Frontal View Research Articles

X-rays radiomics-based machine learning classification of atypical cartilaginous tumour and high-grade chondrosarcoma of long bones

Atypical cartilaginous tumour (ACT) and high-grade chondrosarcoma (CS) of long bones are respectively managed with active surveillance or curettage and wide resection. Our aim was to determine diagnostic performance of X-rays radiomics-based machine learning for classification of ACT and high-grade CS of long bones. This retrospective, IRB-approved study included 150 patients with surgically treated and histology-proven lesions at two tertiary bone sarcoma centres. At centre 1, the dataset was split into training (n=71 ACT, n=24 high-grade CS) and internal test (n=19 ACT, n=6 high-grade CS) cohorts, respectively, based on the date of surgery. At centre 2, the dataset constituted the external test cohort (n=12 ACT, n=18 high-grade CS). Manual segmentation was performed on frontal view X-rays, using MRI or CT for preliminary identification of lesion margins. After image pre-processing, radiomic features were extracted. Dimensionality reduction included stability, coefficient of variation, and mutual information analyses. In the training cohort, after class balancing, a machine learning classifier (Support Vector Machine) was automatically tuned using nested 10-fold cross-validation. Then, it was tested on both the test cohorts and compared to two musculoskeletal radiologists' performance using McNemar's test. Five radiomic features (3 morphology, 2 texture) passed dimensionality reduction. After tuning on the training cohort (AUC=0.75), the classifier had 80%, 83%, 79% and 80%, 89%, 67% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in the internal (temporally independent) and external (geographically independent) test cohorts, respectively, with no difference compared to the radiologists (p≥0.617). X-rays radiomics-based machine learning accurately differentiates between ACT and high-grade CS of long bones. AIRC Investigator Grant.

Automated Detection of Pediatric Foreign Body Aspiration from Chest X-rays Using Machine Learning.

Standard chest radiographs are a poor diagnostic tool for pediatric foreign body aspiration. Machine learning may improve upon the diagnostic capabilities of chest radiographs. The objective is to develop a machine learning algorithm that improves the diagnostic capabilities of chest radiographs in pediatric foreign body aspiration. This retrospective, diagnostic study included a retrospective chart review of patients with a potential diagnosis of FBA from 2010 to 2020. Frontal view chest radiographs were extracted, processed, and uploaded to Google AutoML Vision. The developed algorithm was then evaluated against a pediatric radiologist. The study selected 566 patients who were presented with a suspected diagnosis of foreign body aspiration. One thousand six hundred and eighty eight chest radiograph images were collected. The sensitivity and specificity of the radiologist interpretation were 50.6% (43.1-58.0) and 88.7% (85.3-91.5), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm were 66.7% (43.0-85.4) and 95.3% (90.6-98.1), respectively. The precision and recall of the algorithm were both 91.8% with an AuPRC of 98.3%. Chest radiograph analysis augmented with machine learning can diagnose foreign body aspiration in pediatric patients at a level similar to a read performed by a pediatric radiologist despite only using single-view, fixed images. Overall, this study highlights the potential and capabilities of machine learning in diagnosing conditions with a wide range of clinical presentations. 3 Laryngoscope, 134:3807-3814, 2024.

Gaze Patterns of Normal and Microtia Ears Pre- and Post-Reconstruction.

To understand attentional preferences for normal and microtia ears. Eye-tracking technology was used to characterize gaze preferences. A total of 71 participants viewed images of 5 patients with unilateral microtia. Profile images of patient faces and isolated ears including normal, microtia, and post-reconstruction microtia ears were shown. Total time of fixation in predefined areas of interest (AOI) was measured. Inferential statistics were used to assess significance of fixation differences between AOIs within and between facial or auricular features. The ear received most visual attention in lateral view of the face (1.91 s, 1.66-2.16 s) [mean, 95% CI], followed by features of the "central triangle"-the eyes (1.26 s, 1.06-1.46), nose (0.48 s, 0.38-0.58), and mouth (0.15 s, 0.15-0.20). In frontal view, microtia ears received less attention following surgical reconstruction (0.74 s vs. 0.4 s, p < 0.001). The concha was the most attended feature for both normal (2.97 s, 2.7-3.23) and reconstructed microtia ears (1.87 s, 1.61-2.13). Scars on reconstructed ears altered the typical visual scanpath. The ear is an attentional gaze landmark of the face. Attention to microtia ears, both pre- and post-reconstruction, differs from gaze patterns of normal ears. The concha was the most attended to subunit of the ear. Attentional gaze may provide an unbiased method to determine what is important in reconstructive surgery. NA Laryngoscope, 134:3136-3142, 2024.

Panoramic visual system for spherical mobile robots

Abstract Aimed at the challenges of wide-angle mobile robot visual perception for diverse field applications, we present the spherical robot visual system that uses a 360° field of view (FOV) for realizing real-time object detection. The spherical robot image acquisition system model is developed with optimal parameters, including camera spacing, camera axis angle, and the distance of the target image plane. Two 180 $^{\circ}$ -wide panoramic FOVs, front and rear view, are formed using four on-board cameras. The speed of the SURF algorithm is increased for feature extraction and matching. For seamless fusion of the images, an improved fade-in and fade-out algorithm is used, which not only improves the seam quality but also improves object detection performance. The speed of the dynamic image stitching is significantly enhanced by using a cache-based sequential image fusion method. On top of the acquired panoramic wide FOVs, the YOLO algorithm is used for real-time object detection. The panoramic visual system for the spherical robot is then tested in real time, which outputs panoramic views of the scene at an average frame rate of 21.69 fps and panoramic views with object detection at an average of 15.39 fps.

Long-term results of orbicularis oris muscle reconstruction in primary cleft lip repair using the "basket-weave method".

The basket-weave method is an orbicularis oris muscle reconstruction method used in primary unilateral cleft lip repair. We compared the long-term results of the basket-weave method with those of a conventional method. For primary unilateral cleft lip repair, we compared the long-term results of 7 cases in which the orbicularis oris muscle was reconstructed by use of the basket-weave method, and of 7 cases in which the reconstruction was performed by use of the conventional method. The average postoperative follow-up period was 12 years and 7 months for the basket-weave method, and 11 years and 9 months for the conventional method. Using photographs of the front and elevation angle views, we evaluated the results as good if the philtrum ridge was formed on the fissure side and was almost symmetrical in height; as fair if the philtrum ridge was lower than the normal side; and as poor if the philtrum ridge had disappeared. For the basket-weave method, the results were good in 6 cases (85.7%), fair in 1 case (14.3%), and poor in 0 cases. For the conventional method, the results were good in 2 cases (28.6%), fair in 4 cases (57.1%), and poor in 1 case (14.3%). A significant difference was found between the 2 groups (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.0417). The philtrum ridge shape could be reconstructed by use of the basket-weave method, which gave better results in the long-term than did the conventional method for orbicularis oris muscle reconstruction in primary unilateral cleft lip repair.

New minimally invasive view of tibial pilon fractures: Experience of the A4 orthopaedic traumatology department at CHU Ibn Rochd in Casablanca

Tibial pilon fractures are rare and serious fractures, given their complexity and therapeutic difficulty. Closed-focus osteosynthesis is an interesting alternative for treating these fractures. In order to assess the clinical and radiological results of treating tibial pilon fractures with closed-focus osteosynthesis, we conducted a retrospective descriptive study of a series of 80 tibial pilon fractures treated at the Traumatology-Orthopedics Department A4 of CHU Ibn Rochd in Casablanca, over a period from January 2017 to December 2022. The mean age in our study was 42.5 years, with a M/F sex ratio equal to 3. Etiological circumstances were dominated by high-energy mechanisms, including falls from a high place in 43% and MVAs in 42% of cases. Clinical diagnosis was guided in 100% of cases by functional impotence, pain and localized swelling. We performed an ankle radiograph in front and side views, complemented by a CT scan, in all our patients to confirm the diagnosis and classify the different fracture types. Surgical treatment with closed-focus osteosynthesis was performed by combined treatment in 50% of cases; external fixator in 20% of cases; and minimally invasive treatment under arthroscopy in 30% of cases. According to CAFFINIERE criteria, functional and radiological results were good and satisfactory in 80.57% of cases, and poor in 19.43%. Complications included algodystrophy in 28.75% of cases, infection in 10%, joint stiffness in 13.75%, pseudarthrosis in 11.25%, arthrosis in 11.25% and callus in 7.5%. Finally, analysis of our results showed that the majority of our patients treated with closed-focus osteosynthesis had good functional, clinical and radiological results, demonstrating the effectiveness of this surgical method in tibial pilon fractures.

Intraobserver and Interobserver Reliability of Pelvic Obliquity Measurement Methods in Patients With Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Despite the importance of the assessment of pelvic obliquity, especially in the planning of surgery, there is no consensus on the pelvic obliquity measurements. The purpose of this study is to assess the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of 4 different pelvic obliquity measuring methods in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS): the Osebold, O'Brien, Maloney, and Allen&Ferguson methods. A retrospective cohort of 85 posteroanterior full-spine radiographs in the standing position of patients with IS involving the pelvic obliquity was evaluated by a team of 3 raters. The same researcher recorded the curve magnitude, apical vertebral rotation, Risser grade, curve pattern, and femoral head height difference. The pelvic obliquity angle was measured using the Osebold, O'Brien, Maloney, and Allen&Ferguson methods. The same graders were asked to regrade the same radiographs after at least 1 month. The Osebold method showed the highest interobserver reliability with an ICC of 0.994 and 0.983. The Allen&Ferguson method had the lowest reliability with an ICC of 0.911 and 0.934, but all of the methods were considered having excellent reliability. The Osebold method also showed the highest intraobserver reliability, ranging from 0.909 to 0.997. The Allen&Ferguson method had the lowest intraobserver reliability, with a range of 0.741 to 0.960. Also, all observers preferred the Osebold Method. The observers reported that the Allen&Ferguson method was considered the most time-consuming method, while the least time-consuming method was specified as the Osebold method. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of pelvic obliquity among common measurement methods in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. All methods were evaluated as having excellent to good reliability in this study, but the Osebold method is the most reliable method of measuring pelvic obliquity on a frontal view radiograph in idiopathic scoliosis. The Osebold method is easier to use as it requires only the iliac crests to be visualized. Level III-Retrospective cohort study.

Analisis Penerapan Aplikasi E-Commerce Untuk Meningkatkan Penjualan di PT Kreasi Nostra Mandiri (Sayurbox)

This study aims to describe the analysis of sales revenue at PT. Nostra Mandiri creations from 2019-2022. the data used in this study are primary data and secondary data using existing data at PT. Kreasi Nostra Mandiri from 2019-2022 Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation as well as triangulating data from the findings. The analytical method used is qualitative research combined with descriptive analysis. A qualitative approach is an analysis that is used without calculating numbers, but based on judgments or opinions as well as basics that can support subjective decision making. While the use of descriptive analysis aims to explore the description of the object studied empirically. So, it can be informed of the real phenomena of the object under study. The analysis technique used in this study is to present an explanation of sales revenue by implementing an e-commerce sales system. The results of the research show that the income of PT. Kreasi Nostra Mandiri can be seen from the first time it was established in 2019 where the applications that existed at that time had many limitations with minimal usage. Tools and lots of trial and error. Not as many items are being sold as are currently provided in the application, which can be seen from the slogan in 2019 of Rp. 115,383,211, in 2020 revenue of Rp. 592,135,110, in 2021 revenue of Rp. 7,686,905,515 and in 2022 revenue will increase drastically by Rp. 57,688,312,526. The company's revenue has increased after upgrading its e-commerce application in sales by adding sub-category features, banners on the front view, and additional promos from ELDP, today's special slots and promos on IGS as well as pop up notifications via gadgets, payment methods which can be cashless (e-wallet and bank transfer).

Smile esthetics perception by the general population among different age groups in tiruchengode

To evaluate the smile esthetic perception on varying gingival display and black triangles among individuals aged between 18-35 and 36-50 using a visual analog scale (VAS). To evaluate the two variables (gingival display and Black triangle), a photo album is created that consist of two sets of photos which included six different photographs in each set. The frontal view of young adult female smile was selected for evaluating the esthetic perception. The smile features in the photographs is digitally altered using Adobe Photoshop CS6. Black triangles images are created using 0.5-mm increments. The gingival display by decreasing (−) the distance (2.0 and 4.0 mm) and increasing (+) the distance (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mm). The photographs are printed on photographic paper to create a photo album and coded from 1 to 6 and the scoring was done using a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). The participants are asked to mark the VAS score according to the attractiveness of each smile image separately with individual ratings.The comparisonofsmile esthetic perception among age groups was done using the Mann-Whitney U test. On comparing, the results revealed that laypeople with 18-35 yrs have given more scores for 0 mm Black triangle and for 2 mm gingival display which showed statistically significant results. Comparison of images among different age groups does not show significant results. The impact on the perception of smile esthetics vary among different age groups in terms of gingival display and black triangle.

Reliability of the Harris Hip limping sub-score in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty

PurposeIn patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, limping is a significant symptom, often assessed with the limping sub-score of the Harris Hip Score. However, the reliability of this sub-score has not been specifically investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of this sub-score.MethodsThirty patients undergoing THA were recruited and performed a gait analysis before surgery and three months after surgery. In addition, 30 asymptomatic participants were included. In total, 90 visits were analysed in this study. The HHS limping sub-score was assessed for each visit using a video (front and back view side-by-side) of a ten metre walk at a self-selected speed. Two orthopaedic surgeons evaluated the limping of each video in two different grading sessions with a one week delay. To avoid recall bias, the patient’s number identity was randomized and different for each grading session and each rater. The weighted Cohen’s Kappa coefficient was used to quantify the intra- and inter-reliability. The reliability of three components was studied: the presence of limping, its severity, and the compensation type.ResultsFor all components, the agreement for intra-rater reliability ranged from moderate to strong and from none to moderate for the inter-rater reliability.ConclusionThese results do not encourage the use of HHS-limping sub-score for data involving different raters in both clinical and research contexts. It calls for improved consensus on limping definitions or the creation of objective measures.

Viewing angle matters in British Sign Language processing

The impact of adverse listening conditions on spoken language perception is well established, but the role of suboptimal viewing conditions on signed language processing is less clear. Viewing angle, i.e. the physical orientation of a perceiver relative to a signer, varies in many everyday deaf community settings for L1 signers and may impact comprehension. Further, processing from various viewing angles may be more difficult for late L2 learners of a signed language, with less variation in sign input while learning. Using a semantic decision task in a distance priming paradigm, we show that British Sign Language signers are slower and less accurate to comprehend signs shown from side viewing angles, with L2 learners in particular making disproportionately more errors when viewing signs from side angles. We also investigated how individual differences in mental rotation ability modulate processing signs from different angles. Speed and accuracy on the BSL task correlated with mental rotation ability, suggesting that signers may mentally represent signs from a frontal view, and use mental rotation to process signs from other viewing angles. Our results extend the literature on viewpoint specificity in visual recognition to linguistic stimuli. The data suggests that L2 signed language learners should maximise their exposure to diverse signed language input, both in terms of viewing angle and other difficult viewing conditions to maximise comprehension.

Advanced Injection of Botulinum Toxin in the Nasal Muscles: A Novel Dynamic Change in Facial Expression.

Among the nasal muscles, the levator labii superior alaeque nasi (LLSAN) acts as a transitional muscle that conjugates with other nasal and perinasal muscles. Thus, when treating the nasal region with Botulinum toxin (BTX), it is important to understand local nasal muscular dynamics and how they can influence the muscular dynamics of the entire face. This is a retrospective analysis of cases treated by an injection pattern encompassing the face, including nasal muscles. Photographs were taken at rest and during motion (frontal and oblique views), before and after treatment. A total of 227 patients have been treated in the last 18months with the following results: eyebrow tail lifting, softness of crow's feet, improvement of the drooping of the tip of the nose, and shortening of the lip philtrum when smiling. We present cases illustrating the use of this approach. Treating the facial muscles globally (including the frontal, corrugators, procerus, orbicularis oculi, platysma, DAO, and nasal muscles) can improve the smile and facial expressions. This is believed to occur because the elevated portion of the upper lip muscle becomes stronger as the nasal part of the LLSAN is paralyzed. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Impact of orthodontic-induced facial morphology changes on aesthetic evaluation: a retrospective study

BackgroundThe profound influence of orthodontic treatments on facial aesthetics has been a topic of increasing interest. This study delves into the intricate interplay between orthodontic treatments, facial feature alterations, and aesthetic perceptions.MethodsA total of 73 patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment were included in this study. Facial photographs were taken before and after treatment. Ten orthodontists provided facial aesthetic ratings (FAR) for each patient's frontal, profile, and overall views. 48 facial landmarks were manually placed by the orthodontists and normalized using Generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA). Two types of phenotypes were derived from facial landmarks. Global facial phenotypes were then extracted using principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, 37 clinical features related to aesthetics and orthodontics were extracted. The association between facial features and changes in FAR after orthodontic treatment was determined using these two types of phenotypes.ResultsThe FAR exhibited a high correlation among orthodontic experts, particularly in the profile view. The FAR increased after orthodontic treatment, especially in profile views. Extraction of premolars and orthognathic surgery were found to result in higher FAR change. For global facial phenotypes, the most noticeable changes in the frontal and profile views associated with FAR occurred in the lip area, characterized by inward retraction of the lips and slight chin protrusion in the profile view, as well as a decrease in lip height in the frontal view. The changes observed in the profile view were statistically more significant than those in the frontal view. These facial changes were consistent with the changes from orthodontic treatment. For clinical features, two profile features, namely pg.sm.hori and pg.n.ls, were found to be associated with FAR following orthodontic treatment. The highest FAR scores were achieved when pg.sm.hori was at 80° and pg.n.ls was at 8°. On the other hand, frontal clinical features had a subtle effect on FAR during orthodontic treatment.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that orthodontic treatment improves facial aesthetics, particularly at lip aera in the profile view. Profile clinical features, such as pg.sm.hori and pg.n.ls, are essential in orthodontic treatment which could increase facial aesthetics.

Aesthetically Ideal Breasts Created With Artificial Intelligence: Validating the Literature, Racial Differences, and Deep Fakes.

A female's breasts are integrally tied to her identity and sense of femininity. Despite extensive study of breast aesthetics, there is no discrete formula for the "ideal breast" to guide the aesthetic surgeon. Racial and cultural differences heavily influence preferences in breast morphology. Artificial intelligence (AI) is ubiquitous in modern culture and may aid in further understanding ideal breast aesthetics. This study analyzed AI-generated images of aesthetically ideal breasts, evaluated for morphologic differences based on race, and compared findings to the literature. An openly accessible AI image-generator platform was used to generate images of aesthetically ideal Caucasian, African American, and Asian breasts in 3-quarter profile and frontal views using simple text prompts. Breast measurements were obtained and compared between each racial cohort and to that of previously described ideal breast parameters. Twenty-five images were analyzed per racial cohort, per pose (150 total). Caucasian breasts were observed to fit nicely into previously described ideal breast templates. However, upper-to-lower pole ratios, nipple angles, upper pole slope contours, nipple-areolar complex positions, and areolar size were observed to have statistically significant differences between racial cohorts. Defining the aesthetically ideal breast remains a complex and multifaceted challenge, requiring consideration of racial and cultural differences. The AI-generated breasts in this study were found to have significant differences between racial groups, support several previously described breast ideals, and provide insight into current and future ethical issues related to AI in aesthetic surgery.

A novel framework for quantitative rhinoplasty evaluation by ResNet convolutional neural network

Rhinoplasty is a popular surgical operation, so proposing trustworthy assessment methods is crucial. Previous studies often utilized traditional or non-automatic methods for rhinoplasty evaluation, overlooked the aesthetic harmony of the nose with other facial features, and provided limited descriptions of facial beauty without detailed explanations. To address these limitations, we have developed a deep learning-based system for quantitative and qualitative facial beauty assessment and rhinoplasty results based on the random preoperative and postoperative color photographs of 376 patients, differentiating male and female faces. The quantitative evaluation includes automatically extracting 3D facial key points from frontal and lateral views, developing a novel mathematical 3D facial model, applying seven criteria from rhinoplasty literature, and assigning related scores. The qualitative evaluation comprises the design of a questionnaire, the extraction of facial features using a unique CNN-based algorithm, and the assignment of scores based on the questionnaire's results. Our method calculates the success percentage of rhinoplasty and provides precise and comprehensive quantitative and qualitative beauty scores. The accuracy of the proposed facial feature extraction network is 71 %, which is considered acceptable according to the complexity of defining beauty and the novelty of this work. All procedures and outcomes are verified by an ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat) specialist. In particular, based on the presented extensive tables and histograms, some patients have lower postoperative scores than preoperative ones in some instances, which caused negative success scores. For this reason, individuals' appearance may occasionally worsen following rhinoplasty instead of improving. Therefore, preoperative assessments of facial features are crucial, and our proposed system facilitates this process. Our research also impacts individual self-assessment and surgeons' awareness significantly.

A compact mathematical representation of human body silhouettes from frontal and lateral views

A compact mathematical representation of human body silhouettes from frontal and lateral views

Evaluation of nasolabial esthetics in 8- to 12-year-old patients with cleft lip and palate by healthcare professionals in Northeast Thailand.

To assess the aesthetics of the nasolabial appearance of patients with cleft lip and palate aged 8-12 years by experienced and inexperienced professionals. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 32 patients with cleft lip and palate, who underwent surgery and follow-up treatment at the Cleft Center. The research tools included a parent-completed survey providing GO graphic data and two-dimensional frontal view photographs of patients from both left and right sides. The aesthetic of the lip, nose, and nasolabial region was evaluated by an experienced and inexperienced medical professional team in groups of four individuals. In addition, data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, mean values, standard deviations, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The average age of patients was 10.32 years, mainly male (65.63%), had unilateral cleft lip and palate (62.50%), and underwent bone grafting (96.88%). Regarding the assessment in three aspects, the aesthetic score assessed by experienced evaluators is fair level (2.64 ± 1.09) with an acceptable value of 0.73. In contrast, the inexperienced evaluator showed a high level (2.43 ± 0.83) with a high inter-rater reliability acceptable value of 0.60. Inexperienced evaluators showed higher scores for the lip and nasolabial region than experienced evaluators, which was statistically significant (p-values < 0.01). The inexperienced evaluators showed significantly higher scores for appearance than experienced evaluators. This result can improve surgical techniques in future procedures to meet the needs of patients seeking lip and nasolabial appearance corrections across different age groups.

No modulation effects of depressive traits on the self-face advantage

The self-face advantage (SFA) is reflected through a faster recognition of a self-face compared to other faces. It has been suggested that this effect is prompted by one's positive self-evaluations. However, it is unclear whether negative self-concepts (depressive traits) also affect the SFA. The present study explored this possibility using a visual-search task. In Experiment 1, participants with low and high depressive traits were asked to search for frontal view images of self and unfamiliar faces among arrays of unfamiliar faces. Regardless of group, participants were better and faster in searching for the own face compared to the unfamiliar face. Similar findings were observed in Experiment 2, but the participants were more accurate when searching for their happy self-face compared to their sad and neutral faces. These results suggest that SFA is not modulated by depressive traits (i.e., negative self-concepts) and that familiarity effects for the own face could be implicated as an underlying factor for an attentional prioritization of the own face.

Real-time estimation of lung deformation from body surface using a general CoordConv CNN

Background and ObjectiveEstimating the three-dimensional (3D) deformation of the lung is important for accurate dose delivery in radiotherapy and precise surgical guidance in lung surgery navigation. Additional 4D-CT information is often required to eliminate the effect of individual variations and obtain a more accurate estimation of lung deformation. However, this results in increased radiation dose. Therefore, we propose a novel method that estimates lung tissue deformation from depth maps and two CT phases per patient. MethodsThe method models the 3D motion of each voxel as a linear displacement along a direction vector, with a variable amplitude and phase that depend on the voxel location. The direction vector and amplitude are derived from the registration of the CT images at the end-of-exhale (EOE) and the end-of-inhale (EOI) phases. The voxel phase is estimated by a neural network. Coordinate convolution (CoordConv) is used to fuse multimodal data and embed absolute position information. The network takes the front and side views as well as the previous phase views as inputs to enhance accuracy. ResultsWe evaluate the proposed method on two datasets: DIR-Lab and 4D-Lung, and obtain average errors of 2.11 mm and 1.36 mm, respectively. The method achieves real-time performance of less than 7 ms per frame on a NVIDIA GeForce 2080Ti GPU. ConclusionCompared with previous methods, our method achieves comparable or even better accuracy with less CT phases.

An Analysis of the Esthetic Proportions of Anterior Maxillary Teeth in a School of Dentistry in Ar Rass.

There are several facets of esthetic dentistry, such as the shade and color of teeth, but the geometric or mathematical proportion aspect is among the most crucial. Theories such as the golden percentage, golden proportion, and recurring esthetic dental are presented in esthetic dentistry. The present prospective observational research was undertaken between January 2022 and January 2023. The volunteers' cohort included individuals aged 18 to 45 years without periodontal disease, free of carious cavities and restorations in the anterior teeth, with a complete set of anterior teeth and at least one quadrant of well-aligned anterior maxillary teeth. We utilized an iPhone mobile lens (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA) to take photos. The maximum circumference on the mesial and distal contacts of anterior teeth was used as a reference point for measurements. After data collection, a customized Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) was formulated to facilitate mathematical analysis. This study was conducted on 60 dental students, 43 being male subjects and 17 female subjects. The best results in this study were seen in relation to perceived central incisor width and perceived lateral width as seen from the front. It was found that the unidentified group appears to be the most relevant group with 33 participants (52%), and Preston's proportion was the least frequent with 0 participants (0%). As expected, males appeared to have larger anterior teeth dimensions than females. The actual correlation between maxillary teeth width as perceived from the front view is unidentified. Golden percentage and modified Golden percentage ranked second and third. Preston's proportion did not exist. Based on our study, a new formula for calculating the relation between maxillary anterior teeth width could be raised and should be tested on a wider population.