Form Of Assimilation Research Articles

Використання природних електромагнітних явищ для підвищення врожайності сільськогосподарських культур

The purpose. To detect influence of electromagnetic field of the Earth on productivity of crops. Methods. Field experiment. Methods of mathematical statistics. Results. It is determined that between soil and root of a plant, and also an aerosphere there is a continuous process of power interchange. At the first stage of researches ferromagnetic steel wires with the diameter of 2,5 mm were put on the bottom of the agricultural tile at the distance of 12 m. Under the influence of electromagnetic field of the Earth locked loop is created between them through wet soil with direct current in density of 4-6 µA/cm2. The current supports processes of electrophoresis and electrolysis in the fertile layer. Due to that all chemicals necessary for the plants are transmitted from hardly assimilable into easily assimilable forms. On the experimental areas the yield of grain crops increased from 3 to 8 centners per hectare as compared to the test areas (moldboard and sub-surface cultivation). For measurement of agroelectrical force special device Agro-01 was developed. It enabled to evaluate quantitatively power nature of soil and sowings. They also elaborated technique of monitoring bioplants in field technological environment. During 4 years on fields of “Satori-S Ltd.” (Kirovograd oblast) on the area of 3000 hectares overlapping of subsurface cultivation of soil with simultaneous slitting on depth of 40 cm at sowing wheat, corn, soya bean has been carried out. Experimentally positive effect of intelligent use of energy of electromagnetic field of the Earth on productivity of crops is confirmed. New agrotechnical methods of soil cultivation and the developed end-effectors for their implementation are offered. Conclusions. As a result of implementation of slitting technique on depth of 40 cm in direction of North-South productivity of crops has increased on 12–15%.

Demensi Etnik dalam Kerukunan Umat Beragama di Kota Pontianak Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

A study of qualitative research with data obtained from interviews, in-depth observation, and literature study was conducted in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan Province, describes the general social interaction in Pontianak City that leads to an associative form of interaction, although there is also a potential that leads to dissociative. Assositive interactions include accommodation in the form of a fairly tolerant attitude of religious life; assimilation in the form of cultural assimilation, especially the assimilation between religion and culture that strengthens the relationship of two things, and which strengthens the relationship between families, where cultural interaction strengthens inter-citizen harmony, especially among religious followers; as well as cooperation in the implementation of cultural activities antaretnik. However, dissociative interactions also occur that is the emergence of competition in the form of contradictions. The social systems in Pontianak influence the harmony between religious and inter-ethnic communities. These social systems are social systems built from ethnic Malay, Dayak, Bugis, Madurese, Javanese, and other ethnic groups. The process of working the social system on interethnic religious harmony in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan Province due to the diversity of ethnic groups that can have positive and negative impacts. Positive influence because strengthening the unity of ethnic intern and its negative influence is able to bring up the problem.

Transnational contention, domestic integration: assimilating into the hostland polity through homeland activism

ABSTRACTWhile scholars have studied the political incorporation of migrants and refugees through measures related to naturalisation and voting, others have investigated the ways by which participation in protests and other forms of activism foster assimilation. But how is transnational contention connected to domestic integration? Using archival research and life history interviews of Filipino migrant activists in the U.S. and the Netherlands and drawing from the literatures on immigrant assimilation and social movements, I show the processes and mechanisms that enable activists to become simultaneously involved in the movements for homeland regime change for migrant/minority rights in the hostland. Thus, they assimilate into the domestic polity while they participate in transnational politics. I argue that as activists perform the functions associated with homeland activism, they develop relations and networks that allow new forms of collective identities to emerge, often rooted in civil-society spaces in the hostland. This study contributes to the debate on transnationalism and assimilation, which has recently moved from contradiction to synergy.

Multi-agent learning technique inspired from software engineering model for permutation coded GA

Hybrid genetic algorithms (HGAs) have recognized significant attention in recent years and being progressively more used to solve real-world problems. HGA is the forms of assimilation between genetic algorithm and other search optimization techniques to improve the overall performance of the genetic algorithm (GA). GA can be hybridized with many other bio-inspired heuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization, cuckoo search genetic algorithm, firefly algorithm-genetic algorithm, real coded genetic algorithm-artificial fish swarm algorithm, etc., multi-agent system (MAS) is a new paradigm for conceptualizing, designing and optimizing the solution models. Multi-agent learning concept improves the outcome of the MAS and the type of learning process involved in it plays a vital role. Incremental model is a well-known software development process in which the system yields better effect at the end of every cycle. In this paper, software engineering inspired incremental model based multi-agent learning model for permutation coded genetic algorithms has been proposed. One of the famous combinatorial hard problems of traveling salesman problem (TSP) is being chosen as the test bed and the experiments are performed on large sized benchmark TSP instances obtained from standard TSPLIB. The experimental results support that the proposed model perform better than existing best working initialization methods in terms of convergence rate, error rate and computation time.

Assimilation of Big Data Innovation: Investigating the Roles of IT, Social Media, and Relational Capital

In a knowledge-based economy with increasing competition, firms are under pressure to enhance their innovation capability. Social capital theory advances the idea that social capital promotes firm-level innovation. However, little is known about the process by which social capital of a firm translates into innovation outcomes such as implementation of big data initiatives. Little research has been done on what role information technology plays, if any, in this translation process. In this paper, we investigate how relational capital, a form of social capital, in the presence of social media and IT platforms, impacts innovation in the form of assimilation of big data technologies. The direct and indirect effects of the three variables: social media, relational capital and IT platform is studied. Direct effects of the three variables on big data innovation is established. Social media and IT platforms are found to significantly add to the positive relationship between relational capital and big data innovation.

Multicultural education in Thailand

This study examines multicultural education policy in Thailand. The researcher used the qualitative research methods of interviewing, observation and document examination to obtain data. Theory about multicultural education was used as a theoretical framework. The sites of study were eight primary schools that served students from diverse cultures – Muslim, Buddhist, Burmese, Cambodian and Thai – in the southern provinces of Thailand. Results showed that current educational policies do provide opportunity for migrant students to access public education. The Ministry of Education has allowed schools to apply their own rules and regulations that reflect the diverse cultures of their students. The results also show that the curriculum includes references to various cultures, that textbooks contain content that encourages students to live in harmony with people from different cultures and that some schools have implemented bilingual education programs. However, deeper analysis of school practices made it clear that what seems to be an acceptance of cultural diversity is just another form of assimilation. The well-established features that define Thainess remain intact and the inclusion of culturally specific content is insufficient to change the unequal power relations among dominant and minority groups in Thailand.

ANALISIS FENOMENOLOGI BUDAYA K-POP DIKALANGAN MAHASISWA UNDIKNAS DENPASAR

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the K-pop cultural phenomenon that occurred among Undiknas University Denpasar students. As well as analyzing the form of assimilation and the communication effect that is caused by the existence of K-pop culture in the middle of student association. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive describing the experience of students who directly feel what kind of a k- pop culture. Data source used is primary and secondary data source. In the selection of informants, the research used perposive sampling technique, the informants chosen were Undiknas students themselves. Data collection techniques used literature study techniques, observation, and interviews.This study uses Phenomenology Theory as the main theory that assess an event through real experience or experience experienced individually. The informants gave their opinions and judged what kind of a k-pop culture, after they experienced themselves as fans of K-pop culture. In addition, the informants realized there were some changes from within the self, attitude, and habits that started following Koreans. Assimilation Theory is also used in studying the changes that are particularly related to the culture and effects that arise namely the cognitive effects, affective effects, and conative effects of Korean dramas, music and products that are loved by students who love K-pop culture.Keywords: K-pop Culture Phenomenon, Cultural Blending, Phenomenology Theory.

Asimilasi sebagai Terjemahan Bentuk Adaptasi dalam Resiliensi Komunitas Kampung Kota di Kampung Sudiroprajan Surakarta

<p>Resilience is a concept that integrates between mitigation, adaptation and innovation. On a smaller scale, community-based resilience forms a translation of strong social capital. In Indonesia the majority of the urban community is formed in a container called Kampung Kota. Kampung Kota has the character of tolerance, cohesiveness, and solidarity. Kampung Kota becomes important to be used as research setting because with its characteristic, Kampung Kota able to produce its own value so that it can face threat, pressure and turmoil with its way. Kampung Sudiroprajan is one of the kampung Kota in Surakarta City that has unique resilience experience especially related to the relationship between Javanese and Chinese. This study aims to determine the concept of resilience that is formed in Kampung Sudiroprajan as part of the Kampung Kota community. Kampung Sudiroprajan can give an idea of resilience concept of community scale which tend to original and typical. This research uses case study methodology by exploring the form of resilience conducted in Kampung Sudiroprajan. This study found the uniqueness of adaptation process of Kampung Sudiroprajan community. Adaptation is translated in the form of assimilation. The assimilation resulted in the social condition of the society which tends to be more fluid, especially in the face of several times the events that become threats, pressure, and turmoil for the Chinese. Assimilation creates a new value that becomes the glue of the relationship for the Javanese Ethnic community and the Chinese Ethnic Community.</p>

Siberian bukharans in the first post-revolutionary decade

The article deals with the problems of the Siberian Bukharans’ community in the first decade after the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bukharans played an important role in the history of Western Siberia for several centuries. But the significance of the Bukhara community in the economic life of Siberia decreased steadily; there took place rapprochement in the form of assimilation with Siberian Tatars. In the early twentieth century, the reforms, revolutionary changes and war became an ordeal for Siberian Bukharans. As a result of the state policy, both imperial and Soviet, the most important factor in preserving the Bukhara identity - the Bukhara volost - was destroyed. After the end of the civil war in Siberia, the Bukharans in the bulk were in opposition to the Soviet power. In many areas of Siberia in the early twentieth century there was a drop in the population of Bukharans. The largest and most organized community of the Siberian Bukharans in Soviet Russia was preserved in the Tarsky district of the Siberian territory - more than 11 thousand people. In the focus of the research there are problems of the economic, political and cultural development of the Bukharans in the Tarsky district in the mid-1920s. The documents found by the author indicate the degradation of the Siberian Bukharans’ economy. It was caused by the fact that after the victory of the Soviet government, a significant part of them did not connect their future with Siberia anymore, the Bukharans expected permission to leave the USSR, mainly to Turkey. The article introduces new scientific archival documents which reflect the policy of the state in connection with the desire of the Bukharans to leave the USSR. The central Soviet government did not allow this, but ordered to improve the work with this group of the population. Despite the fact that the Soviet leaders in Siberia tried to improve the economic and cultural situation of the Bukharans, they failed to completely eliminate the “resettlement sentiments”. From 1927, the Soviet government ceased to recognize the Bukharans as a separate ethno-social group, including them in the number of Siberian Tatars or for some time using the name “Tatar-Bukharans”.

Diversity in structure and forms of carbon assimilation in photosynthetic organs in Cleome (Cleomaceae).

Photosynthesis in different organs of Cleome was analysed in four species known to have differences in leaf photosynthesis: Cleome africana Botsch. (C3), Cleome paradoxa R.Br. (C3-C4 intermediate), Cleome angustifolia Forssk. and Cleome gynandra L. (C4). The chlorophyll content, carbon isotope composition, stomatal densities, anatomy, levels and compartmentation of some key photosynthetic enzymes, and the form and function of photosynthesis were determined in different organs of these species. In the three xerophytes, C. africana, C. paradoxa, and C. angustifolia, multiple organs contribute to photosynthesis (cotyledons, leaves, petioles, stems and pods) which is considered important for their survival under arid conditions. In C. africana, all photosynthetic organs have C3 photosynthesis. In C. paradoxa, cotyledons, leaves, stems and petioles have C3-C4 type features. In C. angustifolia, the pods have C3 photosynthesis, whereas all other organs have C4 photosynthesis with Kranz anatomy formed by a continuous, dual layer of chlorenchyma cells. In the subtropical C4 species C. gynandra, cotyledons, leaves, and pods develop C4 photosynthesis, with Kranz anatomy around individual veins; but not in stems and petioles which have limited function of photosynthesis. The diversity in forms and the capacity of photosynthesis in organs of these species to contribute to their carbon economy is discussed.

Anglicisms in French Vocabulary in the Early 21st Century

The article examines the history and causes of the widespread use of Anglicisms in French. It also presents the views of French linguists concerning the mass penetration of English borrowings into the vocabulary of the French language. Examples are given of English borrowings from different parts of speech, of the ways of their penetration and the scope of functioning in modern French. The article also provides classification of Anglicisms, as well as some examples of their replacement by French words. Various forms of assimilation of Anglicisms in French, the phenomena of the parallel use of English borrowings and their French equivalents are considered. Examples are given of semantic, semantic-stylistic, and stylistic synonymy of French words and English borrowings. The author makes examples of regulatory documents aimed at slowing penetration of foreign vocabulary into French, of the facts of public response to the use of English borrowings in French. He concludes that the number of English borrowings will inevitably grow and that this vocabulary is necessary in modern French.

Looking Through the Mirror: the pratice of techinical assistance to social movements in Brazil seen by uruguayan experience

The Uruguayan model of housing cooperatives emerged in the 1960s from movements in civil society. This experience was adapted to Latin American realities and arrived in Brazil in the 1980s, along with the redemocaratizac?a?o process, which made the emergence of new actors on the political scene and recon gured the action of housing movements, which besides claiming passed propose projects with popular participation. The success of the self-managed housing production depends on three factors: the government, responsible for housing policy for self-management, the organized population, which will manage the project, and tech- nical advice, support of the whole process. In this article we seek to re ect on this third factor, that is, the possibilities and limits of performance of technical advisory services in the Brazilian context. To achieve this objective, the Uruguayan experience as a case con- trol. The choice of this approach proves to be useful both to under- stand our reality, and to visualize other possibilities. The contexts of each country led to di erent forms of assimilation of housing self-management. While in Uruguay pilot experiences have result- ed in a national law regulating the housing cooperatives in Brazil had experiences in several municipalities that until 2004 did not succeed in becoming a national policy. The exponent of these ex- periences is the FUNAPS-Comunita?rio, launched in 1992 by the City of Sa?o Paulo. However, using this case as an example reduces the issue and mutes other successful experiences. Therefore, we will use the Rio experience, which although small, has peculiarities, such as the adoption of collective ownership in some cooperatives.

Social Process of Ethnicity in Urban Area: Case Study Between Chinese Ethnic and Sundanese Ethnic in Bandung City

A city with a multicultural society allows the social processes of ethnicity, either associative or dissociative. Especially in the city of Bandung, the dynamics of social processes of ethnicity between Chinese ethnic and Sundanese ethnic have ups and downs. Based on the idea, the purpose of this study is to describe how the associative and dissociative social process of Chinese ethnic and Sundanese ethnic in Bandung? The research design uses a qualitative approach with case study model. The location of the research was conducted in Bandung. This research produced a description of social relations practices that are associative in the form of cooperative relations if there is a common interest, while in the form of accommodation occurs if the Chinese ethnic embraces Islam. The social process in the form of assimilation and amalgamation can be seen in the field of culture. Meanwhile, social processes that indicate competition, rivalry, and social conflict (dissociative) start from the perspective of stereotypes, prejudices and discriminatory.

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE SPATIAL PATTERN AND FORM OF BUDDHIST BUILDINGS OF WORSHIP ON BALI

Abstract- In addition to Hinduism, Balinese people are familiar with Buddhism that entered the region at almost the same time as Hinduism during Dharmaudayana’s reign. Unfortunately, due to the large number of sects and religions developed at that time, there was religious simplification by Mpu Kuturan. Syncretism occurred between Shivaism, Buddhism (Mahayana), as well as original Balinese local religion merging into Shiva-Buddhism that developed into Balinese Hinduism that has been prominent until the present. After independence, the school of Buddhism that had not been influenced by the conditions and local denominations was resurrected and had Vihara temples built. Hence, the existence of Buddhist buildings of worship on the island of Bali from the IX-XI century called Candi (Vihara). Based on this phenomenon, the need arose for identifying similarities (in terms of continuity) and differences (discontinuity) of spatial and formal patterns in the Buddhist buildings of worship in Bali within the typo-morphological context, namely Goa Gajah (Elephant Cave), Candi Pegulingan (Pegulingan Temple), Candi Kalibukbuk (Kalibukbuk Temple), Brahma Vihara Arama (Brahma Arama Temple), and Vihara Buddha Sakyamuni(Buddha Sakyamuni Temple). The descriptive qualitative method was used through field observation of individual research objects which was subsequently identified and analyzed to discover the similarities and differences as well as mutual relations in accordance with variables determined by theoretical analysis concerning typo-morphology and Buddhist buildings of worship. There are similarities and differences in each research object. The similarities and differences exist due to the strong beliefs and closely guarded simbols of Buddhism although there is also the influence of local and traditional elements on the Balinese order of life. These, in turn caused the existence of numerous patterns of each object. The new patterns are the reflection of the various forms of assimilation that occur on Bali. Keywords: Buildings of Worship, Candi, Vihara, Bali, Typo-morphology

Social Interaction of Street Vendor in Makassar, South Sulawesi Province

This study was conducted at Losari Beach Makassar South Sulawesi province with the objective to analyze the social interaction of the street vendor in Losari Beach, which is associative and dissociative.This research was a case study (case study) arguing that this research was specific to describe clearly the meaning of phenomena that occurs. This study also used naturalistic paradigm approach (qualitative) to analyze and to construct the street vendors as an actor directed social interaction to get data from the street vendors who are associative and dissociative based on empirical facts in Losari Beach Makassar. Data analysis was performed with data reduction that is focused on the election, simplification, abstract, and transformation of raw data from field notes, followed by the presentation of the data and drawing conclusions. Research showed that social interaction of the street vendor at Losari Beach, which is associative is manifested in the form of cooperation, accommodation and assimilation. Social interaction of the street vendor at Losari Beach, which is dissociative is a form of social interaction are embodied in social processes between individuals or groups of street vendors with buyers or consumers, between the vendors with coastal managers of Losari Beach. Social interaction dissociative includes competition, contention (conflict), and contravention. The social interaction that is dissociative at Losari Beach in the form of competition is a social process that arises as a result of price competition, the quality of goods or merchandise, cleanliness, and others to attract interested visitors or customers at Losari Beach. It can be said that social interaction is increasingly open to serve as a place of business that can provide economic benefits for street vendors (PKL) at Losari Beach in Makassar South Sulawesi province.

The Othering in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go

In this article, I will investigate the concept of ‘othering’ originally as part of a post-colonial theory. This concept is interested in many academic areas, including a literary study. In Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel Never Let Me Go is about human clones raised for organs. The clones are excluded and discriminated to be ‘the other’ from the normal people. The manifestations of othering in Never Let Me Go can be presented in the forms of linguistic features, indoctrination, objectification, and assimilation. Although the othering phenomenon can be found in the reality, it can be appeared in literary texts as well. The findings show that the study of Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go helps us to understand and aware of how the negative consequences of the othering process affect undesirable treatments in the society as a whole.

Ecological succession of plankton in a biofloc system with molasses as carbon source

The objective of this research was to establish the ecological succession of the planktonic groups developed in a biofloc system for the cultivation of tilapia. For this purpose, 20 fish of 7±2 cm long and an average weight of 8.6 g were introduced in 200 liters’ cylinders. Every day they were fed commercial food with 40% protein. The diet was calculated considering 10% of the body mass and molasses was added to promote the development of heterotrophic bacteria maintaining a C/N ratio of 15:1. Diversity and abundance of the organisms associated with the bioflocs was analyzed during 10 weeks by direct observation under an optical microscope (Olympus CBX50) connected to an image processing software. At the same time, physicochemical parameters (pH, nitrite, nitrates and ammonium) were measured using a HANNA Aquaculture Photometer auto analyzer (HI83203). Results showed a marked succession of planktonic organisms as the system matured, with the occurrence of facilitation, tolerance and inhibition mechanisms among the groups. Chlorophytes and cyanobacteria were among the facilitator species responsible for the transformation of nitrogen compounds into assimilable forms available for the development of other organisms with more complex structures, so that -throughout the experiment- ciliates and other protozoa appeared quickly, but with variations both in diversity and abundance among the groups. Later on, rotifers, one of the most conspicuous groups, increased represented by the genera Lepadella , Phillodina , Lecane and Habrotrocha . The last group to appear was that of nematodes (sixth week), which indicates that the system was already mature by providing sufficient carbohydrates for the formation of the collagen structures of this group.

Comedic Modernism

Modern artists have long been fascinated with the pantomime, circus, and other comic entertainments, and since the late 19th century, many modernists have made use of the figure of the clown in advancing their avant-garde agendas. Turvey calls this strain within modernism “comedic modernism,” by which he does not mean humorous modernism, but rather the employment of the slapstick comedian as a subject and/or model in modernist theory and practice. Turvey accounts for the pervasive appeal of the clown to modernists by examining the European avant-garde's appropriation of film comics in the interwar period. He argues that comedian comedy's major conventions accorded with and sometimes shaped modernist innovations in this period, and that there was no single reason modern artists were drawn to the figure of the slapstick film comedian. Moreover, he suggests, most of the forms of assimilation of the clown by modernists were already established by the time they turned toward American popular cinema in the 1910s. Turvey identifies several features of slapstick comedy that modernists fastened on to: the de-psychologization and objectification of the comedian; the figure of the alienated, “sad clown”; incongruity in gags and narrative structures; the satire of the bourgeoisie and the carnivalesque leveling of social distinctions; the release of primitive, instinctual behavior; and the privileging of often rebellious objects. He then shows how Rene Clair synthesized some of these variants in Entr'acte (1924), the celebrated avant-garde short he made with Dadaist Francis Picabia, as well as some of his other more popular modernist films of the 1920s.

Современные этнические процессы у тувинцев юга Красноярского края

В статье рассматриваются современные этнические процессы у группы тувинцев, издавна проживающей на территории России, в Красноярском крае, на границе с Тувой, по реке Ус, которых называют «усинскими тувинцами». С начала 1990-х годов, в связи с упадком животноводства и массовой безработицей, они почти все переселились в два русских села, составив в них меньшинство. С этого времени среди тувинцев, особенно в детских возрастных группах развернулись особые этнические процессы, которые была призвана исследовать этнографическая экспедиция с участием автора в 2014 г. Среди усинских тувинцев был проведен массовой опрос населения по этнографической анкете. Использованы были также методы бесед с информаторами и экспертами, изучены доступные статистические материалы. Проанализированы материалы похозяйственных книг из архива местного сельсовета на разные периоды.Исследование выявило, что на русском языке вынуждены часто общаться даже те, для кого тувинский язык является родным. Наиболее ярко языковая ассимиляция проявляется в самой младшей возрастной группе. Все чаще детям даются русские имена. Все больше молодежи поет только на русском языке. В старшем поколении все знают несколько народных сказок, а среди детей и подростков таких намного меньшеУ населения присутствуют некоторые традиционные элементы в свадебном обряде, но более высокие показатели по соблюдению и знанию похоронного обряда. Встречается дуалистическая религиозная самоидентификация («буддизм-шаманизм», «православие-буддизм», «православие-шаманизм»), более трети усинских тувинцев считают себя неверующими.Постоянно национальную одежду носят в основном женщины преклонного возраста. Большая часть усинских тувинцев (64,5%) никогда не использует национальную одежду. Блюда национальной тувинской кухни встречаются в большинстве семей усинских тувинцев. Смешанных семей оказалось по всем населенным пунктам 31,7%, в межэтнические браки чаще вступают женщины. Значительное число смешанных браков ведет к появлению метисов. Исследование позволило сформулировать ряд предположений о нарастающих ассимиляционных тенденциях в области языка и др. Все это ставит под вопрос существование данной группы в будущем. Несмотря на то, что почти половина усинских тувинцев полагают, что сохранятся как этническая группа, тем не менее вторая половина их или затрудняются прогнозировать, или допускают исчезновение их, полную ассимиляцию.

Pharmaceutical fortification of Rasoushadhies for their better clinical utility

Ayurveda is known to be the oldest system of medicine whose virtue of holistic approach towards life attracts the attention of people worldwide. Ayurvedic formulations are conjuncture of herbal, mineral/metal and animal origin drugs. To effectuate therapeutic properties in these raw drugs, they are subjected to different pharmaceutical procedures (Samskaras). The fate of the drugs is predominantly decided by these procedures only. In the case of medical emergencies as well as in the management of critical diseases drug which brings about hastened relief in subordinate dose and dosage is endorsed. In Rasashastra, metals and minerals are subjected to different Samskara like Shodhana etc. to beget the properties like ‘Alpa Matra Upyogitvad’ and ‘Kshipram Aarogyam Daayitvad’ in them. The concept of incineration or Marana is the process which brings the particle size into nanometre range which makes the metal into absorbable and assimilable form. The present paper deals with the different pharmaceutical procedures which impregnate these properties in the rasa dravyas and make them suitable for use in various clinical manifestations.