FR4 Glass Epoxy Research Articles

Mitigation of mutual coupling in microstrip antenna arrays

This article demonstrates the alleviation of mutual coupling of a simple and low-cost four-element microstrip array antenna by loading I-shaped slot-type electromagnetic band gap structure in the ground plane. FR-4 glass epoxy is used as dielectric substrate. Moreover, the proposed array antenna shows a better performance in terms of multi-band resonance. The antenna is resonating at four frequencies and a virtual size reduction of 78.48% is obtained. The designed array antenna possesses directional radiation properties. Mentor Graphics IE3D software is used to design and simulate the designed antennas and the measured results are obtained using vector network analyser.

Split ring resonator based multiband hybrid fractal antennas for wireless applications

In this paper, initially two Moore Antennas are designed which are different from each other in terms of 50 Ω microstrip transmission line only. Same size Feed line is applied at right and left side of the substrate and termed as Left Side Feed Line (LFL) and Right Side Feed Line (RFL). To improve the multiband behavior of Moore Antenna, it is being fused with Koch curve and resultant antenna is named as Moore – Koch Hybrid Fractal Antenna (MKHFA) where Koch curves are superimposed on Moore curve. Two distinct MKHFA’s are designed as MKHFA with LFL and MKHFA with RFL. In order to attain the more number of frequency bands, improved gain, better impedance matching and improved bandwidth, both the MKHFA’s are loaded with Split Ring Resonator (SRR). Proposed antennas are designed on FR4 glass epoxy substrate with thickness 1.6 mm, relative permittivity 4.4. Results of Moore Antenna has been compared with MKHFA and found that MKHFA exhibits multiband behavior. A comparison between unloaded MKHFA using LFL/RFL and loaded MKHFA using LFL/RFL has been made and found that later case exhibits better results in terms of increase in number of frequency bands, bandwidth enhancement and improvement in gain. Prototypes of proposed MKHFA using LFL loaded with SRR and MKHFA using RFL loaded with SRR have been fabricated and tested for their results. The comparison between the simulated and measured results have been done and found in good agreement with each other. The overall dimensions of proposed MKHFA using LFL/RFL loaded with SRR is 25 mm × 25 mm and can be useful for different wireless applications such as Bluetooth (2.41–2.49 GHz) for ISM band, IEEE 802.11 g/b (2.40–2.48 GHz), WiMAX (2.5–2.69 GHz), WLAN (5.15–5.35 GHz), X-band satellite communication (7.1–7.76 GHz). Proposed MKHFA using LFL loaded with SRR also reports peak gain 5.76 dB and bandwidth 770 MHz, whereas, MKHFA using RFL loaded with SRR confirms peak gain 8.56 dB and bandwidth 750 MHz.

Analysis and design of circular fractal antenna array for multiband applications

In this paper eight element circular fractal antenna array is designed. The elements of this antenna array are separated by a distance λ/2. FR4 glass epoxy with 4.4 relative permittivity and 1.6 mm thickness is used as substrate material for the design of proposed antenna array. The resonant frequency of the proposed antenna array is taken as 4 GHz. Three iterations of the proposed fractal antenna array are designed and fabricated. It is found that as the iteration number increases, the gain of this array at resonant frequency increases and the beam-width decreases. The effects of various parameters on the performance of antenna array is analyzed using 3D electromagnetic simulator (HFSS) based on FEM method. Proposed fractal antenna array resonates at ten frequencies in the frequency range from 1 to 10 GHz. The values of reflection coefficient and the gain at all the resonant frequencies have acceptable values. The resonant frequency of fractal antenna array is also shifted towards the lower frequency from 3.91 to 3.80 GHz which reduces the size of fractal antenna array by 6% than the conventional antenna array. Proposed fractal antenna array covers the different wireless standards such as Wi-Max (3.5–3.8 GHz), C-band applications (3.8–4.4 GHz and 4.8–5.4 GHz), WLAN (5.15–5.85 GHz), X-band for satellite communication (7.1–7.76 GHz). The simulated and experimental results are found in good agreement with each other.

Review of MSP Antenna Design for Various Substrates

This paper presents the comparisons of Different substrate that can be used in Microstrip Patch antenna i.e. Bakelite, FR4 Glass Epoxy, RO4003, Taconic TLC and RT- Duroid, to operate in the frequency of 10 GHz. The aim of this review paper is to compare and propose a particular substrate that can be used in a patch antenna for a frequency of 10GHz with the substrate thickness of 1.6mm.By comparing different substrates of dielectric material, an appropriate substrate was proposed to design Microstrip antenna that can be used in simulation process so that the antenna performance characteristics such as antenna input impedance, VSWR, Return loss and current density can be obtained as its future work.

Planar Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Gain Enhancement

This paper compares the performance of two element microstrip antenna array using two different Defective Ground Structures and one Electromagnetic Band Gap structure. The conventional microstrip antenna array is resonating at 5.53 GHz and producing bandwidth and mutual coupling equal to 2.35 % and -17.83 dB. The first proposed antenna array is producing bandwidth and mutual coupling equal to 66.60 % and -35.66 dB, whereas the second proposed antenna array is producing bandwidth and mutual coupling equal to 63.27 % and -32.81 dB respectively. The first and second proposed microstrip antenna arrays are giving enhanced gains of 12.41 and 10.11 dB respectively as compared to 5.06 dB of conventional microstrip antenna array. Both the proposed antenna arrays are yielding good reduction in back lobe reduction. The first proposed antenna array is a better antenna compared to the second proposed antenna array. The dielectric substrate employed is FR-4 glass epoxy with a dielectric constant of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0245. The microstrip antenna arrays are designed using Mentor Graphics IE3D software.

A novel equivalent circuit model for split ring resonator with an application of low phase noise reference oscillator

This paper presents physical lumped element models for the structures employing a split-ring resonator (SRR) coupled with a pair of microstrip antennas. The results of 3D EM simulations, circuit simulations and measurement results are provided. For experimental verification, a resonator device was fabricated on an FR4 epoxy glass substrate. Mismatch between the values of resonant frequency that are predicted by the models and that are measured is less than 3%. As a benchmarking case for the proposed model, a reference oscillator was designed and implemented. A phase noise of −139.51dBc/Hz at 3MHz frequency offset was measured with a center frequency of 1.617GHz.

High-frequency microstrip dual-band bandpass filter fabricated using FR-4 glass epoxy material

In this paper, design, fabrication and measurement of a novel microstrip dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) structure with a compact size using FR-4 glass epoxy material is presented. The filter structure is composed of folded non-uniform meander resonators. The proposed filter with a total size of 0.24λg × 0.16λg is designed to exhibit two passbands centred at 2.68 GHz and 5.64 GHz with fractional bandwidths of 25.38% and 10.4%, respectively. The simulation and experimental measurement results are basically in good agreement which validate the proposed approach.

A Modified Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna for Multiband Applications

The sudden growth in wireless communication area has increased the requirements of compact integrated antennas. This paper describes the design of Modified Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna which resonates at six frequencies 4.825, 5.455, 6.265 GHz and 6.805, 8.02 and 9.145 GHz. Different performance parameters like radiation pattern, gain, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, return losses are observed at all the frequencies. The FR4 glass epoxy with relative permittivity 4.4 and height 1.6 mm is used as substrate material. Antenna is fed by coaxial probe feed and simulated using ANSYS/ANSOFT HFSS V13 software. Proposed antenna has simple structure. Investigation is done between 1 and 10 GHz frequencies. The proposed antenna is fabricated and tested on the Vector Network Analyzer. The measured and simulated results of proposed antenna are compared and are found to be good agreement with each other.

New experimental results on local heat transfer inside a rectangular channel with rib-roughened surfaces

In this paper we present new experimental results on local heat transfer characteristics of a forced air-flow through a 12-mm-height, rectangular channel of 1:10 aspect ratio, with square-cross-section ribs mounted onto the lower surface. Data are collected on a completely redesigned test section. Specifically, the electric heater is made of very thin copper tracks, in direct contact with the air flow and covering at 97.5% the channel lower surface to guarantee a very uniform heat flux. The copper tracks are laminated onto a 2-mm thick board of FR-4 glass epoxy to provide negligible heat conduction inside the plate and heat losses from its sides. Finally, the channel walls are in XPS and, into the upper one, a double glazing consisting of two 120 mm x 120 mm Germanium windows is mounted to allow optical access to the IR camera and to reduce local heat dispersions. Data here presented refer to convection over 4 mm x 2 mm ribs in transverse configuration for Reynolds numbers, based on the duct hydraulic diameter, ranging between 700 and 8000. Preliminary tests show how the new apparatus has significantly improved the quality, the ease and the quickness of the measurements.

An Investigation on Compact Ultra-Thin Triple Band Polarization Independent Metamaterial Absorber for Microwave Frequency Applications

This article claims, an investigation on compact ultrathin triple band polarization independent metamaterial absorber for microwave frequency applications. The proposed absorber unit cell consist of two resonators named as Structure-A and Structure-B. Both the resonators are printed on the upper surface of dual side copper coated FR-4 epoxy glass substrate of thickness 0.8 mm. The proposed absorber structure offers three distinct absorption peaks of 99.67%, 99.48%, and 99.42% with FWHM bandwidth of 170 MHz (4.11-4.28 GHz), 350 MHz (9.17–9.52 GHz), and 480 MHz (11.24–11.72 GHz) at 4.19 GHz, 9.34 GHz, and 11.48 GHz, respectively, under normal incidence. In addition to above, the four fold symmetry of proposed absorber structure make it polarization independent. Proposed absorber structure also offers more than 80% absorptivity at different angle of incidence (up to 60°) under transvers electric and transvers magnetic polarization states. The designed absorber unit cell has compactness of $0.11~\lambda _{0} \times 0.11~\lambda _{0}$ with ultra-thin thickness of $0.0111~\lambda _{0}$ , where $\lambda _{0}$ is the free space wavelength with respect to the lowest absorption peak of 4.19 GHz. Absorption mechanism of proposed unit cell has been discussed with the help of normalized input impedance, electric field distribution, and surface current density plots. In order to discuss the metamaterial property of proposed absorber unit cell dispersion diagram has been shown.

A Comparison of Minkowski, Compact Multiband and Microstrip Fractals with Meander Fractal Antenna

This paper presents the comparison of existing fractal antennas with the proposed fractal antenna on the basis of performance parameters such as return loss and gain. Proposed antenna is designed on FR4 glass epoxy substrate with thickness 1.6mm and dielectric constant 4.4. The HFSS V13 software is used to design and simulate the proposed fractal antenna. By observing the simulated results of proposed antenna it has been concluded that it works on six resonant frequency bands with the maximum value of gain 8.8dB at 3.14GHz frequency band. The existing antenna works on maximum two frequency bands of operation. Due to the multiband characteristics of proposed antenna, it can be used for different wireless applications as per FCC standards.

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Substrate Composite Materials on External and Internal Handset Antenna EM Absorption

Cellular phones are used in the vicinity of a human head, which absorbs power from antenna radiation. This investigation analyzes the effects of antenna substrate materials on electromagnetic (EM) absorption in a human head. Antennas are used in analysis with four different dielectric substrate materials, which are Bakelite, FR4 glass epoxy, Rogers R04003, and Taconic TLC. Moreover, two different thicknesses of each substrate are considered in the experimental setup. The EM absorption associated with two types of cell phone antennas is evaluated in the closed vicinity of the human head model. One of them is planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), which is used as the internal handset antenna and another one is helical antenna, which is used as external handset antenna. This investigation consists of two different operating frequency bands, GSM 900 MHz and DCS 1800 MHz. The EM absorption in the human head is presented using the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) and total absorbed power (TAP) by the user. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method based on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave studio is utilized in this investigation. The obtained results show that the substrate materials do not effect SAR and TAP values considerably for both antennas, but substrate thickness affects the SAR and TAP values significantly. In addition, the substrate thickness affects the SAR and TAP values significantly in most of the cases Moreover, PIFA produces lower SAR than that of a helical antenna significantly for both GSM and DCS frequency band. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.22.3.8889

A Quad Band Circular Patch Antenna with Fractal Elements for S-Band and C-Band Applications

In this paper a quad band circular patch antenna with fractal elements is proposed for S-band and C-band applications. The designed antenna operates at four different frequency bands such as 2.86GHz, 4.76GHz, 6.50GHz and 7.42GHz with bandwidth of 110MHz, 110MHz, 110MHz and 90GHz respectively of wireless applications with a return loss, VSWR and gain at acceptable level. The proposed antenna is fed by using inset line feeding technique. Antenna is designed by using low cost FR4 glass epoxy substrate having dimensions 35 X 44.92 X 1.6mm with a relative permittivity of 4.4. Proposed antenna is designed and simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) Version 13 software and different antenna parameters are simulated and discussed in this manuscript

Circular Patch Antenna with Defected Ground for UWB Communication with WLAN Band Rejection

<p>The design and performance of coplanar waveguide fed modified circular patch antenna for possible application in ultra wideband communication systems with band rejection for upper wireless local area network band (5.15 GHz - 5.85 GHz) is reported. This antenna is designed on glass epoxy FR4 substrate having size 30 mm × 20 mm × 1.59 mm. The coplanar waveguide fed circular patch antenna is modified by introducing L shaped slits in ground plane and U shaped slot in patch and performance analysis of antenna is simulated by applying CST microwave studio simulation software. Different designed antennas were tested with available experimental facilities. The developed end product shows a nice matching with feed network at frequencies 2.62 GHz, 3.94 GHz and 8.50 GHz and provides 10.38 GHz (3.33 GHz - 13.71 GHz) impedance bandwidth with wireless local area network 5.5 GHz (4.74 GHz - 6.15 GHz) band rejection. The co and cross polar patterns in elevation and azimuth planes at two frequencies namely 2.62 GHz and 3.94 GHz are obtained which dictate that co-polar patterns are significantly better than cross polar patterns. The simulated peak gain of antenna is close to 3.86 dBi and gain variation with frequency shows a sharp gain decrease in the frequency range 4.74 GHz to 6.15 GHz.</p><p> </p>

Compact integrated bluetooth UWB bandnotch antenna for personal wireless communication

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a compact microstrip fed octagonal ring dual band antenna for integrated Bluetooth (2.4∼2.484 GHz) and ultra‐wideband (UWB; 3.1∼10.6 GHz) applications withband notch characteristics for wireless local area network (WLAN; 5.15∼5.825 GHz) is proposed and investigated. The entire UWB frequency band is achieved by using an octagonal ring patch and a modified ground plane. The dual band operation is achieved by integrating Bluetooth characteristicsby embedding a quarter wavelength resonating strip at the center of the octagonal ring radiating patch. Further, to avoid the potential interferences of the UWB system with the existing narrow band system such as WLAN in the proposed antenna,an inverted U‐shaped slot in the feed line has been etched to obtain the desired band notch characteristics. The proposed antenna is designed, fabricated on a FR4 glass epoxy substrate and tested. The proposed antenna yields a measured impedance bandwidth over the frequency range of 2.40 ∼ 2.5 GHz and 3.1 ∼ 13 GHz to exhibit the integrated Bluetooth and UWB characteristics respectively for VSWR < 2 with an excellent rejection band of 5.15 ∼ 5.90 GHz to prevent interferences of WLAN signals. The proposed antenna exhibits directional and omnidirectional radiation pattern in E and H‐plane with stable gain and good time domain characteristics at all desired frequency bands. The compact dimension of 38 × 30 mm2 of the proposed antenna makes it a suitable candidate for personal wireless communication application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:540–546, 2016

A 1 × 2 triple‐band printed antenna array for use in next generation flying AD‐HOC networks (FANETs)

ABSTRACTA triple‐band 1 x 2 microstrip patch antenna array is proposed for use in next generation flying ad‐hoc network (FANET) communication in multi‐UAV systems. The antenna array resonates in the 3.6 GHz, 5.2 GHz and 6.7 GHz frequency bands, respectively. The antenna was designed and simulated using Agilent ADS Momentum using FR4 epoxy glass substrate (εr = 4.2 and h = 1.66mm). A hybrid feed technique is used for antenna arrays with quarter‐wave transformer based network to match the impedance from the feed‐point to the antenna to 50Ω. The antenna is optimized to resonate at triple‐bands by introducing two symmetrical slits at the non‐radiating edges of the patch. The bandwidths achieved for the three bands are 130 MHz, 125 MHz and 180 MHz, respectively, which are very practical. The antenna array design is less complex and can be used for the advanced antenna beam‐steering systems in next generation FANETs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:606–611, 2016

A Design of Star Shaped Fractal Antenna for Wireless Applications

This paper presents a design of star shaped fractal antenna for wireless applications. The FR4 glass epoxy substrate is used to design the antenna with relative permittivity 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm. Different parameters of antenna such as return loss, gain, VSWR and bandwidth have been analyzed at the resonant frequency of 5GHz. The -10dB impedance bandwidth of proposed antenna is from 3.5GHz to 6.4GHz and the gain of antenna increases from 5.45dB to 8.09dB by increasing the iteration number. The antenna is designed and simulated by using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13 software. Proposed antenna can be used for various wireless communication applications such as WLAN, satellite communication, long distance radar telecommunication etc.

H And T-Slotted Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas for Wireless Communication

This paper describes the design of H and T-Slotted Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas (RMPA) which resonates at a frequency of fo = 2.4 GHz. The FR4 glass Epoxy with relative permittivity 4.4 and height 1.6 mm is used as substrate material. Antenna is fed by coaxial probe feed and simulated using HFSS. This antenna used to various wireless applications such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) e.g.TV, etc.

Broadband Electromagnetic Coupled Octagonal Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for WiMax Application

The aim of this research work is to enhance the bandwidth of an octagonal shaped microstrip patch antenna. For this purpose stacking concept has been used. Electromagnetic coupling is provided between the top and bottom patch. The dielectric substrate material of the antenna is glass epoxy FR4 having er=4. 4 and loss tangent 0.025.The performance of the final modified antenna is compared with that of a Rectangular Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna (RSMPA) and Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Antenna (RSMA). The designed antenna has two resonant frequencies 5.29 GHz and 5.49 GHz. So this antenna is applicable for the WiMax application. This electromagnetic coupled antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 22.08%. This is approximately five times higher than that in a RSMPA antenna (Bandwidth = 4.43%) having the same dimensions. General Terms Microstrip Patch Antenna, Gain, IE3D, VSWR

Star Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Application

In this paper three rectangular microstrip patch antennas is designed on the FR4 glass epoxy substrate having the thickness of 1.6 mm. The two antennas contain slots in the form of six corner star. The feeding techniques used in all designs are probe feed. The multiband behavior of printed antennas is analyzed using two slotted structure of rectangular patch antenna. The perposed patch antennas cover the multiband behavior from 1.6 GHz to 6 GHz. The designed antennas are simulated using IE3D electromagnetic simulator. The electrical parameter of the antenna such as return loss, radiation pattern and VSWR exc. are investigated .The simulated antennas is used for wireless application such as IEEE 802.11 (a,b,g and n).