Foundational Knowledge Research Articles

Design of an Educational Game for Children: 'Geometry Forest' Using Construct 2

Early childhood education plays a crucial role in building the foundational knowledge and skills that will be used throughout life. This study aims to design and develop an educational game titled "Geometry Forest" using Construct 2, specifically designed to help children understand basic geometry concepts through an interactive and engaging learning experience. The game integrates learning elements such as recognizing geometric shapes, identifying colors, and enhancing cognitive and motor skills, with attractive graphics and a user-friendly interface. The development process includes concept design, asset creation, implementation, and testing, involving young children to evaluate their engagement, enjoyment, and understanding of the material presented. The results show that "Geometry Forest" effectively improves understanding of geometric concepts while providing an enjoyable learning experience, making it a valuable supplementary tool for learning both at school and home, and contributing to the improvement of early childhood education quality through educational game technology.

MKGFA: Multimodal Knowledge Graph Construction and Fact-Assisted Reasoning for VQA

Knowledge-based visual question answering relies on open-ended external knowledge and a fine-grained comprehension of both the visual content of images and semantic information. Existing methods for utilizing knowledge have the following limitations: (1) Language pre-training methods output answers in the form of plain text, which only understand shallow visual content; (2) The knowledge retrieved by image objects as labels is represented as first-order logic, making it difficult to infer complex questions. To address the above problems, this paper integrates visual-textual multimodal information, accumulates domain-specific and external multi-modal knowledge, introduces and supplements external objective facts, and proposes a multimodal knowledge graph construction and fact-assisted reasoning network (MKGFA). The network consists of three parts: the multimodal knowledge graph construction module (MKGC), the objective fact-assisted reasoning module (FAR), and the answer inference module. The MKGC engages in the coarse-to-fine-grained learning of triplet representations for multimodal knowledge units. The FAR establishes deep cross-modal relations between visual objects and factual words for correlating real answers. The answer inference module makes the final decision based on the results of both. Among them, the former two modules employ a pre-training and fine-tuning strategy, systematically accumulating foundational and domain-specific knowledge. Compared with the state-of-the-arts, MKGFA achieves 1.09% and 0.7% higher accuracy on the two challenging OKVQA and KRVQA datasets, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate the complementary advantages of the integration of the two modules.

Methods Of Using Historical and Scientific Materials in Mathematics Education

Modern society increasingly demands graduates equipped with a deep worldview and a solid foundation of knowledge, skills, and competencies. Throughout their education, students are exposed to the fundamentals of various sciences, including mathematics, for eleven years. Given that mathematics is one of the core subjects in secondary education, it is imperative that students not only master the methods of computation and logical reasoning but also deeply engage with mathematical concepts through historical contexts. This paper explores the integration of historical and scientific materials into mathematics education, emphasizing their significance in enriching the learning experience. By utilizing historical facts and narratives, educators can present mathematics as a dynamic and evolving discipline, fostering a sense of connection between students and the subject matter. The research indicates that the incorporation of historical materials enhances students' conceptual understanding, critical thinking skills, and mathematical modeling abilities. Furthermore, it promotes a broader appreciation for mathematics as an essential component of personal culture and societal development. This study aims to provide educators and prospective students with strategies to leverage historical resources, thereby transforming mathematics into a vibrant field of inquiry. Through this approach, we seek to cultivate a generation of learners who view mathematics not only as a set of abstract concepts but also as a rich, contextualized discipline that reflects human thought and innovation over time. Keywords: History of mathematics, content of historical and scientific materials, geometric methods of solving equations, proof of identities using geometric methods, lune and its area, content requirements, geometric methods of solving equations, proof of identities using geometric methods. AMS Subject Classification: 97E50 - Mathematics education, 97C30 - Curriculum and pedagogy in mathematics, 97D40 - Teaching methods and instructional strategies, 01A30 - History of mathematics, 97K10 - Use of technology in teaching mathematics.

What is the origin of the normal ranges of blood cell counts? An evolutionary perspective.

The normal values of the complete blood count are part of the foundational medical knowledge that is seldom questioned due to their well-established nature. These normal values are critical for optimal physiological function while minimizing the harmful consequences of an excessive number of blood cells. Thus, they represent an evolutionary trade-off likely shaped by natural selection if they significantly influence individual fitness and exhibit heritability. On the basis of the analysis of normal blood count values of 94 mammalian species, we discovered that certain parameters are strongly associated with diet, habitat, and lifespan. Carnivorous mammals had higher hemoglobin levels than vegetarians, and aquatic mammals displayed red blood cell parameters probably selected to enhance for the diving capacities. Body weight influenced platelet counts and innate immune cells, with lighter animals having higher platelet counts and larger animals showing elevated monocytes and neutrophils. By treating the history of life as an experiment, we have discerned some evolutionary constraints likely contributing to the selection for optimal trade-offs in blood cell count.

Global trends and hotspots in robotic surgery over the past decade: a bibliometric and visualized analysis.

Since its introduction, robotic surgery has experienced rapid development and has been extensively implemented across various medical disciplines. It is crucial to comprehend the advancements in research and the evolutionary trajectory of its thematic priorities. This research conducted a bibliometric analysis on the literature pertaining to robotic surgery, spanning the period from 2014 to 2023, sourced from the Web of Science database. The objective was to delineate the publication trends and trace the development of research topics within the domain of robotic surgery. From 2014 to 2023, there has been a consistent upward trend in the annual volume of publications concerning robotic surgery. The United States emerges as the leading country in terms of both the number of publications (n=3402) and citations (n=57731). The Journal of Robotic Surgery has the highest number of publications (n=506), while IEEE Transactions on Robotics has the highest number of citations (n=53). Yonsei University is the institution with the greatest number of publications (n=196), and the University of Washington has the highest average citation count (n=30). Alexandre Mottrie is the author with the most publications and citations (n=70 publications, n=1816 citations). Keyword analysis revealed seven distinct clusters: (1) applications and techniques of robotic surgery; (2) urological surgery and associated complications; (3) gastrointestinal diseases and surgical interventions; (4) robotic thyroid surgery and related complications; (5) gynecological diseases and corresponding surgical procedures; (6) Da Vinci robot and its training; (7) pulmonary diseases and associated surgeries. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been identified as a newly emerging keyword in the field. The corpus of literature on robotic surgery has seen a steady rise over the past decade, marked by extensive collaboration among various countries, institutions, and researchers. This study has delineated the global trends, identified research hotspots, highlighted emerging topics, and outlined the foundational knowledge within the field of robotic surgery. Looking forward, the integration of AI with robotic surgery is poised to offer substantial benefits and is anticipated to become a pivotal trend and area of focus in the field's future advancement.

Участие обучающихся во внеаудиторной деятельности как педагогическое условие формирования профессионального общения

Introduction. The modern development of future police officer's personality is impossible without understanding the essence of professional communication. The article deals with the organisation of educational environment by including students in extracurricular activities. These activities are considered to be a pedagogical condition as an organised set of activities that solve a special task of forming professional communication of a future police officer. The author indicates the main directions of extracurricular activities taking into account the specifics of the educational environment of the educational organisation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (various types of practice, research extracurricular activities, professional and moral education and cultural development, work of lecture groups). Research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature and documentary resources, survey (based on A. A. Rukavishnikov's questionnaire of interpersonal relations, testing of students according to the method “Social Distance Scale” (E. Bogardus), questionnaire survey). Results of the research. According to the results of including students in extracurricular activities as a pedagogical condition for forming professional communication the author obtained data indicating the factor “self-orientation”, which showed the tendency to decrease this indicator from 58,18 % to 37,18 % (p=0,01), the change to “orientation to interaction” from 17,44 % to 29,79 % (p=0,01) and “orientation to the task” from 24,54 % to 32,78 % (p=0,05). The positive result in the formation of professional communication was expressed in specially organised directions, forms and methods of work of extracurricular activities, where students had to understand the essence of quality problem solving in interaction and cooperation. The basis included intellectual creativity, ideas and knowledge of the theoretical foundations of the communication process, teamwork with regard to individual preferences. The students who participated in extracurricular activities more often showed initiative in communication, took responsibility (“proactive type”), and controlled emotional and behavioural manifestations from 40,22% to 64,89% (p≥0.01) in communication with different categories of subjects. Thus, among the students included in various directions of extracurricular activities, the effectiveness in the building professional communication, initiative, ability to respond more adequately to changes in the communicative situation with different categories of citizens, to prevent conflict reactions were noted.

Recent Advances in Selective Chemical Etching of Nanomaterials for High‐Performance Electrodes in Electrocatalysis and Energy Storage

AbstractTo move beyond an energy economy dominated by fossil fuel utilization, high‐performance electrochemical cells must be designed for energy storage and conversion. Selective etching is a promising, cost‐effective solution‐processing method for the large‐scale top‐down production of nanomaterials for high‐performance electrodes. This review outlines general methodologies and mechanisms by which selective etching can be applied to create nanomaterials, including various template‐assisted, facet‐selective, and electrochemical methods, as well as in‐depth case studies of state‐of‐the‐art research involving selectively etched nanomaterials for electrocatalytic and energy storage applications. In addition, the standard design strategies by which the electrochemical performance of selectively etched nanomaterials is enhanced, including increased surface area, morphology, diffusion channels, heterojunction interfaces, and facet reactivity, are discussed. This review provides a foundation of knowledge for researchers seeking the rational design of nanomaterials for electrode application through selective etching.

A Queen City Legacy: 45 Years of Research in Pregnant Women with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, The Diabetes in Pregnancy Program Project Grant

The Diabetes in Pregnancy Program Project Grant (PPG) was a 15-year program focused on enhancing the care for women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) during pregnancy and improving the well-being of their offspring. Launched in July 1978 at the University of Cincinnati, the PPG pursued a multifaceted research agenda encompassing basic science, animal and placental studies, and maternal and neonatal clinical trials to understand the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of IDDM during pregnancy. A total of 402 singleton pregnancies in 259 women with IDDM were enrolled prior to 10 weeks gestation over the 15-year period. Of the 402 pregnancies, there were 295 live births, 1 stillbirth, 4 neonatal deaths, and 15 infants were born with major congenital malformations. Central to the program's methodology was the management of diabetes during pregnancy, involving intensive insulin therapy and meticulous monitoring using the cutting-edge technology of the time to achieve glycemic control. The extensive research of the PPG yielded profound insights into the effects of maternal diabetes on embryonic and fetal development and neonatal health. Through animal studies, notably using pregnant sheep, the program clarified the mechanisms of fetal hypoxia and metabolic disorders. Clinical trials underscored the significance of early glycemic control in mitigating the risks of spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations, and neonatal complications. The program also examined the influence of pregnancy on the progression of microvascular diseases, the role of maternal weight and weight gain in pregnancy outcomes, and the distinctive growth patterns of fetuses in IDDM pregnancies. Furthermore, the PPG probed the incidence and underlying mechanisms of hypoglycemia during pregnancy and the heightened risk of obstetric complications in IDDM patients. Our findings established a foundation of knowledge to aid clinicians, researchers, and health care providers in best practices and ensure a lasting impact on the care of pregnant women with pregestational diabetes. Key Points

NEP-2020 Awareness among Teachers: A Study of Knowledge, Perceptions and Challenges

New Education Policy 2020 has been announced by honorable Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi Ji to make India a knowledgeable vibrant country which is a current need of 21st century. The policy aims to promote the role of teachers in Indian society and culture and to develop fundamental skills in students as well as social, ethical, emotional and critical thinking skills in all students. However, there is no sufficient implementation of NEP -2020 yet. This study was conducted to explore the knowledge of teachers about NEP-2020. It was a questionnaire based study consisting of 10 questions. All data were analyzed in MS-Excel, SPSS. A significant proportion of teachers (68%) have foundational knowledge of current educational policy, indicating a basic knowledge that is essential for effective implementation. However, 52% of teachers were not aware about the role of NEP in higher education system, national education schemes. Only 20% of educators express confidence in using these frameworks. Most of the respondents deny to be benefited from National Education Schemes due to lack of awareness, highlighting the critical need for targeted professional development and support. Key gaps in technology integration and policy understanding were identified, highlighting areas where teachers need additional training and resources. Seminars should be organized regularly to keep teachers informed about national programmes and their implementation.

Integrated, Scaffolded, and Mandatory Community and Shelter Medicine Curriculum: Best Practices for Transformational Learning on Access to Veterinary Care.

Within veterinary medical education, there is increasing focus on equity and cultural competency/humility, especially within service learning in community and shelter medicine. This article reviews the current literature and draws from the experience of the Ontario Veterinary College Community Healthcare Partnership Program's development of a community and shelter medicine curriculum. We propose that to graduate veterinarians with the knowledge and skills to address inequities in access to veterinary care, a best practice is to integrate mandatory in-class and experiential learning activities, scaffolded across the curriculum. This is a best practice as it creates the best chance for transformational learning for students and is part of our responsibility to the communities we partner with to move toward cultural safety. This Best Practice report addresses the following questions: 1. What foundation of knowledge in community and shelter medicine is needed? (Five curricular pillars: animal welfare, vulnerable animals, spectrum of care, well-being, and cultural humility). 2. How should programs be structured? (Mandatory, integrated, and scaffolded curriculum). 3. What are the pedagogical goals? (Transformational learning). It is our hope that this synthesis is of value to other veterinary colleges seeking to develop programs and/or curricula in community and shelter medicine to address barriers to veterinary care access.

From science class to studio: supporting transformative sustainability learning among future designers

Purpose This study aims to describe the role of design thinking in achievement of transformative sustainability learning outcomes among undergraduate art and design students to support future curricular design efforts and thereby train sustainability minded future designers. Design/methodology/approach Baseline and culminating sustainability concept mapping assessments and reflective surveys were administered to 70 students enrolled in a general ecology and design-centric Ecology for Architects course. Correlation and regression analyses compared samples and case studies, further elucidated patterns of variation relating to the complexity and breadth of students’ sustainability knowledge and transformative potential. Findings Students in the design-centric course performed better on transformative sustainability indicator metrics than those enrolled in the General Ecology course, driven by improvement in design applications. Complexity of sustainability knowledge improved more among the general ecology students but was accompanied by declines in transformative indicators. Increasing foundational sustainability knowledge is unlikely, on its own, to support transformative learning. Survey responses indicated students were, however, motivated to apply what they learned to their design work, with the most significant improvement in transformative indicators seen in students enrolled in the design-centric course. Originality/value This study focuses on a population of students often marginalized in STEM education and provides a unique perspective on the value of design-centric general education courses in a population of students accustomed to design thinking pedagogies.

Redesigning the Common Engineering First-Year (Part 1): Designing for 21st Century Students

The engineering common core, including first-year and a thread of upper-year courses, at York University has been a cornerstone of undergraduate education, providing foundational knowledge and skills. Recognizing the need for a transformative shift, a curriculum redesign was initiated to address these issues comprehensively. The primary purpose of the curriculum redesign is to create a student-centric, effective, and innovative educational experience for aspiring engineers. The project employed the following approach to redesign the engineering common core: (1) understanding the current state, (2) an idealized student journey, (3) the transition to the future. The curriculum redesign project has led to the pilot of the first-year block model in fall 2023 and fall 2024 that allows for an assessment of new delivery model’s impact on student retention and success. Redesigned first-year courses are envisioned for 2025-2026.

Prehabilitation Exercise Training to Target Improved Muscle Strength in Pretransplant Patients Diagnosed With Multiple Myeloma: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Muscle mass and strength are severely compromised in patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma, such that the risk of poor overall survival increases as the prevalence of low muscle mass, also known as sarcopenia, increases. Additionally, at the time of autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), 51% of patients experience low muscle mass and strength, which can prolong hospitalization and lead to increased risk of obesity, insulin resistance, lowered physical function, and poor quality of life. The PROTECT (Prehabilitation Exercise Training in Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation) trial will examine the preliminary effects of digitally supervised prehabilitative aerobic and resistance exercise on muscle strength in patients with multiple myeloma scheduled for ASCT. This prospective, 2-armed single-center randomized controlled trial will recruit 30 patients with multiple myeloma, aged 18 years and older, planning to receive ASCT. Individuals will be assigned to either the exercise or the waitlist control group. The 8-week exercise intervention is home-based and digitally supervised by a clinical exercise trainer. The frequency of the exercise intervention is 3 times per week consisting of aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer and resistance exercises, which are individually tailored based on patient health status. The waitlist control group maintains normal daily activities of living and is offered the intervention within 6 months from ASCT. The primary outcome is lower limb muscle strength, measured using the 10-repetition maximum leg press or extensor strength. Additional outcomes include physical and cardiorespiratory function, patient-reported outcomes, cardiometabolic health outcomes, and clinical outcomes. The trial was funded in the fall of 2022 and recruitment began in June 2023. As of August 2024, a total of 3 participants have consented and been randomized (n=1, exercise group; n=2, waitlist control group). Trial completion and start of data analysis is expected in July 2025 with expected results to be published in early winter of 2026. We expect exercise to improve lower limb muscle strength and overall health outcomes compared to the waitlist control group. Results will contribute foundational knowledge needed to conduct larger-phase clinical trials testing the clinical benefits of prehabilitation exercise in this patient population. This study will provide insight into a prehabilitative exercise intervention designed to support patient prognosis. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05706766; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05706766. DERR1-10.2196/64905.

Overview of Tacticity Control in Radical Polymerization.

The stereoregularity of a polymer plays a key role in determining its properties. While stereocontrol can easily be achieved in coordination and ionic polymerization, it remains a challenge with radical polymerization. Considering the ubiquity and versatility of radical polymerization, significant efforts have been made over the past 50 years to address this issue. In this mini review, we highlight some of the strategies that have been developed to enable stereospecific radical polymerization, from the use of Lewis acid additives to the application of high electric fields. We hope that this review will provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art and equip them with the foundational knowledge needed to explore new avenues in this domain.

Spontaneous imbibition characteristics and influencing factors of shale oil reservoir in Qintong depression

This study integrates one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to conduct spontaneous imbibition experiments on two distinct lithologies (laminated calcareous shale and bulk clay-rich shale) from the Qintong Depression using four different fluid types. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and computed tomography (CT) scanning were employed to observe and track the dynamic changes in shale microstructures at specific intervals allowing for a comprehensive analysis of induced microfractures and their propagation patterns. These methods enabled a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms, enriching the interpretation of the imbibition results. The study reveals that anionic surfactants demonstrate exceptional performance during the imbibition process, and the combination of surfactants further enhanced oil recovery. The imbibition process can be divided into three stages: the imbibition diffusion stage, the transition stage, and the equilibrium stage, with the diffusion stage serving as the primary contributor, driven predominantly by capillary pressure. The calcareous shale cores exhibited the highest imbibition rates in the early stages, approaching equilibrium in the middle stages. Conversely, the clay-rich shale cores maintained relatively high imbibition rates throughout the second stage, indicating different imbibition dynamics based on lithology. NMR, CT scanning, and SEM analysis highlighted significant lithology-dependent differences in the mechanisms driving induced microfracture development during the imbibition and hydration. In laminated calcareous shale, imbibition and hydration primarily proceeded through the dissolution of calcareous minerals, resulting in pore expansion and induced microfractures along pre-existing fractures. In contrast, clay-rich shale exhibited similar mineral dissolution but also experienced clay swelling due to its high clay content, leading to the formation of bedding-parallel fractures with distinct directional patterns along weak mineral-matrix bonds. The experimental results underscored the pivotal role of lithology in determining final imbibition efficiency, with high-clay-content shales demonstrating superior recovery rates under spontaneous imbibition conditions. This study provides critical experimental data and insights into the microscopic mechanisms governing spontaneous imbibition across varied lithologies and fluid types in the Qintong Depression. The results offer foundational knowledge for optimizing oilfield development strategies.

Integration of point of care ultrasound into undergraduate medical education at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center school of medicine: a 6 year review

BackgroundPoint-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) education has become an essential component of medical school curricula. Ultrasound represents a highly effective teaching modality to reinforce anatomical knowledge gained during cadaveric dissections. At Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center-School of Medicine (TTUHSC-SOM), POCUS was incorporated into the pre-clerkship curriculum especially during the first year of medical school anatomy course.MethodsPre- and post-ultrasound quizzes and summative exam performance were used to evaluate ultrasound session effectiveness. Post-block survey results were utilized to assess students’ perception of these sessions.ResultsA significant increase in post-quiz scores compared to pre-quiz scores (p < 0.0001) was observed in all three ultrasound sessions. Students ranked the overall experience with ultrasound sessions highly with 86% indicating ultrasound training was valuable in understanding human anatomy. Additionally, 92% indicated being more at ease in acquiring ultrasound images as the block progressed.ConclusionsFirst-year medical students perceived ultrasound training as valuable in enhancing their understanding of human anatomy and became more proficient acquiring ultrasound images as the block progressed. Early introduction of POCUS in the pre-clerkship curriculum helps build foundational knowledge and skills that support students in developing competency in image acquisition and interpretation.

The Understanding of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Among Middle School Science Teachers in Lhokseumawe, Indonesia

This study aims to evaluate the understanding of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among middle school science teachers in public schools in Lhokseumawe. Employing a quantitative descriptive design, data were collected from 15 teachers selected through purposive sampling. A 15-item multiple-choice test was administered, with each question targeting specific HOTS indicators, such as Bloom’s Taxonomy, project-based assessment, and analytical skills. The results revealed that while teachers demonstrated strong foundational knowledge of HOTS, with 93% showing proficiency in basic concepts and 87% understanding Bloom’s Taxonomy, significant gaps were observed in the practical application of HOTS. Only 60% of teachers showed proficiency in project-based assessment, and just 53% demonstrated strong analytical skills. Furthermore, while 73% of teachers recognized the importance of HOTS in education, only 60% understood its long-term benefits for student growth. These findings highlight the need for targeted professional development, resource provision, and mentorship programs to enhance teachers' ability to implement HOTS effectively in their teaching practices. Addressing these gaps will better equip educators to foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills among students.

The importance of education and motivation in the training of HVAC&amp;R professionals in Europe: Lessons from the Portuguese case

The Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVAC&amp;R) industry is pivotal to Europe’s goals for energy efficiency, sustainability, and technological advancement. As demand for skilled HVAC&amp;R professionals rises, the effectiveness of educational programs in this field has become a focal point. This article explores the Portuguese case to analyze how pedagogical strategies and student motivation contribute to the quality of HVAC&amp;R training across Europe. The study highlights innovative teaching methodologies such as active and competency-based learning, as well as the use of laboratory training and digital simulations to provide hands-on experience. Additionally, it emphasizes Bloom’s Taxonomy as a framework for curriculum development, ensuring that students advance from foundational knowledge to complex problem-solving abilities. Motivation is also identified as a critical factor for student engagement and long-term career commitment. The article concludes that a balanced integration of theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and motivational support is essential for producing highly qualified HVAC&amp;R professionals. This approach not only meets current industry needs but also aligns with Europe’s broader environmental and technological objectives, offering valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders.

Comprehensive training in psychodermatology: the diploma course of the European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry

Psychodermatological conditions play an important role in dermatological practice. The biopsychosocial disease model is of central significance. Psychodermatological knowledge is underrepresented in specialist training and medical care. There is aneed for continuing education offers for primary psychodermatological disorders as well as for skin diseases related to psychological stress. The work comprises adescription of the structure, organization, and content of the diploma course offered by the European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry (ESDaP), along with apersonal conclusion after completing the course. Continuing education in the diagnosis and treatment of psychodermatological disorders should be an integral part of dermatology training. The ESDaP diploma course conveys knowledge regarding psychosomatic dermatology and dermatopsychiatry. The target audience includes dermatologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychotherapists in training and practice. The two-level course offers foundational knowledge for those working with psychodermatological patients in level1, while level2 allows for advanced specialization. Additional requirements for obtaining the diploma include case presentations, lectures, and multiple-choice examinations. Psychological factors are common in dermatological patients and require effective and holistic management. The ESDaP diploma course provides in-depth knowledge and fosters skills in patient care and physician-patient communication.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Four Decades of Shareholder Activism Research

ABSTRACTResearch Questions/IssueIn this bibliometric review of shareholder activism literature spanning 1983–2021, we pursue two objectives. Firstly, we investigate the degree of interdisciplinarity in the field, and second, we scrutinize publication trends, foundational knowledge, core topics, and emerging thematic trends, exploring the trajectory of shareholder activism research over time and providing a roadmap for future scholars.Research Findings/InsightsSystematic analysis of 1055 scholarly works reveals significant growth and a trend toward interdisciplinarity, though disciplinary silos persist. Shareholder activism is evolving beyond traditional, firm‐level financial motivations to include sustainability‐oriented goals, blending environmental, and social objectives with corporate governance concerns and financial interests. This shift signals broader engagement by diverse activist actors, strategies, and motivations, with a heightened emphasis on the long‐term impact of shareholder activism. To capture this complexity, we advocate for research that emphasizes the intricate interrelationships among actors, objectives, strategies and outcomes, encouraging a redefinition of theoretical and methodological approaches.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur analysis underscores the need for greater interdisciplinary engagement in shareholder activism research and highlights an expanding scope of topics, regions and theories. With growing scholarly interest in sustainability‐oriented shareholder activism, jurisdictional nuances, and the emergence of new activist actors like index funds and individual investors, we anticipate continued theoretical and methodological diversity.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsPolicymakers and practitioners should adopt a holistic approach to shareholder activism, considering the multifaceted actors, objectives, and strategies involved. Evaluations of activist outcomes should account for both financial and non‐financial impacts at the firm‐, market‐, and macro‐levels.