Formal Features Research Articles

The dynamics of hate speech spreading on the telegram-channels of the popular kremlin propagandists

Introduction. Telegram is the most popular social network for consuming news in Ukraine. However, in a full-scale invasion, Kremlin propagandists are trying to use popular digital platforms to promote hostile narratives. Relevance of the study. Monitoring the most popular Telegram channels is an extremely demanding task. It is important to detect the signs of propaganda content, to study the dynamics of its distribution in order to effectively counter the numerous information operations of the enemy. Research objective is to propose a mechanism (computer analysis of texts in the Telegram channels of leading Russian propagandists) for detecting hate speech usage, describe the dynamics of harmful content spread and to define its formal signs. Methodology. Computer analysis is used to search for keywords that indicate the use of hate speech, as well as collocation analysis and semantic analysis. The research material was the most popular telegram channels of leading Russian propagandists: Solovyov, Simonyan, Voenkor Kotenok Z. Results. Analysis of the mentions dynamics shows that the topic of «Nazism / Fascism» has similar bursts of attention for all three propagandists. Before the invasion single mentions were recorded, but in March-April there was a significant increase. At the end of April, when the Russians left Northern Ukraine, the number of mentions dropped significantly. The percentage of keywords remained quite high in the summer, but continued to decrease until the retreat of the Russians from Kharkiv and Kherson regions. Analysis of collocations showed that when highlighting the topic of «Nazism / Fascism», Russian propagandists most often associate it with Ukraine. Conclusions. The study showed that the hate speech towards Ukraine in the Telegram channels of popular Russian propagandists has its own dynamics. The number of posts with hate speech increases or decreases depending on the situation on the front lines. The organized nature of the hate speech spread can be considered as a formal feature of Russian propaganda and to help identify it in further research.

Active or descriptive: Textual activityand its dynamic changes of Ph.D. theses across disciplines

As an innovative and systematic genre in the academic community, Ph.D. theses have been heatedly researched in the field of English for Academic Purposes. Although research on the functional and formal features of Ph.D. theses has been abundant, their stylometric traits regarding textual activity have not been explored. Accordingly, this study explored the textual activity of Ph.D. theses and its dynamic changes across natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. A total of 150 Ph.D. theses (50 from each discipline) were analyzed, and the Q and χ^2 values were calculated to determine the textual activity of theses as well as its dynamic changes with the progression of texts. The results showed that, although the theses were found to be active in general, significant differences across disciplines do exist, in that the theses in natural sciences and humanities were more active while those in social sciences were more likely to lean towards the descriptive mode. This study has implications for widening the scope of cross-disciplinary academic genre analyses from an innovative quantitative linguistic perspective.

Aproximación a la metodología HBIM aplicado a la conservación de retablos:dosestudiosde casosen Canarias

The altarpiece is a heritage asset with specific formal characteristics, which justifies its registration in favour of its conservation and dissemination. Given its three-dimensional nature, this study proposes the use of the HBIM methodology to create a digital replica of the altarpiece, which constitutes an information model for professional, academic or informative use. Its application involves a set of processes, intervening agents and many options regarding tools -hardware and software- used according to the needs. We present two case studies: an altarpiece in its original location and another moved to a workshop, which poses different challenges on how to capture its physical configuration, what information to add and how to present it to the user. We propose a methodology for documenting altarpieces initiated in the Canary Islands and that could be extrapolated to the study of altarpieces from different periods and geographies.

Стратегии самопрезентации в авторских текстах специалистов с разным профессиональным опытом

Background. Xe article is devoted to the features of self-presentation, expressed in the author’s texts, considered in the context of evaluation of professionals. Referring to the group of methods based on the “personality-text” relation is conditioned by the change in management paradigms and importance of employee’s creative potential as well as independence in modern economic conditions. Objective. Xe aim of this study was to determine the features of self-presentation of specialists with diYerent professional experience by analyzing the texts through the selection of formal and substantive attributions that reZect the individual characteristics of the author. We assumed that the texts created by specialists of diYerent age, gender, job level will diYer in terms of formal and content-related criteria, explicit and underlying semantic structures. Sample. Xe sample consisted of 83 employees of a manufacturing company. Methods. Xe participants were asked to give seven self-descriptions, answering the question “Who am I?” and to continue 10 un[nished sentences on the topic “My profession”. Xe resulting texts were subjected to a content analysis procedure based on the statistical processing of the selected categories (relative frequencies, correlations and signi[cant diYerences between them). Results. Xe results obtained made it possible to single out two strategies for writing texts on the same topic, which reveal the author’s experience: “detached, passive” and “included, active”. Xese strategies are tracked both at the level of explicit, formal characteristics of the text and at the level of deep semantic structures — semantic roles and metaprograms. Psychosemantic correlates of experience are indicators of emotional valence (positive, negative, neutral) and indicators of the frequency of adjectives, nouns and verbs in the text. Conclusion. Xese data demonstrate the diagnostic capabilities of psychosemantic methods in assessing the individual characteristics of employees when it is impossible to calculate the social desirability of answers, as well as in obtaining important information for building correct communications with them.

Lexicographic Codification and Semantization of Language Teaching Terms

The article discusses some issues of codification and semantization of language teaching terms in term-fixing texts (specialized dictionaries and reference books). It also describes other texts which involve the type of terms under consideration – term-creating and term-using texts. The paper outlines some key features of the language teaching terms, such as interdisciplinarity, social determinism, etc. The investigation reveals the requirements put forward for terminographic semantics, examines the parameters of the presentation of terms in articles of single and bilingual reference publications, and marks off the types of definitions in term-fixing texts. The research has included detailed analysis of the macro- and microstructure of a new German-Russian reference book of the Goethe-Institute’s innovative program for teachers “Learning to teach German” (German: Deutsch Lehren Lernen), published by the Moscow University Press in 2022. The contribution provides general information about the corpus of the reference book, the subject of codified terms and their formal features, characteristics of the structure and the content of dictionary entries, as well as the principles which were taken into account when describing the concept. Both verbal and nonverbal components are outlined as important terminographic definitional features. These parts of dictionary articles help users better understand the dictionary content of terms represented in the texts of the secondary sphere of use.

English in Adverts in Ghana

The paper examines the uses of English in TV advertisements in Ghana. The paper aims to establish the formal and functional properties of English used in TV adverts in Ghana and to examine the extent to which the language used in adverts deviates from the general principles of language. Data for the study is drawn from recordings of TV advertisements done by radio stations in Ghana and analyzed using qualitative approaches. The study finds that the advertisements exhibit formal properties of the English language, functional properties, and in some cases, a mixture of both formal and functional properties of the English language. Regarding the use of standard language or otherwise in advertisements, the paper shows that the general trend is the use of standardized forms with cases of variations in lexicon and spellings. In terms of the impact of these variations on the message of the adverts, the paper suggests that the variations did not alter the messages intended in the adverts. Therefore, the author recommends integrating more variations in adverts by marketing companies to activate people's memories and adopt both functional and formal English features to attract the elite and the non-elite.

THE ART OF NOISE AND THE ART OF SILENCE – DON DELILLO’S DEAFENING SOUNDSCAPES

In his Millennial novels (those published after 2000), DeLillo explores different aspects of the human perception of identity and the world we live in. His latest novel, Silence, challenges the conventions which are understood to represent the basis of our understanding of reality – the data, its collection and recording and how it is used to configure the dimension of time. The novel opens as a routine mix of chatter, or noise, and silence as its negative counterpart representing the time passing. However, as the novel unfolds, this seemingly objective view from the outside, delves into personal experiences of the protagonists creating certain soundscapes alternating between the noise and silence, depending more and more on sensory perception rather than on rational processing. With its skeletal structure and utmost reduction of narrative elements, the novel Silence approaches the idea of silence in a similar manner to composer John Cage in his work 4.33 (1952), who researched the idea in the medium of music, an art which like literature relies on rigorous formal features. Silence, for Don DeLillo as well as for Cage is not equal to the lack of content; in contrast, it represents the alternative aspect of sound and/or noise. The silence, as much as the sound, before all, marks our perception of the lapse of time.

Moral Representation of Animals in Arabic and English Children’s Short Stories: A Cognitive Stylistic Approach

This paper investigates the moral representation of animals in two English and Arabic short stories from a cognitive stylistic (CS) perspective. Animal stories appear in a variety of forms, but all include one or more type of animals as the focus of the story. Authors of children literature use animal characters to convey moral ideas through analogy, ideas that would have greater impact than if child characters were presented. CS is the interface between linguistics, literary studies and cognitive science. It deals with the cognitive processes which influence text interpretation during the act of reading. It takes into account both the formal features of language and the nonlinguistic context of the readers in constructing meaning out of a text. The analysis in this paper is conducted through schema theory. The filling-in of textual gaps with one’s own cognitive knowledge is the basic premise behind schema theory. The hallmark of schema theory is that interpreting any kind of fiction relies on the reader’s background knowledge. When reading a text, readers interpret what is presented by supplying their own knowledge of the world. The analysis tackles the examination of both the thematic and technical tools that are employed by the writers of animal short stories to instill morals in the minds and cognitions of the child readers. The two short stories analyzed are; "Finding Nemo" by Andrew Stanton, and an Arabic one entitled "??????? ????? ?????" " kat?k?t? ????? mrt?n "(Katakito errs twice) by Nabil Farouk. The analysis yields the conclusion that the schema of any person, whether the writer or the child reader, is culturally and naturally affected.

Philip Larkin and the Stanza

Philip Larkin, one of England’s finest poets among the generation that came of age during World War II, maintained a strong interests in the formal features of verse throughout his career. This article marks the first comprehensive overview of his highly varied and frequently original use of one such feature, the stanza. A set of tables provides overall data about the relative frequency of different stanza lengths – in his four published poetry collections, in poems that he either published or planned to publish but did not appear in one of those collections, and in the unpublished verse. He turns out to have been a strikingly innovative master of stanza form. If many poets rely heavily on the quatrain as their favored stanza, Larkin makes that only one of several stanza lengths that he turns to regularly. More importantly, he composes stanzas in innovative and imaginative ways. His forty sonnets – only eight of which appeared in his four collections – reveal a variety of rhyme schemes and, occasionally, unusual placement of the breaks between portions of the sonnet. In other poems, the rhyme schemes are often irregular, making the rhyme scheme difficult to detect, particularly in those cases when he employs highly approximate rhyme. Much of his verse is also marked by frequent enjambement, even between stanzas. He occasionally links his stanzas and sometimes creates a rhyme scheme that has a different number of lines than the actual stanza length, resulting in markedly complex compositions. In all, Larkin regularly uses his stanzas to highlights key aspects of a poem’s meaning, while the intricacy of many stanza structures forces his readers to consider poems more intently.

Shakespeare’s quotations in German linguoculture: an ecolinguistic approach

The article deals with the features of eptonymized quotations from William Shakespeare in German within the framework of the translingual aspect of the ecolinguistic approach to the study of linguistic and speech phenomena. Ecolinguistics makes it possible to study the existence of language in combination of language and speech units with geopolitical, historical, social, and psychological factors. According to this approach, English is considered “super-heavy” in terms of the number of native speakers, which means it can influence the languages with a lower number of native speakers, such as “heavy” German. The aim of the work is to study the features of this influence on the example of quotations from the works of the most famous British writer of all times, William Shakespeare, which are adapted by German linguoculture and which have their own formal and functional characteristics at the present stage of German language development. German versions of eptonymized Shakespeare quotations are the result of cognitive, historical and socio-cultural factors of adaptation of new symbolic phenomena to the language environment-the receiver. The translingual aspect of ecolinguistics allows to explain the use of eptonymized units of English language and culture in the context and by means of German as a receiving language, where these units acquire specific characteristics. The establishment of these characteristics is the purpose of the presented work, which studies as an object the quotations from the Shakespeare works that have acquired the qualities of winged expressions (eptonymized quotations) on the German ground or even demonstrate a tendency to phraseology. The objectives of the work are to determine the ways in which Shakespeare's quotations fall into German linguoculture, to establish structural and semantic features of the use of eptonymized Shakespeare quotations in modern German internet discourses, to describe the main functions of such Shakespeare quotations in the mentioned discourses, taking into account the creolization factor of the text. Consideration of the socio-historical basis for the integration of Shakespeare's work into German linguoculture allowed us to identify the main factors of popularization of quotations and their penetration into the linguistic consciousness of native German speakers. These factors include translations of Shakespeare's works into German, stage productions, borrowing and processing of Shakespeare's plots by German-speaking writers, and including the works by the British author into mandatory educational programs. According to the formal features, there have been distinguished exact citations in phraseological meaning without pointing to the primary source, exact citations in phraseological meaning with pointing to the primary source, exact citations in phraseological meaning intently without pointing to the source, citation with transformations and unspoken citation without intended transformation. Such quotes perform informative, ornative, attractive, and human functions.

Jeffrey A. D. Weima, The Sermons to the Seven Churches of Revelation: A Commentary and Guide

Jeffrey A. D. Weima, <i>The Sermons to the Seven Churches of Revelation: A Commentary and Guide</i>

An Investigation of Tragedy Theory through Ingeborg Bachmann’s Play "The Good God of Manhattan"

Tragedyanın bir tiyatro biçimi olarak tespit edilişi Aristoteles’in Poetika’sıyla başlar, ancak trajedi teorisi Poetika’nın yazıldığı M.Ö. 4.yy’dan bugüne gelen süreçte büyük oranda değişmiş ve dönüşmüştür. Söz konusu dönüşüm, tragedyanın biçimsel özellikleri kadar trajik olanın kavramsal karşılığı ile de ilintilidir. Bu çalışmada, tragedyanın öz’sel nitelikleri ile bunların modern trajedi teorisindeki yeri, Ingeborg Bachmann’ın “Manhattan’ın İyi Tanrısı” adlı oyun metni üzerinden araştırılmıştır. Bunun için öncelikle, tragedyayı oluşturan temel öğeler, bu öğelerin kurgulanış biçimleri ve trajik olanın anlam bağlamı incelenmiştir. Ardından, trajedi teorisinin geçirdiği modernist evrim ve bunun sonucu olarak yaşanan anlam çoğullaşması mercek altına alınmıştır. Antik trajedi ile modern trajedi arasındaki belirgin farklılıkların bulgulanması ile trajik olanın trajedi teorisindeki karşılığının anlaşılmasına çalışılmıştır. Son olarak ise, Manhattan’ın İyi Tanrısı oyunu elde edilen bilgi ve bulgular doğrultusunda incelemeye alınmıştır. Böylelikle, metnin hem antik trajedi ile hem de modern trajedi ile ilintisi saptanabilmiştir. Metnin biçimsel öğeleri ile kavramsal katmanları trajedi teorisi üzerinden irdelenerek, oyunun tür bazındaki tespiti gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; hem Manhattan’ın İyi Tanrısı oyununun trajedi teorisi içindeki yeri ve konumunu anlaşılır hale getirmek, hem de bir tiyatro biçimi olarak trajedinin belirleyici niteliklerini açığa çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır.

Динамика языковой системы: корпусное исследование синхронной вариативности и диахронических изменений в текстах разных типов

This article presents the findings of a project exploring variation parameters of the contemporary Russian language and its diachronic changes causing synchronic variations. The key objective of this research is to conduct a series of studies embracing a broad range of contemporary Russian linguistic issues in morphology, syntax, lexical semantics, poetry analysis, sign language, etc. These studies all take the same approach to language, viewing it as a dynamic, unstable, and evolving system. All studies use massive corpus-based texts, specifically various sub-corpora of the Russian National Corpus, and employ modern quantitative corpus-based analysis methods.&#x0D; The three key research areas:&#x0D; 1) morphological and syntactical variation in written texts;&#x0D; 2) morphological and syntactical variation in various types of oral discourse;&#x0D; 3) formal characteristics of Russian poetry and unique features of poetic text structure.&#x0D; The project’s practical goal is to develop and improve the Russian National Corpus as a linguistic research tool, including updating, tagging, search capacity analysis, and integrity assessment.

"Wnętrze" Stanisława Wyspiańskiego - afisz czy plakat?

The article discusses Wnętrze by Stanisław Wyspiański, namely the formal and semantic aspects of the poster. The contexts of its interpretation are modern culture, symbolism, Wnętrze – the drama by Maurice Maeterlinck, and its theatrical production that was directed by Tadeusz Pawlikowski at the Municipal Theatre in Cracow. The formal characteristics of Wyspiański’s poster is shown with its reference to the poster, the playbill and the placard, and in relation to the correspondence of literature, fine arts and the theatre. The article points to the innovativeness of Wnętrze in Wyspiański’s artistic output, in the cultural life of Cracow at the turn of the 20 th century, and also in the development of the correspondence of arts.

Shaping Language Policy in France. Official Sphere: 8-18th Centuries Legislative Documents (Capitulary, Ordinance, Letters Patent)

The paper looks into historic processes of developing and establishing the state policy of France in the sphere of language, education and culture, reflected in such genres of regulatory documents as capitulary, ordinance, and letters patent. The focus is made on three royal documents, namely the capitulary of Charlemagne “Letter on Promotion of Literary Culture” (“Epistola de litteris colendis”, 787), the ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (“Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts”, 1539), issued by Francis I, king of France, and letters patent of Louis XIV, regulating the activities of publishing houses (“Lettres patentes et arrêt du conseil d’État du Roi portant règlement pour la librairie”, 1702). The study aims to reveal formal and content-related features of regulatory documents of the historic period under consideration. Another purpose is to identify the degree of their variability and similarity. The main methods employed in the research were textual and interpretative types of analysis. The fact that the documents compiled on behalf of French monarchs made the focus of our research defines its novelty. The findings showed that this documentation evidences the dawn and further shaping of the French national language, cultural and educational policy. The authors show that these institutional genres were designed to strengthen the royal power in France during the period between the 8th and 18th centuries. From linguistic perspective these documents are a formidable example of how the “discourse of power” emerged and got streamlined.

Imperial jade seals of China: transformations of content and form, artistic features

The great imperial seals, one of the most prominent jade articles in ancient China, were of great significence in those times. Two of its main components – a carved ornament on the top and a stamp, were not merely symbols of the feudal era, but also demonstrated the high level of technical proficiency of visual arts in ancient China. In the context of the history of the origin and development of jade seals, this article highlights the issues of evoluiton in content, form, and artistic features of the art of large imperial jade seals as it was developing during the long history of Chinese art. The article also highlights the relevance of formal and substantive features of jade seals in contemporary Chinese art, particularly in other types and genres of jade plastic arts. The form of imperial seals was developed during the early days of the Zhou dynasty. The nearly 3,000-year history of its development, spanning the Spring and Autumn period, the Warring States, Qin, Han, Sui and Tai, Song and Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, has contributed to the abundance of jade seals, their variety and the richness of their forms. During the first feudal dynasty of China - Qin, when the first highly centralized political system was established, the large imperial seal became a symbol of the emperor's power, and had administrative and social significance. The imperial jade seal had retained its status in long history of China until the end of Qing dynasty. During this period, its form and content were gradually enriched, and a unique and successive culture of the great imperial seal had been created.

Revisiting the ‘Valkyries’: Armed Females in Viking Age Figurative Metalwork

This paper offers an in-depth exploration of a group of small Viking Age figurines commonly referred to as ‘valkyries’ in Viking and Old Norse scholarship. After presenting an overview of the long research history pertaining to these finds and their varying definitions, this study re-analyses their various formal and stylistic features and proposes a new typological system based on a comprehensive investigation of the current find corpus. This is followed by a deconstruction and discussion of the ambiguous gender characteristics of the figurines and an exploration of the potential new avenues of their interpretation. The study is supplemented by detailed catalogues of all presently known finds of so-called armed ‘valkyrie’ figures as well as high-quality illustrations that demonstrate their great iconographic value for studies of Viking Age clothing, martial equipment and ritual behaviour.

Suppletion in a Three-Way Number System: Evidence from Creek

Suppletion is central to the debate on the nature of roots: whether roots are characterized by their phonology or are phonologically abstract. Borer (2014) holds that so-called suppletive verbs consist of different phonologically constant roots with overlapping semantics. Harley (2014), however, argues that suppletive verbs instantiate root suppletion: one abstract root with distinct phonological realizations dependent on grammatical environment. This squib presents additional evidence from verbal suppletion in Creek (Muskogean) that supports the view that roots are abstract. Creek suppletive verbs are part of a larger three-way number-marking paradigm and their distribution is dependent on the formal number features of their first argument.

Recuperando a esperança em meio à escuridão: o papel do gênero em narrativas distópicas

Meu objetivo é comentar a distopia a partir de uma abordagem que tem destacado, desde o início, questões de escrita em suas intersecções com questões de gênero e da desconstrução da alta e da baixa cultura. Na primeira parte do artigo, desenvolvo uma reflexão sobre o gênero da distopia, seus elementos constitutivos e suas transformações, com um olhar específico para sua dimensão de gênero, suas características formais e temáticas, bem como seus modos de articular horizontes de esperança. Na segunda parte, eu reflito sobre as convenções e desenvolvimentos da distopia, me apoiando nos estudos de Lyman Sargent (1994, 2022), em meu próprio trabalho e junto com Tom Moylan (2003, 2020), e os de Ildney Cavalcanti (2000), Ruth Levitas (2007). Entendo que a distopia permanece sendo um termo para um gênero literário distinto, com sua história particular, suas características formais, mas também sua forma evolutiva. Na terceira parte do artigo, analiso o romance de Leni Zumas, As horas vermelhas: para que servem as mulheres, como exemplo das distopias críticas produzidas hoje. Finalmente, concluo que, em tempos sombrios, a literatura distópica se torna ainda mais importante para nós, oferecendo tanto as ferramentas quanto o incentivo necessário para que interpretemos criticamente e transformemos nosso presente.

A User Research on Alternative Media

This research aims to contribute to the debate on the concept of alternative media by trying to understand what this term means for its users. The responses that emerged in the focus group discussions revealed which values and which characteristics are important in the eyes of the participants to define a media as “alternative”. The interviews were analyzed with the grounded theory method and the themes and sub-themes were determined with the open coding method. The first point to note is that interviewees consider a wide range of media as alternative. These include a channel affiliated with a large conglomerate; news broadcasters of different countries; some small-scale media organizations, journalists broadcasting through social media platforms, opposition and pro-government publishers coexist. In the study, it was determined that the alternative media users of the focus groups attach more importance to the content than the formal features such as being non-commercial. Keywords: alternative media, mainstream media, user research, journalism, focus group