Fractionation Of Aqueous Extract Research Articles

<i>In vitro</i> influence on fibrinolysis parameters of aqueous extracts of mushrooms growing on woody plants

Introduction. Various compounds of mushroom extracts are of interest as a source of new active pharmaceutical substances with antithrombotic activity.Aim. The aim of the work is to determine the potential antithrombotic activity in vitro of aqueous extracts of xylotrophic mushrooms: Lentinula edodes, Pholiota squarrosa, Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Signer, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Armillaria cepistipes, Armillaria borealis, Hypholoma capnoides, Lentinellus cochleatus, Léccinum aurantíacum, Pleurotus ostreatus.Materials and methods. The study of fibrinolytic activity of water extracts of mushrooms in vitro was carried out. The effect of test objects on plasminogen activation, on the activity of enzyms of the fibrinolysis system α2-antiplasmin, on the time of euglobulin clot lysis and on the concentration of fibrinogen was evaluated. For the analysis we used reagent kits of SPD «RENAM» and LLC Company «Тechnology-Standard» (Russia).Results and discussion. Pronounced antithrombotic activity is demonstrated by an aqueous extract of L. edodes and fractions of aqueous extract. Extracts of L. edodes affect all studied parameters of fibrinolysis to varying degrees. Caps and stems of P. squarrosa, K. mutabilis, and F. velutipes aqueous extracts and fractions of aqueous extracts also demonstrate antithrombotic (fibrinolytic) activity in vitro, having a statistically significant effect on various parameters of fibrinolysis. A less pronounced effect on fibrinolysis parameters in comparison with the above samples is observed when using an aqueous extract of L. cochleatus marked. A. cepistipes, A. borealis, H. capnoides, L. aurantiacum, P. ostreatus fruiting bodies aqueous extracts do not affect the studied parameters of fibrinolysis and the concentration of fibrinogen.Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to recommend extracts from L. edodes, F. velutipes, P. squarrosa and K. mutabilis for further study, for example, in order to develop functional food products for cardiovascular diseases or to create antithrombotic drugs.

Evaluation of the antimalarial properties of Solanum incanum L. leaf extract fractions and its ability to downregulate delta aminolevulinate dehydratase to prevent the establishment of malaria infection

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSolanum incanum L. is commonly used in traditional herbal medicine (THM) in Kenya for treating various ailments. Recent developments in disease treatment have introduced the concept of host-directed therapy (HDT). This approach involves targeting factors within the host cell that can impede the growth or replication of a pathogen. One such host factor is delta aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALAD), the second enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway utilized by Plasmodium for growth. Studies using mice models have shown an increase in δ-ALAD expression during Plasmodium berghei infection. Another plant in the Solanum genus, S. guaranticum, has been found to inhibit δ-ALAD in red blood cells in vitro and in the brain in vivo. Is it possible that the bioactive compounds in S. incanum extracts could also be effective in HDT for malaria treatment? Aim of studyTo better assess the effectiveness of S. incanum leaf extracts as a curative and prophylaxis in malaria parasite infection, and to test the plant’s ability to decrease δ-ALAD expression. Materials and methodsThe leaves of S. incanum were collected, dried, and pulverized before being subjected to a successive extraction protocol to obtain crude, hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extract fractions. Phytochemical analysis was conducted on all extract fractions, followed by GC-MS analysis of the fraction with the most potent antimalarial activity. An acute toxicity study was also performed on the extracted fractions. The potency of the extract fractions as curative and prophylactic antimalarial was then evaluated in THM using Plasmodium berghei-infected mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The extract fraction with the highest activity was further evaluated at varying doses and its effect on δ-ALAD was measured using RT-qPCR. The percentage of parasitemia and chemosuppression, and mean survival time were used as indices of activity. ResultsPhytochemical analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate and aqueous extract fractions contained high terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols levels. However, alkaloids were only present in moderate quantities in the aqueous extract, and quinones were found in high levels only in the crude extract. Additionally, all extract fractions contained saponins in high levels but lacked tannins. While the plant extracts were found to be non-toxic, they did not exhibit curative antimalarial activity. However, all extract fractions showed prophylactic antimalarial activity, with the ethyl acetate extract having the highest percentage of chemosuppression even at doses of 250 and 1000 mg/kg. In the negative control, the expression of δ-ALAD was 5.4-fold, but this was significantly reduced to 2.3-fold when mice were treated with 250 mg/kg of the ethyl acetate fraction. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction revealed high percentages of 2-methyloctacosane, tetracosane, and decane. ConclusionThe fractions extracted from S. incanum leaves have been found to possess only antimalarial prophylactic properties, with the ethyl acetate extract fraction showing the most effective results. The activity of this fraction may be attributed to its ability to decrease the expression of δ-ALAD, as it contains an alkane compound implicated with enzyme-inhibitory activity.

Polyphenol-enriched Penthorum chinense Pursh ameliorates alcohol-related liver injury through Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway: Integrating network pharmacology and experiment validation

Ethnopharmacological relevancePenthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) has acknowledged as an edible herbal medicinal plant for the prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver injury (ALI). However, only few of researches focus on the chemical material basis and potential mechanisms of PCP against ALI. Aim of the studyHerein, we explored the therapeutic effects of PCP extract against ALI based on the integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experiment validation. MethodsBased on the standard quality control of PCP herbs by UPLC fingerprint and quantitative determination, 80% ethanol extract fraction of PCP containing more polyphenols, compared to aqueous extract fraction of PCP, were chosen for further experiments. After oral administration of PCP ethanol extract, serum pharmacochemistry based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS analysis was implemented to evaluate the potential effective compounds. These absorbed prototypes in PCP were used to construct network pharmacology and predict the potential mechanisms of PCP extract against ALI. Then, the predicted targets and biological mechanisms of PCP extract were validated using animal experiments and molecular docking analysis. ResultsAlthough totally 19 polyphenol compounds were identified in PCP ethanol extract by UPLC-MS analysis, only 18 absorbed prototypes were found in the serum collected from mice at 1 h post-administration with PCP extract. These candidate active compounds were further screened into 13 compounds to construct network pharmacology and 433 targets were identified as PCP targets. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the effects of PCP extract would involve in Ras signaling pathway. The animal experiments on chronic ALI model mice shown that the oral administration of PCP can alleviate ALI by attenuating hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and down-regulating the target proteins in Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Molecular docking analysis revealed the good binding ability between the three polyphenols (i.e. quercetin, apigenin, thonningianin B) in PCP with the top contribution in network pharmacology, and these target proteins (Ras, Raf, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2). ConclusionOur results clarified that PCP ethanol extract could effectively alleviate ALI by down-regulating Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway promisingly. Quercetin, apigenin, and thonningianin B may be the active compounds of PCP, attributing to the intervention benefits of PCP against ALI.

IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA METABOLIT SEKUNDER DAN UJI TOKSISITAS HASIL FRAKSINASI EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

East Kalimantan, especially the cities of Tana Paser, is one of the producers of dragon fruit, especially red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). The amount of consumer interest in red dragon fruit results in a large amount of dragon fruit peel waste that is not utilized. Several studies have shown that red dragon fruit skin extract has toxic properties that can be applied to cancer cells. So in this study, the extraction and fractionation process was carried out which was then continued with phytochemical tests and BSLT tests with the aim of knowing secondary metabolites in the aqueous extract fraction, ethyl acetate extract fraction and n-hexane extract fraction with phytochemical test methods and to determine the toxicity of the fraction. aqueous extract, ethyl acetate extract fraction and n-hexane extract fraction were carried out using the BSLT test method. The results of the phytochemical test showed that the aqueous fraction extract of dragon fruit peel contained alkaloids, phenolics and saponins. The extract of the ethyl acetate fraction of dragon fruit peel contains phenolics and flavonoids. Fralsi n-hexane dragon fruit peel \contains triterpenoids. The results of the BSLT test showed that the LC50 value of the aqueous fraction extract was 451.855 ppm, the ethyl acetate fraction extract was 374.024 ppm, and the n-hexane fraction extract was 312.176 ppm which overall was classified as moderately toxic. The highest toxicity effectiveness was shown in the n-hexane fraction extract with triterpenoid secondary metabolite compounds.

Evaluation of beneficial effects of Epilobium hirsutum on hematological parameter in iron intoxicated Sprague–Dawley rats

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the protective role of different fractions of Epilobium hirsutum on the toxic effects of iron on hematological value in Sprague–Dawley rats. Material and Methods: Iron overload was induced by injecting six IP injections of iron dextran (12.5 mg/100 g) uniformly for 30 days. Different fractions of E. hirsutum were given orally and deferoxamine subcutaneously for 30 days. The hematological parameters were evaluated on 15–30 days of treatment. Results: The animal exposed to iron presented a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in red blood corpuscles, total and differential white blood cells, and platelet levels. This shows that the overabundance of iron in iron overloaded conditions can lead to bone marrow suppression. These influences of iron overload were prevented by concurrent daily administration of a methanolic fraction of methanolic extract and a methanolic fraction of aqueous extract of E. hirsutum. Conclusion: The results indicate that 300 mg/kg for 30 days shows better beneficial effects as compared to 150 mg/kg for 15 days of treatment. Our results endorsed that E. hirsutum has beneficial effects on hematological parameters in iron intoxicated Sprague–Dawley rats.

Fagonia cretica: Identification of compounds in bioactive gradient high performance liquid chromatography fractions against multidrug resistant human gut pathogens.

Plants are alternative source of natural medicines due to secondary active metabolites. Fagonia cretica extracts and Gradient High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography fractionations were checked against multidrug-resistant gastrointestinal pathogens including, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. ESI-MS/MS analysis of bioactive HPLC fractions was performed to elucidate antibacterial compounds. F. cretica extracts exhibited potential antibacterial activity. Twenty-four (24) HPLC fractions were obtained from methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of F. cretica. Eighteen (18) fractions showed antibacterial activity, while no activity was observed by the remaining six (6) fractions. HPLC fractions, F1 (25g ± 0.20 mm) and F2 (15f ± 0.12 mm) of aqueous extract exhibited activity against multidrug resistant GI pathogens. Gallic acid, quinic acid, cyclo-l-leu-l-pro, vidalenolone, liquirtigenin, rosmarinic acid and cerebronic acid were identified in F1 fraction of aqueous extract, while succinic acid, cyclo (l-Leul-Pro) and liquirtigenin were identified in F2 fraction of aqueous extract through ESI-MS/MS analysis. F. cretica extracts and HPLC fractions showed potential activity against MDR GI pathogens. Vidalenolone, Cyclo-1-leu-1-pro and Cerebronic acid are first time reported in F. cretica. Further characterization of bioactive compounds from F. cretica may be helpful to elucidate antibacterial therapeutic molecules.

Chemical properties of the pulp oil of tucumã-i-da-várzea (Astrocaryum giganteum Barb. Rodr.) obtained by enzymatic aqueous extraction

This study characterized the oil from the pulp of tucumã-i-da-várzea produced by enzymatic process. The acidity index, peroxide value, oxidative stability, total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antioxidant capacity were determined in the oily and aqueous extract fractions. The oil with the highest extraction efficiency was characterized for fatty acid composition, atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes, iodine index, saponification value, and melting point. An efficiency equivalent to conventional extraction methods was obtained with oxidative stability, being comparable to traditional commercial oils with high values of total carotenoids, TPC and antioxidant activity, which indicated the greatest potential for application of an abundant Amazon raw material. This oil has a composition rich in unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic and linoleic acids, with excellent nutritional quality scores (AI and TI). It can be considered an oil of high nutritional value, being indicated to replace traditional oils referred to as beneficial to health.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and iron-induced lipid peroxidation reducing potential of Pimpinella stewartii leaves in male wistar rats

This study was aimed to determine the potentialities of Pimpinella stewartii leaves extracts fractions towards the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity as well as reduction of iron-induced lipid peroxidation in male Wistar rats (age – 50 days; weight – 280–300 g). Initially, animals were divided into 17 groups with 7 rats in each group. Gallic acid and quercetin were used as standards. The AChE activities of aqueous and ethanolic extract fractions of P. stewartii leaves were determined using standard protocol. Results showed that ethyl acetate extract fractions significantly (P = 0.01) inhibited the enzyme in a concentration dependent manner when compared to the aqueous extract fractions and the control group. Gallic acid and quercetin depicted higher inhibition of AChE activities than ethyl acetate extract fractions. Additionally, the IC50 values for aqueous extract fractions, ethyl acetate extract fractions, gallic acid, and quercetin were estimated as 72.6 ± 2.72, 30.41 ± 0.56, 8.4 ± 0.22, and 6.82 ± 0.2 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the lipid peroxidation activities of extracts fractions were assessed by estimating thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production. Both the extracts fractions showed significant protection against lipid peroxidation but the ethyl acetate extract fractions exhibited comparatively higher reductions in TBARS levels (P = 0.001). However, gallic acid and quercetin revealed higher reductions of pro-oxidants than the extracts fractions. In conclusion, findings of this study demonstrated pronounced AChE inhibitory activity and reduced lipid peroxidation trait of ethyl acetate extract fractions of P. stewartii leaves, and thus, suggested its paramount role as therapeutics against Alzheimer disease.

ON THE QUESTION OF WAYS OF MOVEMENT CELLS AND SECRETS BY CHANNEL CHANNELS AND DUCTS

To substantiate the possible relationship of the parameters of homeostasis of the concentration of Ca2+, K+, Na+ and the mass of organic and inorganic substances secreted synthesized еt by the tissues of the genital system of males and females (bull – sperm plasma; cow – vaginal mucus), with passive and/or by active methods of movement of sperm and ova through their channels and ducts, the peculiarities of the distribution of components of open and closed systems of the type "environment – cell (substance)" were investigated.
 Methods of spectrophotometric (flame photometry, Flapho-4) and gravimetric (combustion, extraction, elimination) analysis of the studied samples experimentally established that the adaptive response of sperm to the protective and/or harmful effects of extreme conditions (concentration, temperature, properties of protective environment components). Sperm preservation (TCS) is different. Depending on those (exo-) or other (endogenous) circumstances, the antiportic way of moving ions can change to symportic.
 The peculiarities of the parameters of concentration and mass of the components of the studied systems revealed in this connection indicate that the fractions of aqueous extracts (PVE) of tissues and secretions of bull and cow, at different functional states of genitals (norm, pathology), have different concentrations of free of bound alkali metal ions, mass and content of substances of their dry residue eliminated in distilled water and insoluble (water, acids).
 The limit of the difference of the ratio of the ratio (IC:1) of the concentration of one- (Ca2+:Ca2+, K+:K+, Na+:Nа+) and different (Na+:Ca2+, K+:Ca2+, Na+:K+) pairs of ions indicates that that the limit of osmotic pressure parameters of the organic and inorganic components of samples of tissues of genitals, sperm and uterine-vaginal mucus can also be different.
 This suggests that different parameters of osmotic pressure of the components of the synthesized secretions and the formed sperm and eggs create (initiate, stimulate, inhibit) favorable conditions for their passive and/or active movement through the channels and ducts of the genitals. However, it should be added that the proposed hypothesis requires discussion and experimental confirmation.

Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Capacity of Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus pulmonarius in Ibadan, Nigeria

Aims: To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of two selected mushrooms in Ibadan, Nigeria.
 Study Design: An experimental and descriptive study was conducted using the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum collected from the Botanical garden University of Ibadan and Pleurotus pulmonarius which was bought from a local store in Ibadan. Successive extraction was done on the mushrooms with four solvents of increasing polarity that is from the non-polar (N-hexane) to a more polar solvent(water).Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis were then carried out on the extract fractions.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria and Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria between May 2018 and February 2020.
 Methodology: The N-Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Aqueous extract fraction of Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus pulmonarius were analyzed in different system, including DPPH, Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). The various antioxidant activities were compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Phytochemical include: Phenol, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Steroids, Saponins, Terpenoids Anthraquinones, and Cardiac glycosides were also analysed.
 Results: The Phytochemical screening result shows the presence of Phenol, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Steroids, Saponins, Terpenoids Anthraquinones, and Cardiac glycosides. The quantitative phytochemical screening revealed that the Ethyl acetate fraction of Ganoderma lucidum recorded the highest percentage of Alkaloids (41.70±0.14%) while the Ethanolic fraction of Pleurotus pulmonarius has the lowest percentage of Tannins (0.10±0.24%). DPPH scavenging activity of the Ethanolic extract fraction of Ganoderma lucidum (at 200 µg/ml) was 94.96% higher than that of Pleurotus pulmonarius (22.39%). The extract fraction of all the mushrooms possesses significant TAC content with N-Hexane and Ethyl acetate fraction having the highest. The results of the DPPH, FRAP, and TAC assays indicate that both mushrooms examined showed significant antioxidant activities. Among these, Ganoderma lucidum extract seems to be more effective antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of theses mushrooms has significant importance as it greatly contribute to their nutraceutical properties thus enhancing their nutritive value. Cultivation and production of dietary supplements from Ganoderma lucidum is highly recommended.
 Conclusion: The Mushrooms species analyzed have demonstrated to be good sources of phytochemical and antioxidants hence it can be recommended to pharmaceutical industries for the manufacturing of drugs.

Enhancing the Potentiality of Trichoderma harzianum against Pythium Pathogen of Beans Using Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla, L.) Flower Extract.

Our present study was designed to investigate the role of both Trichoderma harzianum and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) flower extract in mutual reaction against growth of Pythium ultimum. In vitro, the activity of chamomile extract was found to reduce the radial growth of Pythium ultimum up to 30% compared to the control. Whereas, the radial growth reduction effect of T. harzianum against P. ultimum reached 81.6% after 120 h. Data also showed the productivity of total phenolics and total flavonoids by T. harzianum, was 12.18 and 6.33 mg QE/100 mL culture filtrate, respectively. However, these compounds were determined in chamomile flower extract at concentrations of 75.33 and 24.29 mg QE/100 mL, respectively. The fractionation of aqueous extract of chamomile flower using HPLC provided several polyphenolic compounds such as pyrogallol, myricetin, rosemarinic acid, catechol, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid and other minor compounds. In vivo, the potentiality of T. harzianum with chamomile flower extract against Pythium pathogen of bean was investigated. Data obtained showed a reduction in the percentage of rotted seed and infected seedling up to 28 and 8%, respectively. Whereas, the survival increased up to 64% compared to other ones. There was also a significant promotion in growth features, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total polyphenols and flavonoids, polyphenol-oxidase and peroxidase enzymes compared to other ones. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reported studies that included the mutual association of fungus, T. harzianum with the extract taken from the chamomile flower against P. ultimum, either in vitro or in vivo. In conclusion, the application of both T. harzianum and/or M. chamomilla extracts in the control of bean Pythium pathogen showed significant results.

Allelopathic potential and phytochemical screening of Piper divaricatum extracts on germination and growth of indicator plant (Lactuca sativa)

Weeds are one of the most damaging crop pests with estimated annual global damage of around U$ 40 billion. About four million tonnes of pesticide are applied to crops worldwide each year. Currently, there is a growing demand for the use of natural products in agriculture in order to ensure the health of plants and environment. This trend has stimulated research on biodefensives from plant origin. Here, the phytotoxicity of organic extracts and fractions from Piper divaricatum leaves was evaluated on inhibition of emergence and initial growth in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings. Bioassays were carried out in chamber growth and the detection of compounds classes was performed by Thin Layer Chromatography. Hexane extract completely inhibited emergence and seedling growth at 7.5 and 10.0 mg/mL. Ethanol/methanol extract was highly toxic to seedlings in all concentrations, displaying 100% of inhibition on emergence. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were submitted to partition and fractions assayed at 2.5 mg/mL. Chloroform fraction of aqueous extract displayed a higher inhibition rate on emergence (100%), however, the fractions obtained from Ethanol/Methanol extract displayed a range of inhibition rate from 33 to 71%, which drastically affected the root and seedling growth. Phytochemical screening using thin layer chromatography combined with chemical revelators was applied. Alkaloids and coumarins were found in chloroform fraction of aqueous extract, both reported as potent inhibitors of emergence, causing changes in cell division, tissue damage, and interfering in cellular transport. Other compounds such as fatty acids and anthracene derivatives were also found in Methanol/Ethanol extract fractions and are reporting for the first time as potential allelochemicals in P. divaricatum.

Ajuga iva water extract antihypertensive effect on stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, vasorelaxant effects ex vivo and in vitro activity of fractions

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAjuga iva (L.) Schreb. (Labiatae) (AI) is used in folk medicine for a variety of ailments, including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Aim of the studyIn this work, we aimed to investigate the antihypertensive and vasorelaxant effects of AI aqueous extract in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP). Material and methodsMale SHR-SP rats were orally force-fed AI aqueous extract (500 mg/kg body weight) daily for one week. Systolic blood pressure and urine output were recorded in vivo by non-invasive methods. AI vasoactive effects on noradrenaline contractile response and acetylcholine-evoked relaxation were assessed ex vivo on aorta rings of treated and untreated SHR-SP rats. AI extract was then subjected to bio-guided fractionation using solvents of increasing polarity. For each fraction, in vitro vasorelaxation assay was performed on noradrenaline-precontracted aorta of Wistar rats, in the absence/presence of N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). HPLC analysis of AI total extract, and the most in vitro active AI residual aqueous extract fraction (A1) was performed using naringin, naringenin, apigenin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside as marker compounds. ResultsAI aqueous extract (500 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) in SHR-SP rats, while not affecting the urine output. In ex vivo experiments, the total extract decreased contractile response to noradrenaline of aortic rings isolated from AI-treated SHR-SP rats with or without addition of N-nitro-L-arginine, but endothelium dependent relaxation evoked by acetylcholine in noradrenaline-contracted aortic rings was not affected by the extract treatment. In vitro experiments on AI aqueous extract fractions showed that its polar fraction was the only one affecting in vitro noradrenaline induced contractions, but only in an endothelium dependent manner. This fraction was shown by HPLC-UV to contain flavonoid glycosides among other polar compounds whose activity and mode of action may be modified in vivo by metabolization. ConclusionThese results support the use of AI as antihypertensive treatment in folk medicine. The systolic blood pressure decrease may be attributed at least in part to vasorelaxant glycosylated/polar phenolic compounds as flavonoids and/or their metabolites.

THE ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF PSOROSPERMUM FEBRIFUGUM SPACHROOT BARKS AQUEOUS EXTRACT IS A GOOD STIMULATOR OF HEMATOPOIESIS

PsorospermumfebrifugumSpach. (Clusiaceae) is a medicinal plant found in Benin whose root bark was effective in treating anemia. To identify the family of chemical compounds of this organ was responsible for its hematopoietic efficiency, this work aimed to test the ethyl acetate fraction of the aqueous extract of the plant organ on anemic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were anemic by phenylhydrazinechloridrate on D0. From day 2 to day 15, some were gavage fed with the ethyl acetate fraction of PsorospermumfebrifugumSpach root bark aqueous extract at 40 or 60 mg / kg / day. Others received either vitafer as a reference drug or distilled water (untreated anemic group). Blood samples were collected from these rats and non-anemic control rats at days 0, 2, 7, 10 and 15 for the blood count and osmotic resistance of red blood cells. Results: At D2, phenylhydrazine significantly decreased hemoglobin and red blood cell number, which were corrected on D7 by the extract fraction with a dose-dependent effect. The extract fraction rapidly stimulated release of macrocytes, immature red blood cells in the first week to compensate the anemia. The extract did not affect blood platelet number, suggesting some specificity of action on the red blood cell line. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of Psorospermumfebrifugum root bark aqueous extract stimulated erythropoiesis faster than the crude extract. Its action seemed specific and dose-dependent. It would probably be related to the flavonoids which action mechanism needs to be explored.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of fractions of aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. leaves in castor oil-induced diarrhoeal female Wistar rats

Background: The aqueous extract of Mangifera indica leaves (AEMIL) has been substantiated for its antidiarrhoeal activity without information on the antidiarrhoeal-rich solvent fraction.Aim: This study evaluated the antidiarrhoeal activity of solvent–solvent fractions from M. indica leaves in female Wistar rats.Setting: This is laboratory animal-based phytopharmacological investigation conducted at the University of Ilorin.Methods: Aqueous extract of M. indica leaves was successfully fractionated to give ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), n-butanol fraction (NBF) and aqueous residual fraction (ARF). The fractions at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) were screened for antidiarrhoeal activity. The antidiarrhoeal index (ADI) was also computed.Results: Ethyl acetate fraction, NBF and ARF significantly (p 0.05) extended the onset of diarrhoea, reduced fecal parameters (number, weight and water content of feaces and number of diarrhoeal feaces), masses and volumes of intestinal fluid, distance covered by charcoal meal, peristaltic index and its inhibition, with ARF exhibiting the most pronounced effects. The ADI at 25 and 100 mg/kg bw (equivalent doses of 14.09 and 56.3 mg/kg bw, respectively) of ARF which were 55.19 and 49.87, respectively were similar to 48.50 produced by loperamide/atropine sulphate. The ADI of 32.36 and 10.18 for 100 mg/kg bw each (equivalent of 26.41 and 17.24 mg/kg bw) of EAF and NBF respectively, were lower than that of loperamide/atropine sulphate (48.50).Conclusion: Of all the fractions, the 25 mg/kg bw of ARF produced the most profound antidiarrhoeal activity via anti-motility and anti-secretory mechanisms.

Evaluation of Beneficial Effects of Melilotus officinalis on Blood Profiles in iron Overloaded Sprague Dawley Rats

Present study deals with the investigation of beneficial effects of different fraction of Melilotus officinalis (M. officinalis) on the toxic effects of iron on different blood parameters in iron overloaded sprague dawley rats. The six IP injections of iron dextran (12.5 mg/100g) were administered uniformly over a period of 30 days to induce iron overload. Different fractions of M. officinalis were given orally and Deferoxamine (DFO) subcutaneously for 30 days. The blood parameters were estimated on 15th and 30th day of treatment. Rats exposed to iron showed significant (p &lt; 0.01) decrease in RBC counts, Total and Differential WBC counts and Platelet counts. This indicates that excess of iron in iron overloaded disease can leads to bone marrow suppression. The animals treated with methanolic fraction of methanolic extract (MFME) and methanolic fraction of aqueous extract (MFAE) of M. officinalis shows significant (P&lt;0.01) improvement in haematological parameters as compared to disease control (DC) rats. Greater beneficial effects were observed on 30th day and at higher dose (300 mg/kg) as compared to 15th day and at lower dose (150 mg/kg). These results suggested that M. officinalis have beneficial effects on blood parameters in iron intoxicated rats.

Ethyl acetate fraction of Psorospermum febrifugum Spach aqueous extract did not exhibit acute or sub-chronic toxicity. Experimental study on Wistar rats

Psorospermum febrifugum Spach (Clusiaceae) was a tropical plant whose root bark was used to treat anemia. This work aimed to evaluate the safety of the ethyl acetate fraction of the aqueous extract of this bark. Methods: The ethyl acetate fraction of the extract was administered to Wistar rats in a single dose of 2000 mg / Kg body weight for acute oral toxicity test or daily doses of 200 mg / Kg of body weight during 28 days for sub-chronic oral toxicity test, as recommended by the OECD. At day 0, then at day 14 for the acute phase and day 28 for the sub-chronic phase, the rats were weighed and their blood collected for tests. The activity of transaminases AST and ALT were measured in the liver function tests, blood urea and creatinine were measured for renal function tests and blood leukocytes were counted for the immune balance. These analyzes were supplemented by the histology of the liver, kidneys and spleen, an immune organ. Results: In acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity tests, rat&amp;rsquo;s weight, liver, kidney and immune balances as well as these organs histology were not affected, suggesting the safety of the extract fraction. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of the aqueous extract of the root bark of Psorospermum febrifugum did not reveal any acute or sub-chronic oral toxicity. This effect could be related to its richness in flavonoids which have cytoprotective effects. The study of biological tolerance deserves to be continued by the chronic toxicity test and appropriate clinical trials.

Antioxidant Properties of Fermented Soy during Shelf Life.

Glycine max (soybean) is a fundamental food in human nutrition, largely utilized by the consumers, and in particular, fermented soy is mainly used. However, health benefits of the products can change during the shelf life as oxidation processes occur determining alterations of protein and lipid constituents leading to a decrease of nutritional quality. Therefore, the oxidative stability of the fermented soy during the shelf life was studied. The antioxidant potential of this product was evaluated by estimating total phenols, free radical scavenger activity using DPPH and ABTS tests, and the degree of lipid peroxidation, from I up to IX weeks. The antioxidant capacity after an initial decrease, increased again at VII-IX weeks. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by comparing non fermented and fermented soy. The results disclosed a low amount of peroxides in the fermented soy, suggesting that fermentation brings to an improvement of the product associated to a decreased lipid peroxidation at longer times. Fractions of aqueous extract, obtained at the end of the shelf life from fermented soy, showed an enrichment in antioxidant peptides.

Analysis on multiple pharmaceutical ingredients and antioxidant capacities of Prunellae Spica based on multivariate statistical analysis

Prunellae Spica is a perennial edible and medicinal plant, rich in antioxidant substances. Total flavonoids (TFC), Phenolics (TPC), triterpenoids (TSC), polysaccharides (PC) and their antioxidant capacities (by the FRAP, DPPH and ABTS⁺ methods) of ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction and other fractions of aqueous extract from Prunellae Spica were investigated in this study. Then the multivariate statistical method was adopted to analyze the relationship between the multiple pharmaceutical ingredients and antioxidant capacities of Prunellae Spica. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction had relatively high concentration of TFC (0.61±0.10) g·g⁻¹DW, TPC (0.52±0.09) g·g⁻¹DW, and TSC (0.21±0.03) g·g⁻¹DW, with high scavenging capacity of DPPH (3.1±0.38) mmol·L⁻¹·g⁻¹DW and FRAP (2.56±0.35) mmol·L⁻¹·g⁻¹DW. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) results indicated the information from chemical compositions and antioxidant capacity can represent the "differences" of different fractions. Canonical correlation analysis (CCorA) revealed a high positive correlation between the amounts of multiple chemical compositions and the antioxidant capacities (r=0.970 0), and the first canonical variate had been reached. Moreover, ABTS⁺ method showed a low response to the compositions of different fractions, so this method may not be suitable for evaluation of Prunellae Spica antioxidant capacities, while DPPH evaluation method was more suitable for TSC and TPC. The results of this study have important reference significance for the evaluation method on antioxidant activity of Prunellae Spica in the field of food or medicine as well as for the development of related extracts.

Effects of Cysteine-Stabilised Peptide Fraction of Aqueous Extract of Morinda lucida Leaf on Selected Cardiovascular Disease Indices in Mice.

This study evaluated the effects of cysteine-stabilised peptide fraction (CSPF) of aqueous extract of Morinda lucida leaf on selected cardiovascular disease indices in mice. Sixty adult Swiss Albino mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10). Group A served as control and received 5% DMSO. Half of the mice in groups B, C, D, E and F received 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500mg/kg body weight of CSPF respectively for 7days while the other half received the various doses for 28days. After the experimental period, selected cardiovascular disease indices were determined in the mice. The results revealed that CSPF significantly reduced (p < 0.05) atherogenic index, plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol but significantly increased (p < 0.05) plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration at higher doses after 28days of administration. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were not significantly altered (p > 0.05) at all doses of the CSPF after 7 and 28days of administration compared to controls. After 7days of CSPF administration, the activities of heart Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase were not significantly altered (p > 0.05) but heart Mg2+-ATPase activity was significantly increased (p < 0.05) at 250mg/kg body weight compared to controls. Also, 28days of CSPF administration at all doses had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the activities of heart Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase of mice compared to controls but heart Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity was significantly increased (p < 0.05) at the highest dose with no significant alteration (p > 0.05) at other doses compared to controls. Generally, CSPF administration had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on haematological parameters after 7 and 28days. These results suggest that CSPF may not predispose subjects to cardiovascular diseases.