Form Of Assimilation Research Articles

Simulation Is Not a Pedagogy

Simulation as a teaching/learning tool has evolved at an unprecedented pace which some believe has occurred despite a lack of research into pedagogies appropriate to guide this technology-based learning tool. There seems to be some confusion as to what simulation actually is. Some have called simulation a pedagogy, which is incorrect. Simulation is not a pedagogy, but an immersive teaching/learning platform which is a representation of a functioning system or process. Simulation has been used in undergraduate nursing education in a focused manner for nearly 20 years. Its effectiveness in improving clinical reasoning and critical thinking is not certain if overall instructional design principles do not reflect suitable philosophical paradigms. Simulation as a teaching/learning platform is maximized when instructional design includes the inspiration of behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorist design principles include rote learning, repetition, modular learning, stimulus-response, and conditioning. Cognitivist design principles include observational techniques, bootstrapping, and equilibration in the form of assimilation and accommodation. Constructivist design principles include new habit formation through experience and interaction with a “mature social medium” in the form of a simulation facilitator. All of these philosophical underpinnings have the potential to maximize simulation when used as underpinnings in the overall design.

Después de cruzar la frontera se llega al límite: <em>Norte</em>, de Edmundo Paz Soldán

Norte, de Edmundo Paz Soldán, es un intento de replantear la narrativa de frontera mexicano-estadounidense a partir de casos excepcionales que escapan a las usuales coordenadas sociohistóricas de ese subgénero narrativo. La pluralidad de identidades migrantes de la novela presenta fórmulas anómalas e impredecibles de respuesta psicológica y asimilación cultural que discuten los modelos previos de transculturación.

Blind‐sided by Basics: three perspectives on income management in an Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory

Income management was introduced into the Northern Territory in 2007. Despite much rhetoric around evidence based policy making and constant reviewing of income management, there has been little grounded research about Aboriginal responses at the community level to this new institution. In this article I report on the operations of income management from a longer term perspective, working with Kuninjku people and retail outlets in the Maningrida region in Arnhem Land. My argument is that from a local perspective income management is just one of a suite of new measures that have been introduced to alter the norms and values of people to correlate more closely with Australian mainstream norms. This view is based on participant observation rather than direct questioning. Income management is a low priority issue for the Kuninjku people in the current policy maelstrom that seeks to shift policy from ‘self determination’ back to a form of assimilation now heavily influenced by a neoliberal ideological agenda. Local responses vary from indifferent acceptance to resistance. I ponder the crucial policy question, how can we allow substantial financial resources to be squandered in unhelpful income management when they could be deployed productively to enhance wellbeing for Indigenous Australians?

Māori Indigeneity and Commodity Fetishism

The Māori have survived at least three different sustained efforts to assimilate them since colonisation. I would argue that each time they have emerged as a substantially different culture as well as a different part of New Zealand society, and new efforts to assimilate them have had to confront the unpredictable results. To generalise, the first effort of assimilation was propelled by enlightened colonial arrogance, and finally by force; another effort started in the 1920s and sought to help them be ‘more Māori' by preserving their traditional culture. The most recent form of assimilation took shape in the 1980s but, facing what has come to be called indigeneity, became a kind of welcome (even a pōwhiri) into the new world of neoliberal opportunities. In the 1990s I traced some of the results since the 1920s, but I was only vaguely aware that this latest neoliberal phase of assimilation efforts had already begun. Fiona McCormack has, I think, best drawn together the critiques of this latest development, and furthermore appreciated its results as essentially unpredictable. In this essay I want to review some of her examples, and suggest that Marx's image of the fetishism of commodities better captures the ambiguous contradictions and unpredictabilities of the situations she describes. Key words: Maori indigeneity; political economy; commodity fetishism; ethnicity

Becoming Equivalent

This paper examines the introduction of “discourse” into China by looking into the different usages and interpretations of the word: what discourse currently is (话语 – a new coinage); what it used to be (语篇 – a largely superseded rendition, an assimilation); what it could be (other forms of transliteration, assimilation and Japanese-based renditions); and what it arguably should be (说力 – a new coinage). The paper discusses accordingly how Western critical concepts travel into China, how different modes of translation alter their meanings, and what translation strategy should best be employed to facilitate conceptual exchanges between the West and China. Additionally, the paper traces back a well-hidden Japanese “gene” in a majority of Chinese cultural concepts, discloses the conceptual flaws in Chinese renditions, and recommends an informed strategy for translating Western critical cultural concepts into Chinese.

Perception of place of articulation of assimilated nasal and oral stops: What do response times and eye fixations tell us?

Two forced-choice identification and two visual world eyetracking experiments examined perception of the place of articulation (PoA) of word-final nasal and oral stops either in canonical (coronal) or assimilated form (coronal-to-labial place assimilation, e.g., ‘phonem /batp button’). Listeners’ response times (RT) and eye fixations were measured as they heard and, using a screen-based paradigm, identified assimilated or unassimilated words presented auditorily either in isolation (excised from recorded sentences) or with the assimilation-triggering context present (next word began with a labial consonant). Listeners were slower to identify isolated words ending in nasals, especially when words were assimilated. When the triggering context was present, RTs were overall faster and no longer different between nasal and oral stops. The eye fixation data further showed an early sensitivity to PoA cues carried by vowel transitions for assimilated oral stops. For words ending in assimilated nasal stops, howeve...

Book Review: Follow Your Gut: The Enormous Impact of Tiny Microbes

The relationship between humans and microbes is attracting the scientific interest since the creation of the first lens by Leeuwenhoek (Fogg, 1969). As years went by, the understanding of the nature and importance of microbes became more apparent however, to date, for the broad audience, the understanding of the microbial roles in our life has been restricted to those causing diseases. Recent advances in the microbiome field, mostly boosted by the new DNA sequencing approaches, brought novel insights linking the human health and the microbes living in close contact with us (Loman and Pallen, 2015). Even though, a big effort from the non-scientific community to access these discoveries it is still necessary. The educational process has been undergoing remarkable changes in the forms of transmission and assimilation of knowledge. “Science”—as we know—is very recent in our history, being responsible for generating knowledge and technologies that profoundly impact the organization and the whole life of individuals. This book (Knight and Buhler, 2015) bridges the scientific knowledge and the general public with outstanding clarity. It uses an accessible language and everyday examples to explain complex concepts of microbial ecology and taxonomy. Moreover, it presents new discoveries regarding the role of microbes on diseases previously thought unrelated to them, like asthma, autism, and depression and links the gut microbes with our behavior. Chapter 1 - This chapter shows how diverse microbes are and the metabolic importance of this diversity. It describes the microbial community present in different skin areas, in the nose and lungs, in the mouth and stomach, intestines, and genitals. Chapter 2 - Describes how we acquire our first microbes from our mother and explains the agents influencing the microbial community shifts along our lives, in response to the food we eat, the contact we have with the environment and with pets, and the use of antibiotics. It ends discussing the links between microbiota diversity and health conditions, and the need for further studies in this area. Chapter 3 - Links diseases like obesity, allergies, asthma, kwashiorkor malnutrition, and irritable bowel disease to the presence or absence of specific microbial groups and the life stages when we are exposed to them. The authors use several research papers showing evidences that the microbes have an enormous impact on our health. Chapter 4 - Focuses on the influences that gut microbes have on our brain; it shows impacts on mood, behavior and/or psychological disorders. It presents several examples of experiments using mice with anxiety disorders or with induced autism, treated with probiotics and altering their gut microbiota, resulting in an alleviation of symptoms. Furthermore, the authors discuss the current state of art on the application of these treatment strategies to potentially cure human disorders. Experiments involving probiotics to help treating irritable bowel disease and celiac disease in infants are shown, and their relation to depression and several psychological effects are raised. Chapter 5 - Starts driving the reader attention to the plasticity of our microbiome and raises the possibility of manipulating and enhancing it. To discuss this subject, the authors use a lawn as example, showing its whole biodiversity and how it grows. Later on, the authors introduce concepts of prebiotics—substances that enhance and benefit our microbes, and probiotics—microbes that live in and benefit the human body. Moreover, they talk about the risks of the microbe ingestion without the proper knowledge, discuss about the benefits brought by vaccines and consider a future, where we could use vaccines for diseases like depression, anxiety or other mind disorders. Chapter 6 - Begins telling a story about the worries that people have when they think about vaccines and how comfortable they are about having antibiotics. This chapter explains the differences between these two issues, elucidating the effects on our whole microbiota and the risks of antibiotic misuse, like not having it for the corrected time, as prescribed. Chapter 7 and Appendix - makes predictions about the future of the microbiome studies and the direct benefits it can bring to people. Furthermore, it introduces the three most famous American microbiome efforts—American Gut Project, Earth Microbiome Project and the Human Microbiome Project—and invites people to have their gut microbiomes described by the former.

Diversity and equity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse two features of multicultural societies: diversity and equity. The author argues that both these features are necessary for multicultural societies and their institutions to be successful. Diversity is understood to include variations in culture, ethnicity, religion, age, gender and sexual orientation. Equity is understood to include inclusive participation and the removal of barriers to such participation. Diversity without the opportunity for equitable participation can lead to a form of separation; equity without diversity can lead to a form of assimilation; the absence of both can lead to marginalisation; and the presence of both can lead to a full integration. Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual paper with a focus on better understanding of how to manage multicultural societies and institutions. Findings – The author distinguishes between three meanings of multiculturalism; as demography; as policy; and as ideology. He prop...

PEMBINAAN MASYARAKAT MULTIKULTURAL DALAM MENINGKATKAN INTEGRASI BANGSA

Abstrak The elucidation ofmulticultural society in Palangka Raya is needed to increase the integration of the nation because the society of Palangka Raya is variety in ethnic, religion, language, culture, and individual characteristic. By using the observation, interview, documentation and literature study, it revealed the deeper problem where can be found the actual data. To govemment is by the understanding of ethnic values and the cultural relativism, through Communication Forum of Cross-Ethnic (FKLE) and Communication Forum ofReligions (FKUB), old customs in orderliness of Palangka Raya city's law No. 18 in 2007 about Kedamangan. In the ethnic groups, by having the cultural collaboration as the form of cultural assimilation, the exchange ofthe village headman with the customs figure from each ethnic, and by adaption process through the motto when in rome do as the romans do. In schooi the subject of cross cultural understanding and multicultural values has been inserted in the religion subject, civic education, and Indonesian language. In family, by inserted the religious values and humanity will eliminate the steorotive and the fanatism ethnic or religion.

Nutrition in banana

Banana requires large quantities of nutrients for sustaining its production apart from its growth and development. As banana is a large plant with bigger size of the leaves, it exhausts major and minor elements from the soil in larger quantities and the soils require a continuous replenishment of nutrients. Banana being an exhaustive crop, proper manuring and fertilizer application has to be done for obtaining good yields, with better quality fruits. The inorganic nutrients are absorbed by the plants in readily assimilable form whereas the organic manures take time for distribution of nutrients as they need to undergo decomposition in soil. Application of inorganic fertilizers in split doses along with organic manures in combination with biofertilizers in an integrated manner is the best practice for sustaining production, yield and quality in banana as the indiscriminate usage of inorganic fertilizers deteriorates the soil health through volatilization and mineralization and causes loss of nutrients through leaching besides polluting the environment.

Social Cohesion Potential of Pendalungan Communities Toward Urban Space Integration in Jember

Jember downtown has pendalungan social phenomenon as a form of cultural assimilation resulting hybrid of Javanese and Madurese as a local community identity. Pendalungan communities occupy in kampongs in the melting pot with limited space that evokes the activity collectively as the potential of social cohesion. The result of previous studies on hybrid pendalungan only terms of sociology and culture. Based on the above phenomenon, this research is study about social cohesion potential of Pendalungan community at urban space integration in Jember. The research objective was to determine the specific characteristic of pendhalungan community as a potential of social cohesion and to know the concept of the urban space integration of pendhalungan community. The research approach used in this study was qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research approach was used by reading the urban through synchronic reading to explore the potential of social cohesion of pendalungan community culture which has implications in the formation of urban space. The space integration was presented using the access graph. The result showed that the urban space integration had average height and the dominant form of asymmetry distribution. The formation of urban space in the melting pot no separation between forms a continuous space and forms a break up space, so is created social cohesion. This conditions strengthen the high value of the space integration supported its social cohesion potential

Перспективы исследований учебной деятельности в контексте задач современной практики начальной школы

The article describes the current problems of research training activities in terms of the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of primary education. The initial methodological basis for the formulation of the problems is the theory of developmental education by Davydov and his followers. The article raises the question of the possibility of using the ideas of Dewey and Maslow to develop research training activities. There is the analysis of such subjects as formulating and performing learning tasks as a way of mastering theoretical knowledge in «from abstract to particular» microcycle; the content of theoretical generalizations formed before training activities (naive scientific concepts); forms of assimilation into the collective training activities; forms of cooperation in teaching and project activities; the content and form of requirements for training activities. Possible practical use of the study results are described. This area provides a lot of topics for Master’s thesis in the “Cultural-Historical Psychology and Activity Approach in Education” research Master’s program.

X-Ray Diffraction of different samples of Swarna Makshika Bhasma.

Introduction:Shodhana and Marana are a series of complex procedures that identify the undesirable effects of heavy metals/minerals and convert them into absorbable and assimilable forms. Study on the analytical levels is essential to evaluate the structural and chemical changes that take place during and after following such procedures as described in major classical texts to understand the mystery behind these processes. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) helps to identify and characterize minerals/metals and fix up the particular characteristics pattern of prepared Bhasma.Aim:To evaluate the chemical changes in Swarna Makshika Bhasma prepared by using different media and methods.Materials and Methods:In this study, raw Swarna Makshika, purified Swarna Makshika and four types of Swarna Makshika Bhasma prepared by using different media and methods were analyzed by XRD study.Results:XRD study of different samples revealed strongest peaks of iron oxide in Bhasma. Other phases of Cu2O, FeS2, Cu2S, FeSO4, etc., were also identified in many of the samples.Conclusion:XRD study revealed that Swarna Makshika Bhasma prepared by Kupipakwa method is better, convenient, and can save time.

Why Saints Love Samba: A Historical Perspective on Black Agency and the Rearticulation of Catholicism in Bahia, Brazil

In the sociohistorically important Reconcavo region of Bahia, in Brazil's northeast, the local majority African descendent population regularly celebrates its patron saints not only with masses and processions but also with samba song and dance. As such, samba is found at pilgrimages, ritual cleansings (lavagens), and, most prominently, saints' feasts. The last of these is perhaps most famously exemplified in the large three-day Festival of Our Lady of Good Death, held annually in the city of Cachoeira, which culminates in hours of celebratory samba dancing (see A. Castro 2006; Marques 2008). Less publicly, samba caps off rollicking patron saint house parties known as rezas, each moment of which is marked by ritual music. Standing in front of the home altar, attendees first intone a series of hymns before gathering in a ring to dance and responsorially sing their saint-saluting sambas (Fig. 1). On occasion, this samba can even prompt saints (and other entities) to possess the host and other guests for a divine dancing and singing distinct from the types of possession rituals characteristic of Afro-Brazilian religions such as Candomble and Umbanda (Iyanaga 2013, 313-359). People typically see this samba for saints as an expression of their faith. In fact, with its church-inspired contexts and choreographies (e.g., the Sign of the Cross, bowing before the altar, etc.), saint-extolling texts, and capacity to instigate possession by Christian martyrs, this type of samba might best be described (in analytical, etic terms) as a Catholic But why is samba--by which I mean a local Afro-Brazilian dance, song, and rhythm--a fundamental facet of both public and private patron saint celebrations in Bahia? After many years of fieldwork in the Bahian Reconcavo (2008-2014), I can offer a fairly straightforward, ethnographic answer: People believe their saints adore samba. In the enthusiastic words of one Bahian woman I met in 2011, What Saint Anthony likes is parties ... He likes samba! (1) And Saint Anthony is no oddball. In fact, Saint Roch, Saints Cosmas and Damian, Saints Crispin and Crispinian, Saint Barbara, and Our Lady of the Conception--all of whom can be counted among the region's most popular saints--are believed to share Saint Anthony's predilection for the Afro-Brazilian art form. Yet this local, native perspective only provides a partial response to the question; an investigation of macrohistorical processes reveals another explanation for why saints love samba. In the present article, I insist on asking why, in a diachronic sense, people perform samba for their saints. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] By interpreting more than three centuries of devotional black musical practices in Bahia, this article posits that saints enjoy samba because Africans and their descendants effectively reinvented and transformed their saints, converting, so to speak, the Christian martyrs into samba-loving gods. And while my argument that samba is historically linked to Catholicism revises the secular frame through which scholars have traditionally studied samba, my focus here is less on samba itself than on saints and Catholicism in this Afro-diasporic Brazilian context. Indeed, my overarching goal is to reframe practices as integral to the African diaspora in Bahia as well as, by implication, in the Americas more generally. After all, scholars interested in African-American religious practices have, over the past century or so, turned primarily to religions in which (West) African gods figure prominently (such as Candomble, Regla-de-Ocha, Vodou, etc.), while relegating Afro-Catholic practices to the margins, either by treating them as a form of passive assimilation (e.g., Karasch 1987, 254) or by dismissing them as a creative sham that allowed Africans to resist colonization by veiling their beliefs and rituals in Catholicism (e.g., Bastide 1971, 183; Pollak-Eltz 1977, 243). …

Cryogenian alkaline magmatism in the Southern Granulite Terrane, India: Petrology, geochemistry, zircon U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf isotopes

Abstract The Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) in India preserves the records of the formation and recycling of continental crust from Mesoarchean through Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic and Cambrian, involving multiple subduction–accretion–collision associated with major orogenic cycles. A chain of unmetamorphosed and undeformed alkaline magmatic intrusions occurs along the northern margin of the SGT aligned along paleo-suture zones. Here we investigate two representative plutons from this suite, the Angadimogar syenite (AM) and the Peralimala alkali granite (PM) through field, petrological, geochemical, zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf studies. Magma mixing and mingling textures and mineral assemblages typical of alkaline rocks are displayed by these plutons. The whole-rock major and trace element data characterize their alkaline nature. In trace element discrimination diagrams, the AM rocks straddle between the VAG (volcanic-arc granites) and WPG (within plate granites) fields with most of the samples confined to the VAG field, whereas the PM rocks are essentially confined to the WPG field. The diversity in some of the geochemical features between the two plutons is interpreted to be the reflection of source heterogeneities. Most zircon grains from the AM and PM plutons display oscillatory zoning typical of magmatic crystallization although some grains, particularly those from the PM pluton, show core-rim structures with dark patchy zoned cores surrounded by irregular thin rims resulting from fluid alteration. The weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages of the magmatic zircons from three samples of the AM syenite are in the range of 781.8 ± 3.8 Ma to 798 ± 3.6 Ma and those from two samples of the PM alkali granite yield ages of 797.5 ± 3.7 Ma and 799 ± 6.2 Ma. A mafic magmatic enclave from the AM pluton shows weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U age of 795 ± 3.3 Ma. The AM and PM plutons also carry rare xeneocrystic zircons which define upper intercept concordia ages of 3293 ± 13 Ma and 2530 ± 22 Ma correlating with the ages of the basement rocks from these areas. The initial 176 Hf/ 177 Hf isotope ratios of the zircon grains from the AM syenite fall in the range between 0.281771 and 0.282284, with moderately negative eHf(t) values between − 5.9 and 0.1. Similarly, the initial 176 Hf/ 177 Hf isotope ratios for the zircon grains of PM ultrapotassic granite range between 0.281197 and 0.281970, albeit with more negative eHf(t) values in the range between − 22.7 and − 0.3 (average eHf (t) value − 18.8). The Lu–Hf data suggest the involvement of variable extent of older crust with distinct crustal residence times, either in the form of assimilation during magma emplacement, or crustal recycling during magma genesis. Based on the geochemical and isotopic systematics, a possible petrogenetic model would be asthenospheric upwelling in an extensional setting, melting of enriched lithosphere, and interaction of the magmas with lower crustal domains with subduction-related components of various ages. The disposition of these alkali plutons along two paleo sutures that weld the Meso-Neoarchean crustal blocks in the northern periphery of SGT suggests that the zones of emplacement might represent an aborted rift. The paleo-sutures probably served as a weak zone along which extension occurred broadly coeval with the Cryogenian subduction further south.

Processing of Phonological Variation in Children With Hearing Loss: Compensation for English Place Assimilation in Connected Speech

In this study, the authors explored phonological processing in connected speech in children with hearing loss. Specifically, the authors investigated these children's sensitivity to English place assimilation, by which alveolar consonants like t and n can adapt to following sounds (e.g., the word ten can be realized as tem in the phrase ten pounds). Twenty-seven 4- to 8-year-old children with moderate to profound hearing impairments, using hearing aids (n = 10) or cochlear implants (n = 17), and 19 children with normal hearing participated. They were asked to choose between pictures of familiar (e.g., pen) and unfamiliar objects (e.g., astrolabe) after hearing t- and n-final words in sentences. Standard pronunciations (Can you find the pen dear?) and assimilated forms in correct (… pem please?) and incorrect contexts (… pem dear?) were presented. As expected, the children with normal hearing chose the familiar object more often for standard forms and correct assimilations than for incorrect assimilations. Thus, they are sensitive to word-final place changes and compensate for assimilation. However, the children with hearing impairment demonstrated reduced sensitivity to word-final place changes, and no compensation for assimilation. Restricted analyses revealed that children with hearing aids who showed good perceptual skills compensated for assimilation in plosives only.

STUDY ON MAXGROW UNIVERSAL LIQUID FERTILIZER EFFECT ON ALFALFA (Medicago Sativa L.) FOR FORAGE AND SEED PRODUCTION

Liquid complex fertilizers find wide application in agriculture. The share of the used liquid fertilizers in the world is over 40%. The use of liquid fertilizers in Bulgaria has a very great future, due to their low price and minimum costs of application. They are convenient to dose when preparing the working solution, contain the essential macro and micro nutrients in the best possible form for assimilation by the plants. They are particularly effective for outside root additional nutrition–the so–called foliar fertilizing, which results in better absorption of nutrients (1.2). The last studies showed that the liquid fertilizers had a positive influence on the processes of foliar and root additional nutrition of plants with the purpose of increasing the yield and quality of seeds. Other authors recommended the combined application of leaf fertilizers with growth regulators, which increased the effect. The researches in our country on these matters are still insufficient and incomplete. The objective of this study was to establish the influence of the all– purpose liquid fertilizer “MaxGrow” on lucerne for forage and seed. The doses of treatment of lucerne from 0, 03 tо 0, 05 l/ha MG for seed production were of interest, since on average for the period the yield was the highest: 356.3; 321.9 and 315.6 kg/ha, respectively. The increase, as compared to the untreated control, varied from 35.4 tо 231.3 kg/ha. The highest yield of forage green mass, on average for the period of study, was produced at the dose of 0.06 l/ha MG with an yield of 12540 kg/ha, followed by the doses of treatment of 0,05 and 0,04 l/ha MG with produced green mass from 12490 tо 10330 kg/ha, respectively.

Vers un nouvel humanisme : la perspective africaine

Towards a new humanism: the African perspective – The new integrated holistic humanism is a construct based on a number of frameworks with shared foundations. This article is dedicated to the African perspective, which is simply Africa’s contribution to a universal civilisation based on humanistic values that are preserved and constantly rediscovered. The central hypothesis is one of fusion and cross-fertilisation which have followed a variety of paths. The first stage is that of affirming and reclaiming the black identity, and the second is the melding of cultural identities embodied in pan-Africanism, which is itself a bridge to pan-humanism. Both are the result of contact with western civilisation and culture through the medium of colonialism, as a form of domination, assimilation or subordination. They are marked by this proximity, and demand more detailed and endogenous reflection that incorporates precolonial secular values and practices. This is the premise on which the African renaissance is built, and each of its currents has its own ideologues, poets, eulogists and political champions. This analysis indicates that no specific national culture or civilisation can be regarded as the benchmark of human being and becoming, even though everyone is entitled to affirm their specific contribution and perspective.

Slandering the Jew: sexuality and difference in early Christian texts

the Muslim advance cut that development prematurely short. Chapter seven concerns itself with how North African Christianity coped initially, but was eventually subsumed, by Islam The most interesting aspects of this book are the individual stories it contains, one of the most intriguing being Procopius’ account of the 400 defeated Vandal warriors sent by the Byzantines via ship into exile in 534 to serve the empire on its Persian frontier (215). The men mutinied, turned the ship around and returned to North Africa. Upon arrival, the Vandals escaped to the mountains, well beyond the coastal cities, and ended up living among the Moors. This suggests that the Vandals had become African, that this was their home, and that perhaps they had found some form of assimilation with the Moorish tribes, something which the original Romano-Africans apparently did not achieve. All in all, Conant has given us a very well-considered overview of the story of North Africa between the end of Roman imperial government there and the coming of Islam. In doing so, he has opened up all sorts of possibilities for further research on what remains a fascinating and evocative subject.

Tipologi Bangunan di Jalan Pakubowono Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan

Façade is the front of the building which is facing the street. It is one of the architectural elements of the city that can” speak out” the meaning of the building. In addition, façade is also a part of urban environment order which needs to be sustainable. The transformation of building function often impacts on changes in the composition of façade. Therefore, it is very interesting to be observed, especially along Pakubowono's street, which has distinctively Jengki architectural buildings. The purpose of this study is to explore the the extent of architectural transformation that occurs in Jengki style building by using descriptive methods. The result showed that Pakubowono area has undergone a change and assimilation of forms, although it is not very significant in the building typology. There are many changes that occur in materials and building elements which is an attempt to maintain its damaged parts.