FR4 Glass Epoxy Research Articles

A Compact Slotted UWB Antenna Based on Characteristics Mode Theory for Wireless Applications

The development of electronic systems and wireless communication has led to a proportional increase in data traffic over time. One potential solution for alleviating data congestion is to augment the bandwidth capacity. This study presents a novel asymmetric circular slotted semi-circle-shaped monopole antenna design using a defective ground structure. The extended ultrawide bandwidth is achieved by implementing a design where the semi-circle radiator is etched in a specific asymmetric circular slot. This involves etching a circle with a radius of 1.25 mm at the center of the radiator, as well as a succession of circles with a radius of 0.75 mm along the edges of the radiator. In addition, the ground plane is situated at a lower elevation and features a U-shaped truncation that has been etched onto its surface. The expansion of the impedance bandwidth can be accomplished by making adjustments to the radiator and ground plane. The UWB antenna under consideration possesses a geometric configuration of 21.6 × 20.8 × 1.6 mm3 and the antenna is fabricated using an FR-4 glass epoxy substrate. The UWB antenna operates throughout the frequency range of 2.2–16.5 GHz, exhibiting a gain of at least 3.45 dBi across the entire impedance bandwidth and the maximum peak gain of 9.57 dBi achieved at the mid-resonance frequency of 10.5 GHz. The investigation of the antenna’s physical properties is conducted utilizing characteristic mode analysis. The investigation also includes an analysis of the time-domain characteristics, revealing that the group delay was found to be less than 1 ns across the operational frequency range. The predicted and measured findings demonstrate consistency and confirm that the suggested antenna is suitable for electronic systems and wireless applications.

Modeling of a Broadband Microwave Composite Thin Film Absorber.

Composite thin film absorbers show superior performance and have a wide range of applications. Obtaining a broadband composite thin film absorber is a challenge. In this work, we proposed a modeling of a broadband microwave composite thin film absorber based on the impedance matching theory and equivalent circuit model of the square loop. The unit cell of the absorber was composed of metal square loops with high magnetic conductivity deposited on the polyethylene substrate, and an FR-4 (epoxy glass cloth) substrate was the spacer substrate layer. The simulation results show that the absorptivity of the absorber reached more than 90% in the frequency range of 8.7-18 GHz for TE and TM waves under normal incidence. The thickness of the designed absorber was 2.05 mm (0.059 λmax, λmax corresponds to the maximum absorption wavelength). The simulation results show that the energy distribution in the proposed absorber was mainly localized in the top metal FSS layer due to the ohmic loss of metal, and the dielectric loss played a small role in the absorption of the absorber. Our work provides a design approach to improve the efficiency of optoelectronic devices and thermal detectors and has application prospects in radar and aircraft stealth applications.

Electronic gain study of single resistive electrode thick electron multiplier (RETGEM) radiation detectors with various resistive layers and substrates in P-10 gas

The study of resistive electrode thick gas electron multipliers (RETGEMs) of various designs is described. Four types of RETGEMs were tested. One was made of a substrate of a flame-retardant glass epoxy FR4 board coated with graphite as a resistive layer. The second was made of an FR4 board laminated with Kapton as a resistive layer. The third was made of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) board coated with graphite as a resistive layer. Finally, a RETGEM with a diamond-like carbon coating produced by CERN was also tested. Multiple characteristics of the single RETGEM detector, such as absolute gas gains and maximum applicable voltages, were measured for all four types of RETGEMs at various voltages applied to the RETGEMs and various sizes of induction gaps, using Cm-244 alpha and F-55 X-ray sources. The results have shown that the highest absolute gas gain is achieved with the FR4 board laminated with Kapton. On the other hand, the PVC board coated with graphite gives the minimum voltage at which the signal can still be observed.

An Ultrathin Polarization Free Asterick-Shaped Metamaterial Absorber with Quad-Band Characteristics

In this paper, a quad-band absorber is proposed and developed, which is exhibiting ultrathin and polarization insensitive behaviour. It has been designed to be operated in S, C, and Ku bands with absorptions peaks at more than 95%. The proposed absorber is implemented on a FR4 glass epoxy laminate with an equivalent electrical thickness of 0.0108 λ0, where λ0 is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of operation. This confirms the ultrathin nature of the structure. The absorption performance of the proposed structure has been characterized under normal and oblique incidences followed by their experimental verification. Presented results demonstrate highly polarization-independent behavior of the proposed absorber due to its symmetric geometry. Also, the electromagnetic field distributions have been studied to acquire better insight of the absorption mechanism corresponding to distinct elements present in the structure. It is characterized in terms of its behavior as metamaterial, which ensures the miniaturization. The proposed absorber is suitable to be used in applications like radar cross section reduction, stealth technology, radio frequency identification, and electromagnetic compatibility.

Design of slot loaded CPW feed ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN band notch characteristics

The fast development has been noticed during in the last few decades in the area of Ultra-wideband technologies. Throughout this manuscript, a novel ultra wideband (UWB) antenna with single band notched functions with CPW feed line is projected. The single band rejection is presented and analyzed at WLAN frequency. The proposed antenna was initially exhibits the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) bandwidth of 10.6 GHz with frequency range of 3.05 to 13.65 GHz. Further to achieve the WLAN band rejection at 5.5 GHz, an arc shaped slot has been presented in the geometry of radiating patch. The size of designed antenna is 27 × 27 mm2. It also shows that the VSWR ≤ 2 for the operating UWB frequency range, except stop band from 5.16 to 6.7 GHz for filtering the WLAN signal. A variety of UWB antenna applications can be found in medical and radar imaging as well as higher data rate Personal Area Networks (PANs). The designed antenna is simulated on the low cost FR4 glass epoxy substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. Performance parameters such as VSWR, radiation pattern and gain of proposed antenna are analyzed by using HFSS V13 simulator.

A Dual Port Hybrid Super-wideband MIMO Antenna with Diminished CCL and High BDR for IoT Applications

In this work, a simple hybrid dual port skull-shaped super wideband Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna with improved isolation is designed and analyzed. Each antenna element consists of a skull-shaped radiator along with a rectangular notched chamfered Defective Ground Plane structure (DGS). The proposed antenna’s impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics are improved by the triple elliptical inclined slot and DGS together. To accomplish the proposed MIMO configuration, the antenna elements are further organized in a linear arrangement. Deteriorated isolation characteristics, which are the key bottleneck for such MIMO schemes, are significantly improved in the proposed design by using a corrugated T-shaped strip decoupling plane. This 2-port MIMO antenna is placed on top of a glass epoxy FR4 substrate and has an overall dimension of 45 × 50 × 0.787 mm3 (0.20λ × 0.19λ × 0.003λ). The proposed MIMO antenna is fabricated and the experimental results are verified with the simulation results. The results indicate that the proposed antenna covers an operational bandwidth of 48.75 GHz (1.25–50 GHz) with a fractional bandwidth of 190.24% and offers an isolation of less than −20 dB throughout the frequency range of operation. The proposed MIMO has an extremely high bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of 5092 among the reported antennas. An optimal performance has been achieved with a lower value of Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) ≤ 0.02, high multiplexing efficiency, extremely lower Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) of 0.2, and omnidirectional radiation characteristics. These design metrics show the potential of our antenna to operate for eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) applications which includes 5G, Augmented reality, and etc.

Comparative analysis of dielectric substrate materials (FR-4 & RT/Duriod 5880) for antenna array (8*1) designing

In this communication a comparative study of two materials for designing antenna array (8*1) system, simulated by CST Microwave Studio for 5G mobile (base station) applications, is carried out. Array is constructed by FR-4 (low cost substrate material) and Rogers RT/ Duriod 5880 (high efficiency substrate material).Ground and conductor patch are made by PEC (perfect electric conductor).Comparison of design parameters has been done and results of simulated arrays for two materials are determined. A Wilkinson power divider network also has been designed by PEC material for feeding. Simulated array gain 10.31dBi for FR4 (8*1) substrate material and 15.59 dBi for Roger substrate in 5G range (3.4–3.6 GHz) mobile base station applications. Efficiency of Rogers substrate is 98.14% for 8*1 array. An antenna array (4*1) is fabricated over a double sided copper laminated FR-4 epoxy glass material and the result of S 11 is verified by vector network analyzer (VNA).

Computational cooling performance of electronic chips on printed circuit boards

Effect of cooling performance of heated modules resembling integrated circuit (IC) chips on printed circuit boards (PCBs) under natural and forced convection is investigated. Commercially available four different types of substrate materials viz. silica glass, glass epoxy FR4, bakelite, and copper-clad board (CCB) is used for the simulation study. Natural and forced convection cooling scenarios are used for thermal performance with a power input of 7.5 W and 15 W for heaters equipped on a substrate. The main motive of this work is to present and compare thermal performance of heated modules on different substrate materials. Results of FR4 and bakelite with a power input of 7.5 under natural convection are compared with forced convection results at Re = 500 for the same power input. The results show that copper clad boards give a better cooling performance in natural convection scenarios for both the power inputs of 7.5 W and 15 W.

Meander and Koch Hybrid Fractal Curve Based Dual Hexagonal Radiating Patch Antenna for Quad Band Wireless Applications

A unique dual hexagonal-shaped radiating patch design with hybrid fractal curves (Meander and Koch) is presented for quad-band wireless applications. Initially, the antenna from 0th to 2nd iteration of hybrid fractal curves with PGP (Partial Ground Plane) is designed and investigated. Further, to get better results of the designed antenna in respect of Bandwidth (BW) and coefficient of reflection these hybrid curves are superimposed on the limited ground plane of 1st and 2nd iteration of the antenna and the generated antennas are designated as Antenna–1 and Antenna–2. A comparison between both the antennas has been made and it is observed that Antenna–2 shows better results in respect of improved BW and coefficient of reflection. The proposed antenna exhibits four resonant frequency bands 1.6, 4.8, 6.9, and 8.8 GHz with improved corresponding impedance BW of 2.09, 1.36, 0.86, and 1.51 GHz. The designed antenna is simulated and made on FR4 glass epoxy substrate with an overall size of 20 × 40 × 1.6 mm3. The fabricated proposed antenna is tested experimentally for the authentication of simulated results with experimental results and these are compatible with each other. The other performance indicators like radiation pattern, peak realized gain, and radiation efficiency are also determined for the proposed Hybrid Fractal Antenna (HFA) and all are found satisfactory. Due to the improved operational parameters, the designed HFA can be considered as a suitable applicant for distinct wireless applications in anticipated operational frequency ranges.

Comparative investigation on multi-band antenna using FR-4 and RT-Duroid

The comparative design and investigation of the multiple resonances are analysed on two substrates using flame retardant FR-4 glass epoxy with the dielectric value of 4.4 and RT-Duroid with the dielectric value of 2.2. To attain the multiple bands for multiple applications with a single antenna is the main aim concluded in this paper. The defected ground structure (DGS) is designed on the ground plane with the combination of slots getting into shaped as E-shape and stacked U-shape. The proposed model has responded to multiple resonances on two substrates. Once the DGS has been inserted, the various parameters are improved such as multiple bands, return loss, gain and bandwidth. The dimensions for FR-4 substrate and RT-Duroid are 30 × 20 × 1.6 mm3 and 30 × 20 × 1.2 mm3, respectively. The main goal of the proposed antenna is to use it for multiple applications. This can be achieved by tuning the defective ground structure. In this proposed antenna, the 50 ohm line feed technique has been utilised for both designs.

High Isolated MIMO Antenna for WLAN Applications

This paper presents a compact multiple-inputs multiple-outputs (MIMO) antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The proposed four-port MIMO antenna has been incorporated with its four identical elements having dimensions of 10[Formula: see text]mm [Formula: see text] 12[Formula: see text]mm each. The MIMO antenna is designed to operate in the range of 5.17–6.25[Formula: see text]GHz frequency band having impedance bandwidth of 18.91%. The antenna is fabricated on a glass epoxy FR-4 substrate having a thickness of 0.8[Formula: see text]mm for measurement and validation. The measured results show that the antenna has good isolation greater than [Formula: see text]17[Formula: see text]dB to [Formula: see text]25[Formula: see text]dB, better impedance matching and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) below 0.03 over the entire band of operation. The proposed MIMO antenna is a potential candidate for WLAN applications.

Development and Experimental Verification of an Electrical Model of a Doubly Wound Planar Circular Spiral Inductor

This article presents the development of an electrical model of a doubly wound planar (DWP) circular spiral inductor. Closed-form models for substrate capacitance, adjacent metal capacitance, and inter-spiral mutual inductance of this structure are developed, which have, so far, not been addressed in the literature. The proposed developed model presented in this article is applicable to any dielectric substrate. As an example, this inductor is fabricated on a glass-epoxy FR4 dielectric substrate, where close agreement is observed between the analytical model and experimentally measured inductance, over a broad range of frequencies, up to the UHF band (900 MHz). The proposed model can extend known existing planar inductors into symmetric two-terminal structures and can be used for circuit applications for a broad range of frequencies.

Design of antenna by amalgamating staircase and hexagonal ring-shaped structures with the modified ground plane for multi-standard wireless applications

In this article, an antenna has been designed by amalgamating staircase structure on hexagonal ring-shaped geometry using the modified ground plane for multi-standard wireless applications. The proposed antenna is compact in size with volumetric dimension of 24 × 30 × 1.6 mm3 and designed on a low-cost FR4 glass epoxy substrate. Initially, the partial ground plane is being used, and antenna reports an impedance bandwidth of 2.64, 0.96, 0.59 and 1.24 GHz at the respective frequency ranges. Furthermore, the ground plane of the proposed antenna is modified by introducing stubs and parasitic elements to improve the performance parameters such as bandwidth and reflection coefficient. The final geometry of antenna reveals the enhanced bandwidth of 3.04 GHz (1.55–4.59 GHz), 930 MHz (5.19–6.12 GHz) and 3.92 GHz (7.0–10.92 GHz). Also, the proposed antenna resonates at four frequency bands of 3.0, 5.7, 8.5 and 10.1 GHz with the corresponding reflection coefficient of −32.17, −38.37, −46.0 and −28.61 dB. Thus, the final optimized structure is also being fabricated for the authentication of simulated results. Both the results are compared and found in agreement with each other. The rest of the parameters such as gain, radiation efficiency and radiation patterns are analyzed and found satisfactory for the wireless operations. Due to the wider bandwidth and proper impedance matching in the desired frequency ranges, the proposed antenna can be considered as a proficient candidate for distinct wireless applications.

Variation of Permittivity and Dark Conductivity of Polyimide and FR4 With Electron Dose by Experiments

The internal charging effect may lead to electrostatic discharges (ESDs) for Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) and Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. This is due to the high-energy electrons that deposit in the dielectrics of satellites. The properties of the dielectrics such as permittivity and dark conductivity dominate this effect. This may contribute to the ESD risk of long-lifetime satellites if these properties change with the increase of electron dose. Two general materials, Polyimide (PI) and FR4 Epoxy Glass Cloth (FR4), were chosen as samples to study by experiments with different doses. The results show that the permittivity of PI and FR4 decreased as the dose increased while the dark conductivity increased. Numerical simulation evaluates the electron dose and the ESD risk of dielectrics under the electron environment of a specific MEO electron spectrum. The results show that the decrease of permittivity and the increase of dark conductivity will shorten the time constant of internal charging. The quicker build-up of electric field will increase the ESD risk if it exceeds the breakdown threshold.

High gain and wideband circularly polarized S‐shaped patch antenna with reactive impedance surface and frequency‐selective surface configuration for Wi‐Fi and Wi‐Max applications

In this paper, broadband circularly polarized S-shaped patch antenna is designed with a reactive impedance surface (RIS). Besides the RIS structure, the frequency-selective surface (FSS) superstrate is deployed to enrich the antenna gain. The S-shaped patch is modeled on an FR4 glass epoxy and its feed position is set to resonate at 5.3 GHz. The 6 × 6 array size of square patches forms the RIS structure which is inserted in the middle of the S-shaped patch and ground plane to enhance −10 dB impedance bandwidth and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth. The 6 × 6 array of unit cells forms the FSS superstrate which is deployed approximately half-wavelength (≈λ/2) height above the ground plane to act like a Fabry Perot cavity (FPC) resonator antenna for improving the antenna gain. The combination of RIS and FSS with an S-shaped patch antenna improves the −10 dB impedance bandwidth, 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth, and the gain simultaneously. The proposed antenna resonates over a wide frequency range with a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 31.8% (4.81–6.63 GHz) and the antenna has a good 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 18.9% (4.99–6.03 GHz). The antenna peak gain is around 10 dBi. The proposed antenna prototype is measured in the anechoic chamber and the measured results mimic the simulation results.

BANDWIDTH ENHANCEMENT OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

This paper discusses bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using metamaterial and defected ground structure. A patch antenna is designed and simulated for 2.45GHz. Substrate is used for this purpose is FR4 glass epoxy with dielectric constant of 4.4 thickness of 1.6mm.The shape used for conventional patch antenna is rectangular with inset feed. For metamaterial antenna circular split ring resonator are used. Metamaterial SRR and Defected Ground Structure is designed and simulated for 2.45GHz. After comparing both antennas bandwidth enhancement antenna is reported. High Frequency Structure Simulator is used for this purpose.

SAR reduction and gain enhancement of compact wideband stub loaded monopole antenna backed with electromagnetic band gap array

This article discusses a design of compact wideband stub loaded monopole antenna (CWSLMA) backed with 3 × 3 array of hexagonal shaped electromagnetic band gap (EBG) cell operating at 2.45 GHz with enhanced gain and low specific absorption rate (SAR) for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The split ring rectangular shaped radiator is designed with protruding stub to miniaturize the antenna size of monopole antenna (34 × 18 × 1.6 mm3) at resonance frequency 2.45 GHz. The proposed CWSLMA is fabricated on glass epoxy FR4 substrate supported with 3 × 3 array of hexagonal shaped EBG cell over Kapton polyimide flexible substrate. The proposed antenna consists of simulated 10 dB return loss (RL) bandwidth (BW) of 16.7% (2.3–2.72 GHz). The proposed 3 × 3 array of hexagonal shaped EBG cell enhances the realized gain of proposed CWSLMA to 7 dBi by reducing the back-lobe radiation. The EBG array also increased the isolation between fabricated wearable antenna and human body and thus, reduced SAR to 0.44 W/kg (tested over 10 g of human tissues) at frequency 2.45 GHz. The fabricated proposed CWSLMA with EBG achieved a measured 10 dB RL bandwidth of 17.3% (2.27–2.7 GHz) and a measured group delay below than 1 ns in entire operational band with measured gain of 6.8 dBi. The proposed CWSLMA with EBG is designed, fabricated, and tested. The measured results of fabricated antenna prototype are verified and validated with simulated ones.

Antenna Design and Fabrication with Circular Microstrip Patch: A Review

The paper presents a review on antenna designing and fabrication techniques with Microstrip Patch (MSP) development. The requirements of MSP are remote controlling, mobile communication, space communication and all wireless communication areas. Aim of this development is to provide a new approach of the designing and simulation of circularMSP for 5.8 GHz operating frequency. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (MWS) facilitates the quick and accurate analysis of high frequency (HF) antennas which gives the responses and results before fabrication of actual patch with complete technology for 3D EM. FR-4 glass epoxy material board is used for fabrication which is admired and adaptable highpressure thermoset plastic laminate grade with superior strength to weight ratios. Circular MSP is easy to fabricate, portable, lightweight and low cost antenna. N9923A Field Fox RF VNA (Vector Network Analyser) were used for studying and testing all the parameters of fabricated MSP.

CPWG Fed with Octagonal Patch Antenna

A Co planner Wave Guide (CPWG) fed with octagonal patch antenna is modified from their respective rectangular patch are presented for WLAN application. The dielectric material applied in the design process for both co planar and micro strip patch antenna is FR4 Epoxy Glass, which has relative permittivity of 4.4 and substrate height 1.6mm. Antenna parameters used to check the performance. A comparison is made between the octagonal co-planar antenna and octagonal micro strip antenna available. Ansys HFSS is used for antenna design and analysis. Both designed antennas are suitable for wireless local area network application and the design parameters of the antenna are optimized to resonate at 3GHz frequencies for WLAN applications. It has been found that octagonal micro strip patch antennas have lower return loss and are more directive than co planar patch antenna. High directivity of octagonal micro strip antenna is due to the presence of ground plane under the substrate of antenna. The results obtained by simulations have also shown that octagonal co planar patch antennas have high radiation efficiency (a measure of the power radiated through the antenna as an electromagnetic wave to the power fed to the antenna terminals) and which implies a wider bandwidth as compared to an octagonal micro strip patch antennas. The radiation efficiency obtained for micro strip patch antenna is 24% and that for co planar patch antenna is 67%, the directivity for micro strip patch antenna is 3.75 dB and that for a co-planar patch antenna is 3.25 dB.

Roger 3450 Vs RF4 Martials - Based Frequency And Pattern Reconfigurable Rectangular Patch Slot Antennas For RFID Applications

Rectangular Patch Slot Antennas RPSA are getting becoming more likable and popular for practice in wireless implementations such as RFID applications especially in the UHF band thanks to its low-profile structure. This kind of antenna is able to deliver large communication distances but this antenna coverage is very weak which is part of the main drawbacks of these antennas. In this paper, Rectangular Patch Slot Antenna RPSA with different slots has been designed and simulated to be suitable for RFID applications. Circular polarized CP antenna that has been designed to use feed structure with vertical ground encircling a radiating component. The feeding method to feed this antenna is coaxial probe. The paper will concentration on both substrate materials Roger 4350 and FR4 Glass-Epoxy material to model and simulate the designs. The other factor of the design is the patch antenna will cut at the four truncated corners to enhance the antenna gain which will affect considerably the operating frequency. This paper aims to show and find the best feed point area that has an exceptional antenna return loss (S11) and high gain. S11 describe the power reflected from the antenna, which is known as the reflection coefficient S11 must be ≤ -10dB. The design and simulation results of RPSA has been done by high frequency simulation system (HFSS 13.0).