Foundational Perspectives Research Articles

Indigenous Science, Climate Change, and Indigenous Community Building: A Framework of Foundational Perspectives for Indigenous Community Resilience and Revitalization

This essay presents an overview of foundational considerations and perceptions which collectively form a framework for thinking about Indigenous community building in relationship to the tasks of addressing the real challenges, social issues, and consequences of climate change. The ideas shared are based on a keynote address given by the author at the International Conference on Climate Change, Indigenous Resilience and Local Knowledge Systems: Cross-time and Cross-boundary Perspectives held at the National Taiwan University on 13–14 December 2019. The primary audience for this essay is Indigenous Peoples and allies of Indigenous Peoples who are actively involved in climate change studies, sustainable community building, and education. As such, it presents the author’s personal view of key orientations for shifting current paradigms by introducing an Indigenized conceptual framework of community building which can move Indigenous communities toward revitalization and renewal through strategically implementing culturally responsive Indigenous science education, engaging sustainable economics and sustainability studies. As an Indigenous scholar who has maintained an insider perspective and has worked extensively with community members around issues of culturally responsive science education, the author challenges all concerned to take Indigenous science seriously as an ancient body of applied knowledge for sustaining communities and ensuring survival over time and through generations. The author also challenges readers to initiate new thinking about how to use Indigenous science, community building, and education as a tool and a body of knowledge which may be integrated with appropriate forms of Western science in new and creative ways that serve to sustain and ensure survival rather than perpetuate unexamined Western business paradigms of community development.

High Reliability: A Primer for Athletic Training Educators

Context Health care organizations are integrating employee training and educational programs to designate themselves as high-reliability organizations (HROs). HROs continually strive to evaluate and create an environment in which potential problems are anticipated, detected early, and virtually always responded to early enough to prevent catastrophic consequences. Objective This primer document introduces the concept of high reliability in health care (from a historical and foundational perspective) and establishes a framework for athletic training educators to introduce the concepts at the professional, postprofessional, or residency educational program level. Background While the theory of high reliability is new to athletic training, its quality and origins in health care are established. HROs use systems thinking to evaluate and design for safety and continuous improvement to create an environment where potential problems are anticipated, detected early, and responded to early enough to prevent tragic consequences. Synthesis The HRO focuses attention on emergent problems and deploys strategies to address those problems. HROs behave in ways that seem counterintuitive—they do not hide failures; instead, HROs celebrate them. HROs seek out problems and avoid focusing on just 1 aspect of work to see how all the parts fit together. They expect unexpected events and develop capabilities to manage them, deferring decisions to empowered experts. However, high reliability is only achieved through robust process improvement, which is only achieved with a complementary approach to Lean Six Sigma and change management. Recommendation(s) Given the complexity of patient care in athletic training, the potential for medical error(s), and the need for quality improvement, HROs hold promise for athletic training. Conclusion(s) As future health care leaders, athletic trainers should be educated to foster innovation and improve health care delivery to diverse patient populations. Athletic trainers should want to embrace the principles of HROs. Achieving high reliability can be accomplished with adequate exposure to and training within the classroom and during clinical education opportunities.

Envelopes: A new chapter in partial least squares regression

AbstractWe describe and elaborate on foundations that connect partial least squares regression with recently developed envelope theory and methodology. These foundations explain why PLS regression can work well in high‐dimensional regressions where the number of predictors exceeds the number of observations and set it apart from other predictive methodologies. We hope that our foundational perspective will stimulate cross‐fertilization between statistics and chemometrics, leading eventually to important methodological advancements.

Symposium: Emerging Perspectives on the Internationalization of Curriculum Studies

This symposium is concerned with understanding the forces that shape and influence curriculum in international contexts. The study of curriculum in international contexts reveals the insidious impacts of colonial, ideological and neoliberal influences on contemporary curriculum development in a variety of geo-cultural, political and economic contexts (Kumar, 2019). Four theoretical responses—Indigenous, critical, autobiographical and meditative—that provide thoughtful perspectives to challenge these negative influences will be explored in the symposium. The impact of intellectual movements such as Marxism and postmodernism on curriculum theory in varied political and economic settings will also be underscored. The symposium invites and initiates a complicated conversation around the internationalization of curriculum studies by inviting panelists from posthuman, Indigenous, black feminist, critical discursive and foundational perspectives to respond to the aforementioned colonial, ideological and neoliberal influences on curriculum development.

Understanding the scope of downtime threats: A scoping review of downtime-focused literature and news media.

Electronic health record downtimes are any period where the computer systems are unavailable, either for planned or unexpected events. During an unexpected downtime, healthcare workers are rapidly forced to use rarely-practiced, paper-based methods for healthcare delivery. In some instances, patient safety is compromised or data exposed to parties seeking profit. This review provides a foundational perspective of the current state of downtime readiness as organizations prepare to handle downtime events. A search of technical news media related to healthcare informatics and a scoping review of the research literature were conducted. Findings ranged from theoretical exploration of downtime to empirical direct comparison of downtime versus normal operation. Overall, 166 US hospitals experienced a total of 701 days of downtime in 43 events between 2012 and 2018. Almost half (48.8%) of the published downtime events involved some form of cyber-attacks. Downtime contingency planning is still predominantly considered through a top-down organizational focus. We propose that a bottom-up approach, involving the front-line clinical staff responsible for executing the downtime procedure, will be beneficial. Significant new research support for the development of contingency plans will be needed.

A Foundational Perspective for Spatial Thinking in Relation to Social Studies Curriculum and Middle-School Textbooks in Turkey

Social Studies is a middle-school course that unites social-science disciplines and contributes to developing an understanding about the social existence of humans. In that regard, one of the course objectives is to develop the acquisition of spatial thinking skills in students and studies reveal that students' spatial thinking abilities can be tested via several variables. Despite such practice, very few studies have yet examined the Social Studies Curriculum in relation to the inclusion of content and skills around spatial thinking. It is reported that existing studies have simply focused only on the 2005 Social Studies Curriculum and omitted focus on relevant textbooks. Within such a context the aim of the current study is to present the current state of spatial thinking skills in relation to the 2018 Social Studies Curriculum and middle-school textbooks in Turkey. Furthermore, the study aims to analyze the coordination that exists between curriculum and textbooks around spatial thinking. To achieve the aims of the current study, the technique of document analysis technique occurs through examination of Social Studies Curriculum and middle-school textbooks. By the end of this research it was detected that in the 5th grade, the total number of opportunities for students to gain or develop the skills of spatial thinking was 8, and the total number of units in the textbook about spatial thinking was 12; in the 6th grade, the total number of opportunities for students to gain or develop the skills of spatial thinking was 7, and the total number of units in textbook about spatial thinking was 12; and finally, in the 7th grade, the total number of opportunities for students to gain or develop the skills of spatial thinking was 3, and the total number of units in textbook about spatial thinking was 5. Based on these results it can be argued that in Turkey there is not a full coordination or alignment between the 2018 Social Studies curriculum and relevant textbooks about spatial thinking.

Social Love: The Power of Love in Social Work

ABSTRACT Is love a potential threat to the status of social work as a profession? Are social workers “professionally” fighting against social exclusion while embracing social justice, at the expense of love? It is argued that social work professionals’ fear of being labelled as nonprofessional, and the identification of love with romance and sexual intercourse, may be blocking social workers from embracing love. This article attempts to answer the question of whether and how the power of love should be (re)introduced into social work. The answer given here is that it should, through social love, defined here as an act of solidarity and compassion focused on the other. Such social love is related to agape, universal love towards humanity and brotherly love. IMPLICATIONS It is argued that social work should be practised in a way that connects to its foundational perspective in social love, recognised as a part of professional social work practice. At the same time, the profession must carefully address the fears as well as misinterpretations that this proposal might raise among social work professionals.

SENTIDOS DE PROFESSOR NAS POLÍTICAS DE FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA PARA A ALFABETIZAÇÃO

Nesse artigo reflito sobre as contribuições dos aportes teóricos pós-fundacionais nas pesquisas sobre o professor e sua formação, compartilhando, assim, outras possibilidades epistemológicas de investigação desses objetos. Trago resultados parciais de uma investigação, orientada pela Teoria do Discurso de Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe e por suas apropriações no campo do currículo por Lopes & Macedo e Oliveira, dos sentidos de professor alfabetizador sedimentados no Programa Nacional de Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC). Dessa forma, problematizo as perspectivas fundacionais que vêm orientando as políticas de formação de professores. Apropriando-se das produções do campo da Alfabetização e da Formação de Professores, essas políticas definem conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes consideradas necessárias à constituição do perfil docente suposto como ideal para superar o desafio de alfabetizar a totalidade da população escolar, oferecendo um modelo de formação que irá constituir, de forma inequívoca, o perfil docente desejado. Tenciono, assim, desestabilizar sentidos hegemônicos no campo da formação de professores: a busca por uma racionalidade para possibilitar a constituição do perfil docente projetado nessas políticas, significado como expressão transparente de uma essência de professor para atender à totalidade das demandas da alfabetização, colocando a formação de professores como espaço de controle da docência.

A Rapprochement between Feminist Ethics of Care and Contemporary Theology

Ethics of care is a relatively new approach to morality, first developed as a feminist ethical theory in the 1980s by Carol Gilligan, Sara Ruddick, and Nel Noddings. It is based on the experience and responsibility of providing care and is distinct from other popular moral philosophies including Kantian moral theory, utilitarianism, or virtue ethics, although it has some similarities to virtue ethics. Founded on a relational ontology, it offers a deeply incisive critique of liberal individualism through ethical reflection. It is also committed to a particularism which recognises the importance of addressing moral problems in the context of lived experience. In this article, after an analysis of the foundational perspectives of care ethics, it will be contended that its central tenets tie in with contemporary approaches in theology, particularly those expressed in the writings of St John Paul II and Benedict XVI. Furthermore, it will be suggested that the anthropological and moral insights of these theologians can offer the ethics of care a deeper ontological and epistemological grounding, hence strengthening its viability and existential appeal.

Beyond the discipline: Nurse practitioner members and leaders of interdisciplinary research teams.

Complex clinical questions and problems require expertise beyond one discipline to answer or resolve. Research teams that include members with different foundational perspectives across various disciplines are needed. In particular, the growing trend toward technological innovations to help patients self-manage health has been the impetus for the development of interdisciplinary research teams. The goal of this study was to provide guidance for nurse practitioners who are interested in developing effective and successful interdisciplinary teams to complete clinical research projects. A case example is used throughout the study to illustrate the process of interdisciplinary team building. The success of interdisciplinary teams requires team members who are fully invested in the project, available and willing to engage and communicate with other members of the team, and able to form relationships of trust and respect for each discipline's unique contributions to the project.

Estrategia pedagógica para el desarrollo de la competencia de autonomía emocional y moral en los estudiantes de Turismo de la Universidad de La Habana

El trabajo presenta la elaboración de la Estrategia Pedagógica para el desarrollo de la competencia de autonomía emocional y moral (EPDCAEM) en la formación profesional de estudiantes de turismo de la Universidad de La Habana, se fundamentó en el enfoque histórico cultural del desarrollo humano que sustenta la concepción de enseñanza aprendizaje desarrollador. Resultado que constituyó el objetivo del estudio. La estrategia metodológica seguida fue el enfoque mixto complejo en tres etapas: exploratoria, descriptiva transformadora y transformadora, mediante recursos de la Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP), en los ciclos: planeación, observación, reflexión acción. Se precisa el concepto de competencia de autonomía emocional y moral resultante de la sistematización teórica, al considerar indicadores emergentes desde su desarrollo, mediante procedimientos vigotskianos de diagnóstico actual y potencial, durante la construcción progresiva y verificación de la estrategia, con la participación activa de profesores y estudiantes, desde la disciplina principal integradora, en el proceso formativo. Se concluye sobre el valor del fundamento teórico metodológico asumido, la perspectiva holística e integradora de la EPDCAEM del profesional de turismo y su carácter dinámico, flexible, funcional, transformador, transversal a la instrucción y educación en la formación, desde la ciencia pedagógica.

Index to Titles and Authors/Editors of Books Reviewed

Index to Titles and Authors/Editors of Books Reviewed

Unifying Paradigms of Quantum Refrigeration: A Universal and Attainable Bound on Cooling.

Cooling quantum systems is arguably one of the most important thermodynamic tasks connected to modern quantum technologies and an interesting question from a foundational perspective. It is thus of no surprise that many different theoretical cooling schemes have been proposed, differing in the assumed control paradigm and complexity, and operating either in a single cycle or in steady state limits. Working out bounds on quantum cooling has since been a highly context dependent task with multiple answers, with no general result that holds independent of assumptions. In this Letter we derive a universal bound for cooling quantum systems in the limit of infinite cycles (or steady state regimes) that is valid for any control paradigm and machine size. The bound only depends on a single parameter of the refrigerator and is theoretically attainable in all control paradigms. For qubit targets we prove that this bound is achievable in a single cycle and by autonomous machines.

An investigation on requirement and objective allocation strategies using a principal–agent model

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the dichotomy between system design delegation driven by requirement allocation and delegation driven by objective allocation. Specifically, we investigate this dichotomy through the lens of agency theory, which addresses cases where an agent makes decisions on behalf of another, that is, a principal. In current practice, design delegation largely involves requirement allocation as a means to inform agents of the desirable system characteristics. The value‐driven design paradigm proposes replacing requirements with objective, or trade‐off, functions to better guide agents toward optimal systems. We apply and adapt the principal–agent mathematical model to the design delegation problem to determine if a principal, that is, the delegator, should communicate using requirements or objectives with her agent. In this model, we assume the case of a single principal and single agent where the agent has certain domain knowledge the principal does not have and the agent accrues costs while solving a delegated design problem. Under the assumptions of the mathematical model, we show that the requirement allocation paradigm can yield greater value to the principal over objective despite limitations requirement allocation places on the principal to learn information from the agent. However, relaxing model assumptions can impact the value proposition of requirement allocation in favor of objective allocation. Therefore, a resolution to the requirement–objective dichotomy may be context dependent. The results and the analytical framework used to derive them provide a new, foundational perspective with which to investigate allocation strategies.

The Construction of Design Science Knowledge Graphs - Based on National Natural Science Foundation of China

AbstractIn the era of knowledge networking, the structure and production mode of knowledge are constantly changing. This article creatively introduces the knowledge mapping method in design research, and based on the perspective of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) to compile literature, uses word frequency analysis, co-word analysis, and citation analysis to construct knowledge graphs of design science. This study graphically shows the distribution and flow law of knowledge within design discipline and probes into the research frontier and evolution trend of Chinese design science.

Beyond Transcendentalism and Naturalization: A Categorial Framework for the Semiotic Phenomenology

This paper focuses on the topic of intentionality, which is the power of the mind to be directed towards some object or state of affairs. Intentionality structures the (inter) subjective side of experience, traditionally explored by Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology. I intend to introduce the basics of a semiotic interpretation of phenomenological intentionality with the undertaking of realistically grounding it, going beyond the alternative approaches of Modern transcendentalism and the contemporary trend to re-orient phenomenology naturalistically excluding the foundational perspective. This is possible in virtue of a relational reading of phenomenological ontology, where the theoretical core is the following: a sign-driven synthesis of the object, occurring within the onto-logical sphere of the signification processes (semeiosis), and hence outside the epistemological sphere of the subjective self-consciousness. Based on a fragmentary suggestion detectable in the early phenomenological work of the German phenomenologist Max Scheler, the proposed interpretation aims at strengthening the traditional (inter) subjective approach of phenomenology to the categorial study with the “in the third person” objective approach distinctive of semiotics, sharing in principle with the former a common pre-logical and hence ante-predicative level of enquiry. Mathematical Category Theory provides a rigorous framework in developing this unification step, because it deals with relational structures (relational categories) underpinning the predicative ones.

Transforming community well-being through patients' lived experiences

The purpose of this article is to (1) explicate micro-to-meso linkages of well-being, (2) provide a theoretical framework to guide research on connecting patient experiences to community well-being, and (3) offer guidelines to policymakers. We develop a conceptual framework establishing connections between micro and meso levels through the expansion of patients' lived ecosystems. We introduce the concept of patient ecosystem management (PEM), an organizational process that focuses on treating patients differently in terms of assessing, managing, and expanding resources to achieve patient health and well-being goals. This process establishes a foundational perspective that is necessary to connect patients' ecosystems and to facilitate community well-being. Theoretically, this research creates ties between micro-level interactions and a collective measure (community well-being). Policymakers and healthcare professionals should take a PEM perspective, which will require new roles and behaviors, and leverage technology to expand and overlap patients' individual service ecosystems (intra-alignment), thus enlarging community well-being (inter-alignment).

Providers' Perspectives on Palliative Care in a Neuromedicine-Intensive Care Unit: End-of-Life Expertise and Barriers to Referral.

This study identifies health care providers' perspectives on palliative care at end of life (EOL) in a neuromedicine-intensive care unit (Neuro-ICU) and barriers to providing palliative care. Provider's EOL expertise is crucial in making timely referrals to palliative care as expectation of patient death can be high. Barriers to referral need to be clearly identified so as to engage quality initiatives that improve EOL care delivery. The study is a survey design using a mixed-methods approach. Providers at a large academic medical center, including doctors, nurses, and social workers, completed a quality improvement survey. Forty-one providers responded to Likert-type scales assessing their perspectives on palliative care. Their EOL expertise was independently assessed. In addition, barriers to palliative care referral were collected using a checklist and open-ended responses. The latter were reliably content analyzed through a card-sort technique. Three palliative care perspectives were identified: foundational perspective, comfort-care perspective, and holistic perspective. Regression analysis shows that providers' perspectives are differentially related to their EOL expertise. Frequencies of provider-reported barriers to referring patients to palliative care (e.g., lack of care coordination) were determined. Health care providers hold multiple perspectives on what they consider palliative care. Their perspectives are related systematically to different aspects of their EOL expertise. In-house training and quality initiatives could focus on unifying providers' perspectives to create a common language for understanding palliative care. Eliminating individual, intergroup, and organizational barriers is necessary for creating an optimal environment for patients and their families who find themselves, often suddenly, in a Neuro-ICU.

Introduction and Overview of the Yearbook: Facilitating Institutional Change for Racial Equity in the Educational Pipeline

Although problem identification and understanding the root causes of racism in its many forms is important, this yearbook identifies institutional structures, processes, and practices that are critical in working towards racial equity across the educational pipeline, with each chapter offering foundational perspectives for doing so. We need scholarship that identifies how and why racism in education is still a problem, as it is the first step towards developing solutions to address these inequities. Even so, more research is needed that goes beyond just identifying the problem of racism and moves forward with systemic action toward rectifying it. As such, the chapters in this yearbook give clear, well-defined recommendations for what institutional change is necessary to make solutions for racial equity a reality. Racial equity is a systemic outlook that ensures racially diverse perspectives are equally embedded in institutional culture, structures, and policies. Finally, the authors in each chapter emphasize that doing racial equity work is not a one-time initiative, but systemic, ongoing, and a goal that is nonnegotiable.

What do patients know? Education from the European Lung Foundation perspective.

The European Lung Foundation (ELF) is an organisation whose mission is to bring together the public and patients with respiratory professionals to improve lung health. A core part of all its activities focus on education: the education of patients on their condition, including how to prevent, treat and manage it; the education of healthcare professionals on how to improve work with patients and awareness about the issues that are important to patients; and education of the public and policy makers of the importance of lung health at a European level. ELF was founded and works in a unique partnership with the European Respiratory Society (ERS).This article has been written by the recent past Chairs and the new Chairs of three ELF committees (Council (D. Smyth and I. Saraiva), Professional Advisory Committee (K. Lisspers and G. Hardavella) and Patient Advisory Committee (J. Fuertes and K. Hill)) in order to reflect on ELF’s journey in this regard over recent years. In particular, it seems a good moment to assess the success and impact of the first patient Chair of ELF, Dan Smyth, and reflect on what this has meant for ELF’s educational activities, and what the future now looks like.Educational aimsTo understand the importance of educated patients (patients that are knowledgeable on their condition and how healthcare processes work).To understand the importance of guiding patients to quality reliable sources of information and education.To establish ways to ensure that healthcare professionals are prepared to work with educated patients.To outline the initiatives that ELF has driven forward in the field of education.To see the value in patients advocating at the European level for raising standards of education for patients and physicians.