Design of antenna by amalgamating staircase and hexagonal ring-shaped structures with the modified ground plane for multi-standard wireless applications

Abstract

In this article, an antenna has been designed by amalgamating staircase structure on hexagonal ring-shaped geometry using the modified ground plane for multi-standard wireless applications. The proposed antenna is compact in size with volumetric dimension of 24 × 30 × 1.6 mm3 and designed on a low-cost FR4 glass epoxy substrate. Initially, the partial ground plane is being used, and antenna reports an impedance bandwidth of 2.64, 0.96, 0.59 and 1.24 GHz at the respective frequency ranges. Furthermore, the ground plane of the proposed antenna is modified by introducing stubs and parasitic elements to improve the performance parameters such as bandwidth and reflection coefficient. The final geometry of antenna reveals the enhanced bandwidth of 3.04 GHz (1.55–4.59 GHz), 930 MHz (5.19–6.12 GHz) and 3.92 GHz (7.0–10.92 GHz). Also, the proposed antenna resonates at four frequency bands of 3.0, 5.7, 8.5 and 10.1 GHz with the corresponding reflection coefficient of −32.17, −38.37, −46.0 and −28.61 dB. Thus, the final optimized structure is also being fabricated for the authentication of simulated results. Both the results are compared and found in agreement with each other. The rest of the parameters such as gain, radiation efficiency and radiation patterns are analyzed and found satisfactory for the wireless operations. Due to the wider bandwidth and proper impedance matching in the desired frequency ranges, the proposed antenna can be considered as a proficient candidate for distinct wireless applications.