CAG with the RtRA access. Looped GW at the BA was defined as a loop-like appearance of the 0.035-inch GW between the right subclavian and brachiocephalic artery on a frontal view or left anterior oblique. To identify the predictors of looped GW at BA, patient characteristics and examination data obtained before CAG were compared between patients with and without looped GW at the BA. The prevalence of looped GW at BA was 10.9%. The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), which reflects arterial stiffness, was significantly different in patients with or without looped GW at BA (9.8 ± 1.0 vs. 8.9 ± 1.5, p = 0.0092). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of CAVI to predict looped GW at BA was 0.745, with 0.94 sensitivity and 0.57 specificity in a cutoff point of CAVI ≥9.0. Looped GW at BA can be ruled out by CAVI and is associated with high arterial stiffness.

Prototype Network for Predicting Occluded Picking Position Based on Lychee Phenotypic Features

The automated harvesting of clustered fruits relies on fast and accurate visual perception. However, the obscured stem diameters via leaf occlusion lack any discernible texture patterns. Nevertheless, our human visual system can often judge the position of harvesting points. Inspired by this, the aim of this paper is to address this issue by leveraging the morphology and the distribution of fruit contour gradient directions. Firstly, this paper proposes the calculation of fruit normal vectors using edge computation and gradient direction distribution. The research results demonstrate a significant mathematical relationship between the contour edge gradient and its inclination angle, but the experiments show that the standard error projected onto the Y-axis is smaller, which is evidently more conducive to distinguishing the gradient distribution. Secondly, for the front view of occluded lychee clusters, a fully convolutional, feature prototype-based one-stage instance segmentation network is proposed, named the lychee picking point prediction network (LP3Net). This network can achieve high accuracy and real-time instance segmentation, as well as for occluded and overlapping fruits. Finally, the experimental results show that the LP3Net based on this study, along with lychee phenotypic features, achieves an average location accuracy reaching 82%, significantly improving the precision of harvesting point localization for lychee clusters.

Effect of Action Units, Viewpoint and Immersion on Emotion Recognition Using Dynamic Virtual Faces.

Facial affect recognition is a critical skill in human interactions that is often impaired in psychiatric disorders. To address this challenge, tests have been developed to measure and train this skill. Recently, virtual human (VH) and virtual reality (VR) technologies have emerged as novel tools for this purpose. This study investigates the unique contributions of different factors in the communication and perception of emotions conveyed by VHs. Specifically, it examines the effects of the use of action units (AUs) in virtual faces, the positioning of the VH (frontal or mid-profile), and the level of immersion in the VR environment (desktop screen versus immersive VR). Thirty-six healthy subjects participated in each condition. Dynamic virtual faces (DVFs), VHs with facial animations, were used to represent the six basic emotions and the neutral expression. The results highlight the important role of the accurate implementation of AUs in virtual faces for emotion recognition. Furthermore, it is observed that frontal views outperform mid-profile views in both test conditions, while immersive VR shows a slight improvement in emotion recognition. This study provides novel insights into the influence of these factors on emotion perception and advances the understanding and application of these technologies for effective facial emotion recognition training.

Focus distance estimation from photographed faces: a test of PerspectiveX using 1709 frontal and profile photographs from DSLR and smartphone cameras.

As focus distance (FD) sets perspective, it is an important consideration for the forensic analysis of faces in photographs, including those used for craniofacial superimposition. In the craniofacial superimposition domain, the PerspectiveX algorithm has been suggested for FD estimation. This algorithm uses a mean value of palpebral fissure length, as a scale, to estimate the FD. So far, PerspectiveX has not been validated for profile view photographs or for photographs taken with smartphones. This study tests PerspectiveX in both front and profile views, using multiple DSLR cameras, lenses and smartphones. In total, 1709 frontal and 1709 profile photographs of 10 adult participants were tested at 15 ground truth FDs using three DSLR cameras with 12 camera/lens combinations, five smartphone back cameras and four smartphone front cameras. Across all distances, PerspectiveX performed with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 11% and 12% for DSLR photographs in frontal and profile views, respectively, while errors doubled for frontal and profile photographs from smartphones (26% and 27%, respectively). This reverifies FD estimation for frontal DSLR photographs, validates FD estimates from profile view DSLR photographs and shows that FD estimation is currently inaccurate for smartphones. Until such time that FD estimations for facial photographs taken using smartphones improves, DSLR or 35 mm film images should continue to be sought for craniofacial superimpositions.

Koreografi Tari Piriang Indang Nan Badantiang Sanggar V Tunang Kecamatan Naggalo Kota Padang

This study aims to reveal describe and analyze the choreography of Piriang Indang Nan Badantiang Dance in Sanggar V Tunang, Nanggalo District, Padang City. This research using qualitative methods is research that uses a naturalistic approach. This research instrument is the researcher himself and is assisted by supporting instruments such as stationery and cameras. The data in this study used primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques are carried out using literature studies, observations, interviews and documentation. The steps of analyzing data are data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The results showed that cultivation is certainly inseparable from the creative process of wanting to develop a new motion and paying attention to the exploration of motion. After discovering the idea of the Indang Nan Badanting Piriang Dance the choreographer contemplates in a sound or term the vernacular in a dance that is often performed can become a dance title. The motion created by the choreographer comes from the existing motion and is redeveloped to be more widespread and different even though the performance performs the same or repetitive movements, but can be distinguished in the composition and cultivation. This Indang Nan Badantiang Piriang Dance has a dominant element of space having straight and curved lines, low and medium levels, front and side facing directions, medium and large volumes, and front and side view focus. According to the choreographer, the creation of the Piriang Badantiang Indang Dance was also inspired by the existing Piriang Dance movements but redeveloped so that they are not the same.

An experimental study on the effect of CO2 laser powers on melting characteristics of ice with trapped air bubbles under vertical irradiation

Icing occurs frequently and plays negative effects in natural and industrial fields. Air bubbles are always trapped in the ice during freezing, and then affect the thermal and mechanical properties of ice. As a typical non-contact and high-efficiency deicing method, laser deicing technology is tested on melting ice with trapped air bubbles, under vertical CO2 laser irradiation and natural convection, with the laser power varied at a range of 20 ∼ 60 W. As resulted, the axial melting rate tends to increase and then decrease with increasing laser power. The maximum values of average and instantaneous axial melting rate at 40 W are 5.46 mm/s and 12.32 mm/s, respectively. At 40 ∼ 60 W, the higher the laser power, the larger the average melting length after stabilization. At 40 W and 60 W, the average melting length are 3.60 mm and 5.59 mm, respectively. It is found little correlation between the melting angle and laser power. At 30 W and 50 W, the maximum melting angles in the front view are 2.49° and 1.15°, respectively. During the whole melting process, the highest energy efficiency is maintained at 20 W, and the maximum energy efficiency is 69.1%. Results of this study could provide a reference for the application of laser deicing technology.

Lateral Visuomotor Distortions and Their Effects on Performance Carry-Over Effects in a Simulated Laparoscopic Environment

Laparoscopic surgery necessitates viewing the target tissue via a camera on a monitor, resulting in a disruption of surgeons’ hand-eye mapping. This disruption is amplified when the camera cannot provide a front view of the target area (i.e., scenarios requiring a side view) relative to the surgeon. Prior research indicates that azimuth camera rotations between 90° and 135° that provide a side view of the target (relative to the operator’s front view) result in the worst performance. In contrast, a 180° view (providing a rear view of the target) results in superior performance relative to side views. This superior performance has been attributed to a comparatively easy axis or movement inversion of the normal hand-eye mapping. The goal for the present study was to assess whether task performance using a right 45° side view of a target area facilitates subsequent performance using a camera location that is rotated 180° from the right 45° side view (i.e., the camera provides a left 135° view). Results indicated that exposure to a right 45° side view did not impact performance at a subsequent camera position that provided a left 135° side view. This indicates that participants could not utilize an axis inversion from the right 45° side view exposure. Additionally, our findings replicated superior performance at the 180° view condition compared to performance observed at the left 135° side view condition, suggesting that participants in the 180° view condition were able to employ the relatively easy axis inversion.

Acoustic Emission Analysis (AEA) in unilateral leg amputees as a future quality tool in orthopaedic technology to evaluate the adjusted prosthesis in relation to gonarthritis

Abstract In orthopaedic technology unilateral leg amputees are provided with prosthesis which are attached through a shaft to the remaining part of the leg. The prosthesis legs are built according to manufacturer’s specifications and get adjusted to the individual needs through motion analysis. If the prosthesis is not adjusted correctly to the individual needs of the user, the chance for development of arthritis in the remaining knee joint is greatly increased. The goal of this paper is to develop a procedure based on AEA to detect signs of arthritis in the remaining knee joint early and the base of a procedure for a future assessment of the quality of the care. The measurement system consists of the AEA - measurement device, a force plate to measure ground reaction forces, two strain gauges which are attached to handles on a test rig and two video cameras which record the movement from frontal and sagittal view. The amputee performs a standard movement in the test rig which consists of three knee bends in ten seconds while wearing the prosthesis legs. The test rig is provided so the amputee can support themselves using arms and hands as prosthesis’ support during the extension phase of the knee bend. The posture and load of the knee joint during the movement is analyzed with the video and force data. The ground reaction forces show the load distribution between the remaining leg and the prosthesis and its support during the movement. The hand forces give clues how well the amputee can balance and which arm is favored under load. By combining kinematic data and AEA the state of the load transfer zones can be evaluated. Thus, it’s possible to examine the remaining knee joint for defects and evaluate the quality of the prosthesis adjustment.

Evaluating the Accuracy of UAV and TLS for 3D Indoor Modelling in Large-Scale Building Environments

The accuracy of 3D indoor reconstructed models is critical in various applications such as indoor navigation, virtual reality (VR), and building information modelling (BIM). This research study aims to evaluate the accuracy of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for 3D indoor modelling in large-scale building environments. To achieve this, several evaluations were made towards the number of point clouds, estimated costs and accuracy of the 3D indoor reconstructed model generated from dense point clouds acquired by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). A small indoor classroom was selected for this study approximately 100m2. In UAV data acquisition, three (3) flight missions were set up at the front, left and right views. Meanwhile, five (5) scanning stations were placed on-site for the TLS method. Due to various different flight mission views in the UAV dataset, the number of point clouds was quite higher compared to the TLS method. However, a better-quality visualization of the TLS model has been obtained as opposed to the UAV 3D model. For the required time to generate a 3D model, it showed that UAV processing time was more consuming lots of time than the TLS method, especially when georeferencing the overlapping photographs. In terms of accuracy, the RMSE value from TLS was better than UAV at 0.003m compared to UAV at 0.021m. Overall, this study provides insights into the accuracy and suitability of UAV and TLS for 3D indoor modelling in large-scale building environments. The results can inform decision-making processes in various industries such as architecture, engineering, and construction, where accurate and reliable 3D models are crucial for design, planning, and management purposes.