Foreign Imports Research Articles

Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Currency

Abstract: In this article the author examines the impact of COVID -19 on Indian rupee. The data has been collected through secondary method such as RBI bulletin, newspapers and other research papers. The objectives of the study to investigate the impact of COVID -19 on Indian rupee, currency growth, FDI, export - import, economic stability in Indian economy and protection of Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar by making efficient economic policies. This paper cover the data of exchange rate from 2012 to 2022 to know the impact of corona. Further, this study observe the effect of Covid -19 on Indian currency by classifying the data into two categories like pre Covid -19 and post Covid -19. Pre Covid including the periods from 2012 -18 and post Covid including 2020 -22. The value of domestic currency declined in comparison to foreign currency, because the demand for foreign currency is more than domestic currency. Thus, the domestic rate of exchange increased and the value of domestic exports become cheaper than foreign imports. The study has used statistical measures such as: Arithmetic Mean (A.M.), Standard deviation {S.D.} and Coefficient of variance (C.V.).

해외개발원조가 신흥국 경제성장에 미치는 영향 분석

Bilateral relations between the United States and Mongolia have been active since 1990. In particular, the governments of the United States and Mongolia have made steady efforts to promote economic and social cooperation. One of the important factors in the economic field is foreign aid, and the close relationship between the two countries has been upgraded to the next level thanks to the aid from the Millennium Challenge Corporation. The results of empirical analysis based on data from 1990 to 2020 confirmed Foreign direct investment(FDI), ODA, Export, Import and Infra had a significant on Mongolia's economic growth using the Vector Error Correction Model. Therefore, it can be concluded that Mongolia's economy and society are moving towards the realm of economic growth and development, with a focus on strengthening the inflow of financial aid from major donors and improving the quality of foreign direct investment, and the business cycle and various resources are improving.

Measuring the effect of some economic policy variables on reducing unemployment in Egypt

The research aims to measure the impact of some economic policy variables, specifically public spending, public revenues, broad money supply, exchange rate, real interest rate, foreign direct investment, exports and imports as percentages of GDP on unemployment rates in Egypt during the period (1990-2020) using Time Series data. After conducting the stability test using the ADF test, it was found that all the model variables became static after the first difference. Therefore, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model was built and estimated. The research found that there is a co-integration relationship and that there is an inverse significant relationship between (government spending, government revenues, broad money supply, incoming foreign direct investment, and exports as percentages of GDP) and (unemployment rates), which is consistent with economic logic. The study also found that there is a positive and moral relationship between the exchange rate, real interest rates and imports as percentages of GDP with unemployment rates, and this is consistent with economic logic. The study recommended the need to increase the degree of coordination between (financial, monetary and commercial) economic policies in a manner that ensures their impact on economic activity in general and reduce unemployment rates in particular.

Impact of Remittance Inflow on Foreign Import in Nepal

Nepal is the top country in Asia to receive remittance from foreign countries. Since the 1990s, there has been a tremendous increment in the remittance inflow in Nepal. It is not an exaggeration to say that by and large, the Nepalese economy has been supported by the remittance that it received from foreign countries. But unfortunately, this remittance has not played any significant role in the development of Nepal. The major portion of this remittance is spent on importing merchandise from foreign countries. It is therefore a pertinent question, is there any empirical relationship between remittance received and import of merchandise? The researcher has tried to find out this through econometric modeling. For this, time-series data of 26 years from 1993 to 2018 have been analyzed. From this analysis, it has been found that there is a significant impact of remittance on imports in Nepal.

한국형 아이언돔 조기 확보 필요에 관한 연구

Iron Dome is a defensive weapon that intercepts long-range artillery in the form of a round roof. Israel has already developed and deployed iron dome in 2011. In the Gaza war, Israel was able to defend about 90% of Israel’s important facilities and assets thanks to the deployment of Iron Dome. Ministry of National Defense announced plans to launch a mid-term defense plan to develop a Korean iron dome to provide defense against North Korea’s long-range artillery. However Korean iron dome will be developed in the late 2020s or early 2030s. ADD is making efforts to shorten the minimum of 3-5 years by establishing a missile researcher at the Defense Science Research Institute to speed up the power generation period. In April 2022, Defense Acquisition Program Administration announced that it would develop a Korean-style iron dome by 2029 and deploy it by 2035. There are various opinions as to whether the Iron Dome is the most suitable weapon for North Korea’s long-range artillery, but the most certain is that it is a weapon evaluated as the best weapon in the current situation. If Iron Dome is not developed domestically, it may lead to dependence on foreign arms imports or to limit the acquisition of domestic military technology. Now we need to get away from the idea of leaving it in a loophole in defense. Korea needs to pursue practicality because it is to increase the national interest in the true sense of raising the capacity of the nation.

India's Muslims: The 'Other' Within?

Three assumptions have been crucial to the Hindu Right wing’s discourse in post independence India. Firstly, this discourse takes as a priori that Islam is a foreign import to India. Accordingly, the coming of the faith to the subcontinent during the Medieval period is seen as having ‘cataclysmic’ implications, disturbing its erstwhile tranquility in the form of forced conversions, temple desecrations and so on. Secondly, this discourse conceives Modern Indian Muslims as a discrete, homogenous community, whose loyalty is at worst questionable, on account of their affiliation with a foreign civilization. Lastly, in its self-perception, the Hindu Right partly derives legitimacy by presenting itself as successors and custodians of a Millennium-old Hindu subjectivity: a collective Hindu trauma precipitated by the cataclysmic coming of Islam in India, which enables a vision of the latter atrocities through ‘memory’. Critics often point to the violent implications of this discourse for Indian Muslims, especially since the rise of the BJP in the late 20th Century and the waves of communal violence that it has left in its wake. Less often do critics delve into the historical veracity of the Hindu Right’s claims. Far from being an ‘objective’ contact with memory, I will show how the Hindu Right’s discourse derives its genealogy from the British colonial discourse on Islam and the Muslim community in India. I shall do so by analyzing British colonial narratives, in relation to statements on Muslims issued by the two earliest RSS chiefs. Moreover, I will highlight how this discourse grossly oversimplifies the history of Islam in the subcontinent. This kind of a historical critique will be significant in unsettling the Hindu Right’s claims to memory and not just in condemning the violent manifestations of its politics.

Research on the Impact of Corruption on a Country's Trade Flows — Based on the Extended Trade Gravity Model

According to Transparency International, the level of corruption in Indonesia has been high. Based on the traditional gravity model, this paper introduces CPI and its secondary items as explanatory variables, and constructs a balanced panel data to explore the impact of corruption on the import in Indonesia. GMM estimates show that the corruption in Indonesia has an inverted U-shaped relationship with its foreign imports, and the corruption of Indonesia and its trading partners will lead to the growth of bilateral trade flows in the short term, but that will not achieve the sustained and healthy development of Indonesia’s trade. In order to promote the prosperity and development of China’s external trade, China should on the basis of its actual situation to propel the reform of the legal system and the construction of anti-corruption, clarify the powers and responsibilities of its governments, and standardize foreign trade procedures.

Research on the Identification Standard of Public Body in the Sense of ASCM

Under the trend of economic globalization, the foreign import and export trade of all countries in the world is bound to be more prosperous in the end. More than 40 years ago, an old man overcame all the opinions and made a major historical strategic choice to implement reform and opening up. After that, China also continued to implement the "going global" strategy. However, in the foreign trade of China's state-owned enterprises, they were frequently subjected to countervailing investigations by some countries importing raw materials and products led by the United States. These countries often identify Chinese state-owned enterprises as public body in their countervailing decisions, which has greatly damaged the interests of Chinese state-owned enterprises. In the identification of subsidy measures, the identification of "public body" has become an important part, which leads to the problem of how to identify "public body". On this basis, this paper first introduces the relevant background to clarify the importance of the identification standards of "public body", then systematically explains and evaluates the relevant identification standards existing in WTO practice, and finally puts forward its own suggestions for the improvement of the existing identification standards of "public body" and Chinese Countermeasures on this basis.

Multiple accounting and driving factors of water resources use: A case study of Shanghai

Previous research papers on urban water resources accounting were confined to the perspectives of production and consumption, ignoring the perspective of income. This paper proposes a systems framework to analyze the income, production, and consumption-based water uses and underlying driving forces of a city based on the methods of multi-scale input-output analysis and structural decomposition analysis. A case study is performed for Shanghai as a megacity. The results show that the income, production and consumption-based water uses of Shanghai had decreased from 5.70 billion m3, 10.85 billion m3 and 28.45 billion m3 in 2007 to 2.80 billion m3, 6.20 billion m3 and 24.10 billion m3 in 2017, respectively. Domestic imported primary inputs had emerged as an important virtual water supplier of Shanghai and its share of total supply-side water use had increased from 23.92% in 2007 to 42.95% in 2017. Meanwhile, about 46% and 40% of Shanghai's total consumption-based water use had been imported from other Chinese regions and foreign countries in 2017, respectively. It is revealed that trade played an important role in relieving water use pressure in Shanghai. The factors that had increased the uses of water resources in Shanghai include population, per capita value-added, per capita output, final consumption structure, and per capita final consumption. The factors that had reduced the water uses in Shanghai include technology, value added mix, output structure, value added structure, domestic import, commodity mix, and foreign import. It is suggested that in addition to curbing urban water use from the production side, more targeted water-saving measures should be devised from the supply (e.g., restricting loan to heavy water-consuming enterprises) and consumption sides (e.g., encouraging residents to buy low-water products).

The China Syndrome Affects Banks: The Credit Supply Channel of Foreign Import Competition

AbstractDid the rise of Chinese import competition in the early 2000s affect banks’ credit supply policies? Using bank-firm-level data on the universe of Spanish corporate loans, we find that banks rebalanced their loan portfolios away from firms facing Chinese import competition and toward profitable firms in nonexposed sectors. Banks supplied more credit also to the construction sector, albeit independently of firms’ profitability. This was not due to banks’ exposure to the housing boom. Rather, the geographical concentration of the manufacturing industries competing with China left local banks with few alternatives other than local construction firms to rebalance their loan portfolios.

EFFECT OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS ON EAST JAVA ECONOMIC GROWTH 2011-2020

"The Effect of Exports and Imports on Economic Growth in East Java Province for the Period 2011 - 2020". This research is motivated by the economic growth rate which shows an increase of 5.6% in East Java Province. This figure is certainly greater when compared to the national economic growth which increased by 5.4%. Economic growth in East Java certainly gets a contribution from foreign trade activities, namely exports and imports. In addition, the author's curiosity about the conditions of exports and imports in the province of East Java and their influence on economic growth also triggered the author to compose this thesis. especially with the existence of several business conditions in the country and in the world that can have a direct or indirect influence on international trade. This study aims to examine the effect of: (1) exports on economic growth in East Java Province, (2) imports on economic growth in East Java Province, and (4) exports together with imports on economic growth in East Java Province. This research uses a quantitative approach with the type of explanatory research. Sampling using non-probability sampling technique, while the data used is secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) East Java in 2011 – 2020. The data analysis method used in this research is multiple linear regression test. The results showed that (1) exports had an influence on economic growth in East Java Province, (2) imports had no effect on economic growth in East Java Province, and (4) exports together with imports had an influence on economic growth in Java Province. East.

DISENTANGLING PERSIANATE SELFHOOD FROM METHODOLOGICAL NATIONALISM

ABSTRACTFrom the twelfth to the nineteenth century, Persian was used as the language of power and learning across Central, South, and West Asia. Mana Kia's Persianate Selves: Memories of Place and Origin before Nationalism, a searching account of selfhood across this vast region, is novel in its use of Derridean deconstruction to distill shared forms of belonging and affiliation during the political disarray of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Kia is part of a growing and important chorus of scholars who are questioning primordialist conceptualizations of identity by challenging widely held assumptions that Persian is a language that has always belonged to Iran or that its use in India was a foreign import, out of place and unnatural. More broadly, Kia's work holds a mirror up to historians of precolonial contexts, encouraging us to think more carefully about the fundamental conceptual and descriptive language that we use to describe how people inhabited those worlds.

Material assets of the mobilization of Armed forces of the Czech Republic at the beginning of the 21st century

This article focuses on the identification of key factors of material resources in the field of equipment, armaments and military vehicles within the Czech state needed for effective mobilization. The primary goal is to answer the question of whether the Army of the Czech Republic still has adequate supplies of these key resources and whether it has the ability to increase these resources in crisis situations without significant dependence on foreign imports. The above analysis revealed mostly sufficient stocks, but at the same time significant limitations were identified in some categories, especially in their technical and moral quality (obsolescence, respectively), especially in most types of military vehicles. The issue of dependence on foreign imports concerning raw materials then changes considerably, from the minimum (combat dress) to the almost maximum (ballistic helmet) level.

Determinan utang luar negeri Indonesia dengan pendekatan error correction model (ECM)

Abstract The purpose of this research is: 1) to identify the development of foreign debts, exchange rates, exchange reserves, GDP, imports, and exports in Indonesia. 2) to analyze the long-term and short-term impact of exchange rates, exchange reserves, GDP, imports, and exports on Indonesian foreign debt. This study uses a quantitative descriptive analysis method of time-series data from 1995 to 2019. It uses multiple linear regression analysis tools with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Error Correction Model (ECM) with the help of Eviews 8. The source of data from the Sentral Statistics Agency (BPS) and Bank Indonesia. The data analysis technique is multiple linear regression, unit root test, ECM, partial hypothesis testing using t-test and simultaneously using F-test with a significance level of 5%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that in the long-term, the exchange rate, foreign exchange rate, GDP, imports, and exports have a significant effect on foreign debt, while in the short-term, GDP does not have a significant impact on foreign debt.

Hollywood’s Embassies

Hollywood’s Embassies

Openness to trade, foreign direct investment, and economic growth in Vietnam

ABSTRACT Using data over the period 1986 to 2020 and employing the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag bounds testing technique, we examine the linkages amongst economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), exports, and imports in Vietnam. The ARDL technique is particularly well-suited in the presence of a mixture of stationary and non-stationary variables. We find a long-run relationship indicating that FDI strongly promotes economic growth, but exports and imports do not have a statistically significant impact on growth. The robustness of these results is confirmed by a range of diagnostic tests and alternative methods of estimation. Additionally, the vector error correction model reveals that, in the short-run, both imports and exports have bidirectional Granger causality with FDI, while FDI has bidirectional Granger causality with economic growth in the long-run. Our findings suggest some policies to develop FDI to bolster economic growth.

Protection for the Neediest? Comparative Advantage, Tariffs, and Political Economy Dynamics under NAFTA

ABSTRACT In theory, a country will impose tariff barriers to protect the domestic industries and firms that are less competitive relative to foreign imports. This study investigates whether revealed comparative advantage (RCA) is related to tariff protection in the three large North American economies. I find little evidence for the hypothesis that higher RCA values always correspond to lower tariff levels. The effects of RCA on tariffs are heterogeneous across sectors; consumer goods are likelier to see higher tariffs as RCA increases than agricultural or other goods. These results challenge the theory that export-competitive goods will necessarily receive less tariff protection.

Identifying the drivers of changes in embodied food-energy-water in the Bohai mega-urban region, China: A perspective of final demands.

Food-energy-water (FEW) systems in the Bohai mega-urban region (MUR) have experienced astonishing changes in recent decades; however, the dynamics of these changes are not fully understood. This study combined an ecological multiscale input-output model and a structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to explore the variation in embodied FEW consumption and its drivers. The results showed that, although almost all sectoral embodied FEW intensities decreased, embodied FEW demands increased by approximately 9.9×108 tons, 4.61×107 TJ and 1.1×1011 m3 over 10-year period. The embodied FEW flow diagrams show that local consumption and trade were strengthened. Urban household consumption, fixed capital formation and exports were the main components affecting the embodied FEW use increases. An SDA revealed that the consumption level effect (∆c) was the dominant contributor that promoted the increase in the Bohai MUR's embodied FEW consumption. The scale effect (∆p) also had a positive effect on the embodied FEW consumption increases. The technological effect (∆e) was the primary contributor to offset the embodied FEW consumption increase. The economic efficiency effect (∆L) and structural effect (∆sd) also contributed to offsetting the total embodied FEW consumption increase. The effect of the change in domestic and foreign imports (∆D and ∆F) impacted the increase in embodied FEW mainly through the change in the embodied FEW intensities and trade volumes. This study identified the changes in FEW systems and highlighted future coping strategies.

Technology imports, independent innovation, and China's green economic efficiency: an analysis based on spatial and mediating effect.

Environmental quality and economic growth are important factors that need to be balanced for sustainable development, especially in developing countries where technology is relatively backward. Many studies have shown that technology imports may be beneficial to economic growth, but once the resources and environment are taken into consideration, the role of technology imports becomes blurred. Based on provincial panel data of China from 2004 to 2019, this paper investigates the influence mechanism of domestic and foreign technology imports on the green economic efficiency (GEE) of 30 provinces in China. There are two main conclusions: First, GEE is spatially related and the impact of technology imports on GEE has a significant spillover effect. Besides, the relationship between technology imports and GEE is non-linear, both in terms of direct and indirect effects. Second, independent innovation plays an important role in the influence mechanism of technology imports on GEE. As the level of independent innovation increased, the impact of technology imports on GEE turns from negative to positive, and it is strengthened through the channel of "transfer-absorption-diffusion-re-innovation." In this regard, some measures should be taken to enhance the role of technology imports in improving GEE.

Recordkeeping culture in Switzerland: the impact of language and communication on the success of recordkeeping initiatives

PurposeRecords management has been heavily influenced by practice in English-speaking countries but is often seen as a foreign import in non-Anglophone countries. This study aims to investigate how using English terminology or translating records management terminology into French in a Francophone environment impacts on the success of recordkeeping strategies.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted with Francophone archivists and records managers in Switzerland to assess their communication strategies and the language used to communicate recordkeeping objectives.FindingsThe research findings indicate that in a Francophone environment, archivists and records managers who use French terminology are more successful in promoting recordkeeping objectives than those who use English terminology. Given that research was limited to one Swiss canton, more research is needed to test these findings in other Francophone cantons, provinces and countries.Originality/valueThis study is important for the success of recordkeeping initiatives in non-Anglophone countries. It highlights the need to take into account the local information culture and use terminology with which people are most familiar.