French Term Research Articles

When French becomes Canadian French

Abstract In late 2020, the free online translation tool Microsoft Translator began to offer the option of translating into “French (Canada)” as a target language, alongside the previously offered “French”. Using a list of ten COVID-19 terms previously identified by Bowker (2020) as having different equivalents in Canadian French and European French, we evaluate the ability of Microsoft Translator to localize these terms into the two varieties of French. The findings indicate that while this tool does a good job of localizing the terms into Canadian French, it also uses a high number of Canadian French terms when the target language is set to “French”. One potential reason for this may be that the corpus used to train the tool for “French” contains a disproportionate number of examples from Canadian sources, and so there may be a problem of bias where the tool is amplifying Canadian French in the machine translation output.

Economic analysis of firms in the European film industry through their financial ratios

ABSTRACT Within the field of cultural industries the film sector is immersed in a spiral of changes from two different standpoints. On the one hand, new technologies are revolutionising all the stages of the chain of value in the sector, while on the other, consumers are changing their consumption habits. Together with these changes, the huge turnover in the sector, the number of jobs created, and the industry’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), make it interesting to explore this sector from the standpoint of the financial situation of the firms involved. Taking these premises into account, this study seeks to examine the film industry, specifically the firms included in code 591 in revision 2 of the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community, commonly referred to as NACE (from the French term “Nomenclature statistique des Activités économiques dans la Communauté Européenne”), from the perspective of their financial performance. We analyse the main profitability and structural ratios for firms in the present-day 27-country European Union (EU 27) using multivariate statistical techniques for dimension reduction, establishing the key factors inherent in their financial structure and forming homogeneous groups for the various subsectors grouped under code 591. The results highlight the diverse nature of the sector and the differences between the various subsectors.

Drum Rhythms and Golden Scriptures: Reasons for Mormon Conversion Within Haiti's Culture of Vodou

Drum Rhythms and Golden Scriptures: Reasons for Mormon Conversion Within Haiti's Culture of Vodou

Роль терминообразовательных элементов латинского происхождения в формировании французской терминосистемы электромобилестроения

The aim of the study is to determine the role of the Latin morphemes and lexemes in the formation of electric vehicle terms in French. The article characterises the factors influencing the formation of the terminological system; describes the structural features of the term; provides the lexical and semantic characteristics of the terminological system; and analyses the productive ways of terms formation using the elements of the Latin language. The scientific novelty of the work lies in determining the relevant factors and features of the formation of a new terminological system and its elements. As a result, it has been found that the elements of the Latin language are actively used in the creation of terms under the influence of a number of factors.

Peculiarities of the Borrowed Electric Vehicle Terms Adaptation in Modern French Language

The object of the study is the borrowed terms in the modern French scientific and technical literature on electric vehicles. The subject of the study is the etymological, functional, morphological, phonetic and semantic characteristics of terms and their influence on the process of their francization. The purpose of the study is to determine the features of the assimilation process and the types of assimilation of the electric vehicle terms borrowed into the French language. Evaluation of the process may be important for understanding the formation of new French terms systems. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the terms of the electric vehicles, the factors influencing the development of the terms system, the methods of assimilation. The study concludes that the process of assimilation of borrowed terms of electric vehicle in the French language proceeds under the influence of linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The classifications of borrowed vocabulary are compared to group borrowings according to the degree of assimilation. The borrowed terms with partial assimilation in French change their phonetic and graphic forms, participate in word formation with prefixes and suffixes, may lose their original meaning, and acquire a specific one. Fully assimilated terms are indistinguishable from the native vocabulary, whereas for non-assimilated borrowings, comments or synonyms are required. The study of the assimilation process can be continued by a more detailed study of certain types of assimilation (graphic, phonetic, semantic, etc.) of borrowed terms in the new terms systems in French using the created classifications.

Le dictionnaire historique arabe au service de la traduction juridique français – arabe

The Arabic Historical Dictionary at the service of French - Arabic legal translation
 Legal translation plays an important role today, especially in the context of open globalisation and intensive immigration. Translators working in the legal field increasingly require the deployment of translation tools that guarantee maximum scientific accuracy and transparency, such as dictionaries in general and legal dictionaries in particular. Through the compilation and publication of historical dictionaries, the legal translator will have access not only to the description of the language as it is used today, but also to the semantic and morphological evolution of its lexicon. Historical dictionaries are also a very important source for the cultural, social, economic, scientific and civilisational aspects of the use of the language in question in societies. Thus, lexicographers today are moving towards outsourcing the scientific tasks of compiling and deploying historical dictionaries in the various fields of human activity. Consequently, after being considered as end products for several decades, historical dictionaries are nowadays reusable and exploitable tools in many fields, such as the legal field, as our article shows. The present study analyses the added value of the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language (DHLA) to French-Arabic legal translation. To do so, we applied an analytical and comparative method. We have constituted a corpus from terms related to civil status; more specifically in the field of marriage and divorce. In addition, we have used three other bilingual dictionaries of specialised language in the legal field in this study, namely The French - Arabic Legal Dictionary, Lexique des termes juridiques and Vocabulaire juridique. Thus, since our work focuses on French - Arabic legal translation, we used the online translator "Reverso" as a means of comparing the translation of civil status terms from French into Arabic. After analysing and comparing the definition and usage of these terms with their Arabic translation, we found that the French terms and their Arabic translation still do not refer to the same concepts and usages. We were able to explain this finding by the fact that the French civil status code reflects a Western culture and tradition expressed in French that is different and divergent from that expressed in Arabic via the civil status code in the Arab world. Moreover, by referring to the definitions of the Arabic translation of these terms, the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language reveals numerous elements of terminological and semantic divergence between the French terms and their Arabic translation. These elements of divergence, particularly on the semantic level, could lead to situations of injustice for the people concerned by the translation. Following this observation, the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language constitutes an indispensable tool to revise the current Arabic translation of French legal terms; to propose new lexies as translations for more terminological precision, more semantic clarity, consequently more fidelity and transparency in the field of translation of legal texts, and finally more justice in the application of these texts. Finally, the study also highlighted the possibility of exploiting the corpora of the French and Arabic historical dictionaries through the design of IT solutions ensuring interoperability between the lexicographical data of the two historical dictionaries. The online version of the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic.

L’intraduisibilité dans la traduction terminologique – un point de vue culturel

The Untranslatability in Terminological Translation – A Cultural Perspective
 The article tackles the untranslatability of perfumery French terms into Chinese and discusses the cultural explanatory factors that influence it. The first part is devoted to the theoretical presentation, which first defines culture as all that is created and known materially and spiritually, that it is the identity of a social group which differs from others. Translation is defined as a reformulation of the message in the target culture, and the essence of translating a term consists in determining its equivalent in the target language. The relation between the source term in the source language and the target term in the target language is theoretically an equivalence. However, terms are designations of concepts, and the creation of terms is a process of linguistic materialization of concepts. Since this process of linguistic materialization is cognitive and is strongly influenced by cultural practice and context, it is possible that the equivalence relation between the source term and the target term is not always absolute. It is possible that the so-called "equivalence" is just a partial equivalence or a functional equivalence. To justify the theoretical deduction, a terminology database in perfumery has been created, in which a certain number of French-Chinese terms in perfumery are collected. These terms constitute the object of analysis. The second part therefore specifies the inventory of French-Chinese terminological work in the field of perfumery, the parallel corpus in which the identification of bilingual terms is carried out, the principles to follow when identifying bilingual terms, the method used to construct the terminological database and to demonstrate the terms, and the method used to analyse the terms in the database. Then the third part is devoted to an observation of non-equivalences between French and Chinese terms. The non-equivalences are at the categorical and conceptual level. This means that the concepts designated by the French terms and the concepts designated by the Chinese terms are not mutually concordant. The non- equivalences are also found at the semantic level, which means that the French terms and their corresponding Chinese terms are semantically divergent. Examples cited from the terminological database testify first to the existence of categorial and conceptual non-equivalence, then to the absence of total semantic equivalence in the translation of terms. These non-equivalences are the direct causes of failures in the translation of terms, in other words, the direct cause of terminological untranslatability. A final discussion asserts that the indirect causes of the terminological untranslatability are found in cultural divergences. More precisely, the untranslatability is related to the practice of the field of perfumery and to the situation of terminological standardization in both countries. The different development in practice and in terminological work in perfumery between France and China leads to an unbalanced terminological development between the two languages, which manifests itself in the untranslatability of terms. The non-equivalences are also explained by the lack of terminological standardization in perfumery and the complexity in the perfumery market. Countless perfumed products, constant innovation of perfume notes, advertising strategies to increase turnover, etc., all this complexity is reflected in the linguistic description of products, including in terms. Finally, the conclusion opens a research perspective on terminological standardization in perfumery as well as on the translation approaches of translators faced with the untranslatability of terms.

.Footnote Analysis Based upon Robert Larose’s Teleological Translation Model: Istanbul Trilogy

Çeviribilime katkıda bulunmak amacıyla yürütülen bu araştırmanın temelini Robert Larose’un önerdiği bütünleştirici nitelikteki teleolojik (erekbilimsel), amaç odaklı çeviri modeli oluşturmaktadır. Gisèle Durero Köseoğlu’nun Fransızca yazdığı eserlerin çevirileri İstanbul Üçlemesi I: İstanbul’dan Pencereler (2014), İstanbul Üçlemesi II: İstanbul’da Bir El Yazması (2006c), İstanbul Üçlemesi III: Sır Dolu İstanbul (2009b) araştırma nesnesini oluşturmaktadır. Aynı zamanda İstanbul Üçlemesi adlı eserler Gérard Genette’in öne sürdüğü yanmetinler kapsamında çözümlenmiştir. Genette’in metinsel aşkınlık, yanmetinsellik ve metinlerarasılık kavramları irdelenmiş, yanmetinsel öğelerin işlevi ele alınarak metinsel aşkınlık çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Larose’un üzerinde yoğunlaştığı metinsel yaklaşım bağlamında dipnot çevirileri değerlendirmeye alınmış, bütünleştirici model kapsamında çeviri için “ön koşullar” ve “sözceleme koşulları” belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Larose’un önerdiği Fransızca “traductométrie” ifadesine karşılık olarak “çeviriölçü” ifadesi benimsenmiş, bu tanımlamayla çeviriyi ölçen, değerlendiren bir modele gönderme yapılmıştır. Çeviriölçü yöntemi bağlamında eşdeğerlik kavramının asimetrik doğası, çevirinin benzerlik yapısı, çeviride kazanç-kayıp oranı gibi hususlar irdelenmiştir. Bu araştırma Larose’un teleolojik çeviri modeli temelinde dipnot ve çevirilerini çeviribilimsel sorgulamalarla bütünleştirme gayretinin bir yansıması olarak yürütülmüştür. Larose’un teleolojik çeviri olgusunun çeviri araştırmalarına uyarlanabileceğini kanıtlayan öncül bir araştırma sunma gayreti gösterilmiştir.

TYPES DE RÉMUNÉRATION DU TRAVAIL INDÉPENDANT (ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE FRANÇAIS-ROUMAIN) / TYPES OF COMPENSATION OF INDEPENDENT WORK (FRENCH-ROMANIAN COMPARATIVE STUDY)

The article offers a contrastive analysis of the terms referring to the compensation for work performed by people who obtain income from the liberal professions, highlighting the complexity and diversity of these terms in French, a consequence of a legal system with a long tradition. The affinities related to the common origin of the two languages (French and Romanian), the legal systems based on Roman law, the cultural influence that France has always exercised, the fact that Romania adopted the French Civil Code in the 19th century are just as many reasons why there is an important number of equivalent terms in Romanian language. Based on a corpus of examples extracted from the civil code, the labor code, the commercial code and the deontological codes of the different categories of freelancers (lawyers, notaries, accountants, doctors, architects) and their translation into Romanian we will indicate possible equivalences and show that the selection of the appropriate term is made according to several factors, such as the level of language (legal / common) or the professional categories involved.

A VIEW OF THE OTTOMAN ACCOUNTING HISTORY THROUGH THE HEREKE FACTORY IN THE CONTEXT OF WORLD-SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

Wallerstein oluşturduğu dünya-sistemleri analizinde, modern dünya-sistemin tarihini 16. yüzyıldan başlatmıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu da 19. yüzyılda çevre ülke olarak modern dünya-sistemine dahil olmuştur. Özellikle Fransa’yla yakın ilişki içinde olan Osmanlı, siyasi, ekonomik, toplumsal ve kültürel birçok alanda etkilenmiştir. Muhasebe sistemi de bu etkinin görüldüğü alanlardan birisi olmuştur. Batılılaşma hareketlerinin bir sonucu olarak Fransız usullerine göre kayıt yapmak (çift taraflı muhasebe sistemi) için adımlar atılmış, muhasebeciler eğitim almak üzere Fransa’ya gönderilmiş ve Ticaret Kanunu Fransa’dan alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada da Osmanlı’daki muhasebe sisteminin geçirdiği dönüşüm, o dönemde kurulmuş olan Hereke Fabrikası üzerinden incelenerek bir muhasebe tarihi anlatısı tasarlanmıştır. Osmanlı Arşivi’nde yapılan tarama sonucu Fabrikanın 1884 tarihli defterlerinde çift taraflı kayıt sistemine göre muhasebe kaydı yapılması, Fransızca muhasebe defterleri, faturalar ve terimler bulunması 19. yüzyılda bir merkez ülke olan Fransa’nın, çevre ülke olan Osmanlı’daki muhasebe sistemini önemli derecede etkilediğini göstermektedir.

The influence of the French language on the names of the Bulgarian and Turkish media

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of the French language on the names of the Bulgarian and Turkish media. The empruntological analysis of the French influence on the formation of Bulgarian and иTurkish terms for naming newspapers and magazines shows a complex process of designing the French experience in the print media on the Bulgarian and Turkish language systems. The aim of the study is to trace the process of penetration of French terms for print media (gazette, journal, revue) and their derivatives (gazetier, journaliste; journalisme; journalistique) in Turkish and Bulgarian. The scope of the research is limited to a thematic field composed of the French for the main print media (gazette, journal, revue) with the respective empruntological projections in Turkish and Bulgarian (receiving languages). It is of interest to trace the semantic changes of these Frenchisms in the respective linguistic and cultural neighboring spaces

Interaction between Special and General Meaning of French Legal Terms and Cultural Concepts as a Means of Social Characterization in Marcel Proust’s Novel “À la recherche du temps perdu”

The article deals with the analysis of the interaction between legal terms and cultural concepts in Marcel Proust’s novel “In Search of Lost Time” (“À la recherche du temps perdu”). Our primary concern is to contribute to the studies of the relations between the language of professional communication and general communication language within a literary text, and, therefore, to examine the functioning of legal and general vocabulary in the novel. Much has been done in the field of special terms and neutral lexis classification in professional language, but undoubtedly, just as much remains to be done. The analysis of different types of stylistic devices has been widely presented in specialized literature. It would be reasonable to study French legal terms from the point of view of their polysemy as well as from a larger perspective of the interaction between legal culture and culture in general. What we are aiming at is to establish some correspondences of legal concepts to those of everyday life, and above all, their relations with other allusions in the general culture domain. To attain our aim we should look at the legal concepts we detected within a larger context of their functioning. Our analysis reveals that the writer uses legal terms and legal concepts in order to describe some characters of the novel and to represent certain aspects of the social reality he depicts. Love relationship between Marcel and Albertine is illustrated with some examples from the domains of civil, criminal and financial law, which is not usually associated with such a theme. Multiple allusions to various cultural phenomena of legal culture and of culture in general, namely classical theatre and painting, the history of Ancient Greece and Rome express the author’s irony by contrast.

Regards croisés sur le polyhandicap : de la création du terme aux représentations actuelles

Introduction“Polyhandicap” is a French term used since the 1960s originally in the context of medico-social institutions. Its closest english translation is “Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities” but these terms may reflect a slightly different approach. Recent recommendations were issued by the French “Haute Autorité de santé”. The objective of this study is to explore the representations of different french stakeholders associated with “polyhandicap”, in order to better define the concept and facilitate international publications. MethodsThis study is based on 33 semi-structured interviews conducted from January to April 2021 with medical doctors, rehabilitation workers, caregivers, and administrative staff involved with such patients. The interview explored the respondents’ opinion regarding the definition, assessment and management of “polyhandicap”. ResultsForty-five percent of the respondents include profound intellectual disability in the core-definition of “polyhandicap”. Other respondents highlight the variability of the importance of mental retardation and some associate this item to the difficulties encountered in communication. Coexisting disabilities are more or less extensively listed. Fifty-eight percent of the respondents state that the term of “polyhandicap” should not be restricted to injuries taking place during early brain development. Fifty-five percent consider that the needs of such patients are not adequately met. DiscussionThese multiple representations, source of confusion, can be detrimental to people with “polyhandicap”. This French concept, comprising three levels of analysis (medical, functional and social), and imperfectly covering other terms used abroad, is difficult to transpose internationally.

Komt de bosbouwkundige betekenis van rabat uit Nederland of Duitsland?

Did the use of the word ‘rabat’ in forestry originate in the Netherlands or Germany? ‘Rabatten’ are common historical relics in Dutch forests. These earth banks with ditches in between for drainage were used to grow trees in wet areas. In the recently published article Wat betekent ‘rabat’ en sinds wanneer leggen we bossen op rabatten? (What does ‘rabat’ mean and since when do we use ‘rabatten’ in forestry?)Mulder & Toorians (2021) provide an explanation for the origin of the word ‘rabat’ and its use in forestry. This originally French term has been used in Dutch garden architecture since the 17th century to indicate the outer planting beds in gardens. According to the authors the word ‘rabat’ subsequently was used in Dutch forestry. They conclude that the forestry meaning of ‘rabat’ is typically Dutch. However, a closer look at the historical German forestry literature seems to contradict this conclusion.

In the Translation of Language Units of Art Lexico-Semantic Properties (on the Example of French and Uzbek)

This article analyzes the role of phraseology as a field in linguistics, phraseological units formed by means of art terms in French and Uzbek languages and their lexical-semantic features on the basis of two incompatible language norms.

BRITISH JUDICIAL DISCOURSE: ILLUSTRATIVE AND LINGUISTIC EXCURSUS

This research is devoted to revealing the features of the modern British judicial discourse. In many ways, the modern legal discourse seems limitless. The scientific novelty is the comparison of the points of convergence of the British and French legal judicial discourse. In England, as in France, professional legal discourse uses professional vocabulary and a high language register. In addition, there is a tendency in the legal discourse of these countries to attach special importance to certain commonly used words. The presence of French terms is reminiscent of the role played by the Norman conquests in the development of English law. However, the specificity of the legal discourse in England is undeniable: not only its own concepts are developed in Common Law, but also through a multi-faceted and personalized discourse, which is not alien to the figurative form of expression, a pragmatic approach to the system of law is reflected, based not on an abstract code, but on inductive judgments. Thus, the English legal discourse is an emanation of the state foundations and cultural characteristics of England. The relevance of the study is explained by the growing interest in the study of language as a socio-cultural phenomenon of the era of globalization and the increasing importance of proficiency in a professionally-oriented language around the world.

A Little Mystery, Mythology, and Romance: How the “Pigmy Flint” Got Its Name

Abstract The term “pigmy flint” was coined in 1895 and frequently used to describe small flint implements, many of them microliths, in British and Irish archaeology during the earliest decades of the 20th century. It was briefly adopted in France over a decade later to describe the same tools, translated as “silex pygmée”, the simultaneous emergence of the French term “microlithique” saw the latter become more widely used, however. The Anglicised “microlith” was not commonly incorporated into British archaeological terminology until the mid-1920s. The international interplay in nomenclature and the changing nature of the terminology that was used to describe such “very small implements of flint” are mirrored by the different attitudes of early archaeologists to these tools. They were dismissed by some and marvelled at by others. Moreover, the definitions that surround these terms are embedded within the problematised acceptance of the “Mesolithic” as a distinct chronological entity. The recognition of morphologically similar “pigmies” across the world sparked questions of migration, function, and chronology – in its broadest culture-historical sense – thus shaping the way in which this microlithic technology and its association with the Mesolithic came to be understood by early archaeologists in Western Europe.

Psychiatry on Twitter: Content Analysis of the Use of Psychiatric Terms in French.

BackgroundWith the advent of digital technology and specifically user-generated contents in social media, new ways emerged for studying possible stigma of people in relation with mental health. Several pieces of work studied the discourse conveyed about psychiatric pathologies on Twitter considering mostly tweets in English and a limited number of psychiatric disorders terms. This paper proposes the first study to analyze the use of a wide range of psychiatric terms in tweets in French.ObjectiveOur aim is to study how generic, nosographic, and therapeutic psychiatric terms are used on Twitter in French. More specifically, our study has 3 complementary goals: (1) to analyze the types of psychiatric word use (medical, misuse, or irrelevant), (2) to analyze the polarity conveyed in the tweets that use these terms (positive, negative, or neural), and (3) to compare the frequency of these terms to those observed in related work (mainly in English).MethodsOur study was conducted on a corpus of tweets in French posted from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018, and collected using dedicated keywords. The corpus was manually annotated by clinical psychiatrists following a multilayer annotation scheme that includes the type of word use and the opinion orientation of the tweet. A qualitative analysis was performed to measure the reliability of the produced manual annotation, and then a quantitative analysis was performed considering mainly term frequency in each layer and exploring the interactions between them.ResultsOne of the first results is a resource as an annotated dataset. The initial dataset is composed of 22,579 tweets in French containing at least one of the selected psychiatric terms. From this set, experts in psychiatry randomly annotated 3040 tweets that corresponded to the resource resulting from our work. The second result is the analysis of the annotations showing that terms are misused in 45.33% (1378/3040) of the tweets and that their associated polarity is negative in 86.21% (1188/1378) of the cases. When considering the 3 types of term use, 52.14% (1585/3040) of the tweets are associated with a negative polarity. Misused terms related to psychotic disorders (721/1300, 55.46%) were more frequent to those related to depression (15/280, 5.4%).ConclusionsSome psychiatric terms are misused in the corpora we studied, which is consistent with the results reported in related work in other languages. Thanks to the great diversity of studied terms, this work highlighted a disparity in the representations and ways of using psychiatric terms. Moreover, our study is important to help psychiatrists to be aware of the term use in new communication media such as social networks that are widely used. This study has the huge advantage to be reproducible thanks to the framework and guidelines we produced so that the study could be renewed in order to analyze the evolution of term usage. While the newly build dataset is a valuable resource for other analytical studies, it could also serve to train machine learning algorithms to automatically identify stigma in social media.

TYPES OF ANTONYM-TERMS IN FRENCH AND UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHICAL TERMINOLOGY

The paper deals with the study of the antonym relations in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The opposition that underlies antonymy is a multifaceted phenomenon and is studied by various sciences: psychology, logic, philosophy, sociology, ethics, aesthetics and religion. From a semantic point of view, there are three types of antonymy based on logical relations: the contrary antonymy, the contradictory (or complementary) antonymy and the reciprocal (or converse) antonymy. Considering antonymy on both lexical-semantic and stylistic levels, there are two types of oppositions: usual (linguistic) and occasional (characterizing the philosopher specific linguistic manner). Occasional oppositions are represented by contextual and individual-authorial oppositions, which are more expressive oppositions of usual antonyms; their impact on the reader is unexpected and unusual. From a structural point of view, we distinguish grammatical antonymy and lexical antonymy. In grammatical antonymy one of the items of the pair is morphologically marked by a negative prefix or prefixoide and in lexical antonymy the opposition is expressed by another lexeme. The paper gives the definition of antonymy in terminology and analyzes the main types of antonymy. As a result of the study, we defined the basic antonymous types of prefixes in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The most productive antonymous prefixes in French philosophical terminology are in-, im-, ir-, a-, dé-, dés-, dis-, non-, mé-. The prefixoids (contre-, plus-, moins-, poly-, mono-) are the initial elements of complex terms. The most productive Ukrainian negative prefixes are не-, без-, ін-. The absolute majority of philosophical antonymic terms in French and Ukrainian languages are nouns.

Translation, Transference, Trouvaille : Derrida’s “what is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?”

Abstract: Derrida’s “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?”, first delivered at the fifteenth annual Assises de la Traduction Littéraire à Arles in 1998, is an address that appears at first to speak from the outside and with a certain deference to professional translators. Yet, it quickly becomes apparent that Derrida not only counts himself among them but uses the occasion to reflect on his own surprising success as a translator of Hegel. This success has to do first and foremost with the proven “relevance” of his translation of the notoriously untranslatable term Aufhebung as relève [in English: sublation]. Not a little perplexed by this apparent triumph, Derrida takes up the French term again, this time redeploying it in the translation of a crucial line from Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice . In doing so, he relaunches his engagement with Hegel, asking what energies bound up in the concept of relève might yet be released, what internal resistances silently at work in it might still be mobilized to take it in an entirely new direction. Such an engagement enables him to explore in turn what resistances may be at work in the notion of translation itself. Inhabited by an internal otherness, by a constitutive resistance to itself, translation must be understood from the very first as transference. While translation studies have long been attentive to the transferential dynamics in which individual translators find themselves enmeshed, Derrida’s text views transference in more impersonal terms as the tenacious grip in which certain structures of thought hold us, structures which also inform our understanding of translation. How to work with and against this structural unconscious? To address this question, it is necessary to examine Derrida’s own translational practice and the privilege he accords to the term trouvaille .