Foothill Areas Research Articles

Association between the physical activity and metabolic syndrome in residents of a foot-hill area in India

Background and aimsPhysical inactivity, has been linked to development of metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Aim of the study was to assess the level of physical activity and it's association with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in a semiurban foothill population of India. MethodsParticipants (n = 288), >18 years of age were enrolled. Their demographics and clinical details were recorded. Fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity were measured. Physical activity was estimated using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and converted into metabolic equivalent in minutes per week. Results37.5% of study population was found to be physically active, with more males (43.3%) being active than females (23.3%). Inactivity was associated with higher triglycerides levels in males and with higher hip circumference, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose in females. No significant difference was found in the oxidative stress, indicated by decreased glutathione peroxidase activity, between active and inactive persons or persons with normal and increased body mass index. ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of physical inactivity in this region of India, with prevalence of physical inactivity higher is females as compared to males. No significant co-relation was found between the levels of activity and components of metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in the study population.

Evaluation of phytochemicals, antioxidant property and effects ofcultivated at foothill area of Uttarakhand on hyperglycemic rats

Cichorium (C.) intybus is an important medicinal herb has been used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha System of Medicine for treatment of liver, stomach, kidney and skin diseases. It is also used as blood purifier, antipyretic and antibacterial. Free radicals or highly reactive oxygen species are capable of inducing various degenerative diseases through oxidative damage to cells/organs in human being. The study was aim to determinate the phytochemical characterization and evaluates the antioxidant property and effects of cultivated in foothill area of Uttarakhand on hyperglycemic rats. The antioxidants compounds of the were also determined. Leaves and roots of Kasni plant are rich in phytochemicals and antioxidant compounds, but significant (P<0.05) difference in phytochemicals and antioxidant property were observed between two parts leaves and roots of the plants. The leaf extract of the plant was also exhibited significantly (P<0.05) effects on hyperglycemic rats. Hence, both parts leaf and root of chicory plant can be used in prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and maintaining normal blood biochemical parameters as well as in reduction of oxidative stress in human being.

Land abandonment and restoration in the Polish Carpathians after accession to the European Union

Abandonment of cultivation particularly applies to mountainous areas, characterized as less-favorable areas. In addition to natural conditions, changes in land use are also influenced by socioeconomic factors and systemic transformations. One factor that affected the agriculture of post-socialist countries in Europe was their accession to the European Union. A study of changes in land use that occurred during this period can thus offer interesting insights related to the contemporary landscaping process. To this end, this research analyzes Dukla, a small commune located in the Polish Carpathians for which land-use maps were made based on aerial imagery. These maps recorded the landscape just before Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2003, and its current status as recorded in 2018. Abandoned land area was found to have decreased by 17% in the studied region over that time, with a simultaneous 12% decline in agricultural land area. In contrast, forest and settlement area had increased. In this commune, a clear division was seen between the foothills area, with distinct increase in the area of abandoned land; and the mountainous region, characterized by a decrease in abandoned land. It seems that in mountainous areas, the lack of potential for a non-agricultural livelihood induced farmers to restore abandoned fields. The analysis conducted also showed a reduced impact of environmental factors on abandoned land area. In 2003, this parameter was affected by topography, distance from forest, and soil quality; while in 2018, this only correlated to topography.

Potato breeding in mountainous and foothill areas

The work is to develop new competitive potato varieties. The studies were carried out in mountainous conditions on mountain meadow soils in a zone free from viral infection. According to the scheme of the breeding process, in the parent nursery, hybridization was carried out in 18 combinations, 16837 seeds were obtained. In the preliminary test nursery, 3 hybrids formed yields of over 50 t / ha. High yield of hybrids was also noted in the nursery of the main trial. Of the 7 hybrid offspring in the nursery of the 1st year competitive trial, 4 provided a yield higher than the standard variety. Hybrids 13.61 / 66 were isolated from 4 hybrids of the II year competitive test nursery. In the nursery of the third year competitive test, all tested hybrids formed a high yield (2.1-45.5% higher than the standard). The 10.11 / 770 hybrid has been submitted for state testing. Hybrid 10.11 / 765 (Osetinsky variety) is included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements.

Chukchansi Yokuts

Chukchansi belongs to the Yokuts language family (ISO 639 code: yok) ancestrally spoken in the San Joaquin valley of Central California and in the adjacent foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The headquarters of the Chukchansi tribe is located in Coarsegold and many members of the tribe live in and around Madera and Fresno counties. As shown in the map in Figure 1, there are three major territories of the Yokuts: Northern Valley Yokuts, Foothill Yokuts, and Southern Valley Yokuts. While the territory of the Chukchansi is in the foothills area, the dialect is linguistically Northern Valley (Whistler & Golla 1986), as shown in Figure 2. Yawelmani, a Yokuts language that has been a subject of extensive linguistic research (e.g. Newman 1944, Archangeli 1983, Weigel 2005), is a dialect of the Southern Valley Yokuts. It is unclear to what extent Yokuts varieties are mutually intelligible. Yokuts is often considered to be a part of a larger Penutian language family (e.g. Dixon & Kroeber 1913, Sapir 1921, DeLancey & Golla 1997). While the status of Penutian as a macro-family is disputed, Yokuts is very likely related to the Miwok and Costanoan language families of California (Callaghan 1997).

Ecological and epidemiological features of the distribution of toxoplasmosis in the territory of Dagestan

Aim . To study the ecological and epidemiological features of the spread of toxoplasmosis in the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. Material and Methods . A total of 3152 people in the 7‐50 years age range living in Makhachkala, Kaspiysk, Derbent and rural settlements of different climatic and geographical zones of the republic, were examined for toxoplasmosis. Among those surveyed were 1817 women and 82 children. Disease with toxoplasmosis was diagnosed according to laboratory and clinical and epidemiological data. Of the serological research methods, RIF (immunofluorescence reaction) and ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) were used. Based on the survey results, ecological and epidemiological maps were complied Results . It was revealed that the inhabitants of lowlands are 1,7 times more likely to be infected with toxoplasmosis than mountain settlements. The unequal frequency of toxoplasmosis infection in residents of mountainous and foothill areas depends not only on the altitude of the area above sea level, but also on soil moisture (plains and foothills), the intensity of isolation (highlands), as well as contact with infected domestic and agricultural animals. Infection with toxoplasma invasion in different territories varied within the range of 17.3%‐29.1%. Conclusion . Identification of the sources of toxoplasma invasion was undertaken structured around regionally‐oriented methods for the prevention of the disease. Typifying the sources of toxoplasmosis included monitoring: levels of sanitation when in contact with insufficiently thermally processed food products; obligatory hand washing after working with the soil; contact with pets; special sanitary and veterinary control over persons in contact with animals, as well as sanitary and medical care of patients and pregnant women.

Silage maturity of maize in a foothill area with NIRS method support

The aim of this work was to identify and quantify the relationships between the classification of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids into FAO groups and the dry matter content in the dynamics of vegetation development in a foothill area. The work summarises the results of 9 experiments (140 hybrids, 20 FAO groups). Determining dry matter content was made by a combination of gravimetric determination and NIRS method. Dynamics of the development of dry matter content were evaluated at the level of vegetation days and calendar days. The assessment at the level of the calendar day has sufficient informative value and is more suitable for practical use. Climatic factors were expressed by the index of the relative condition of field crops (RKPP) and we monitored their influence on the dynamics of the development of dry matter content. We found statistically significant differences in the RKPP index between the harvest seasons in each area and at one of the three monitored localities. ± 1 unit of RKPP means a shift of ± 2.66 days of silage maturity. We defined the silage maturity in terms of reaching a dry matter content of 30%. In individual experiments, it was reached on average on the 273rd day, but in a wide range of 40 days. This range was 44 days at the level of individual hybrids and the level of FAO groups. The FAO230 group (the most numerous) range of silage maturity reached 28 days. We have compiled a proposal for a model for the evaluation of silage maize hybrids based on silage maturity. The results show that the use of FAO maturity groups does not provide a suitable basis for estimating silage maturity.

THE PROBLEM OF DESERTIFICATION IN THE NURATA MOUNTAINS AND WAYS TO OVERCOME IT

Desertification is one of the most pressing problems in the world. Therefore, the problem of desertification has been studied and analyzed on the example of Nurata mountain and foothill areas.

Аварийные раскопки на могильнике Маяк-1

As a result of work on located near the Altai region Krasnoshchekovskij district Mayak-1 burial ground in 1997 it was established that «mound 3» in group 1 consisted of IV–III centuries BC three mounds attached to each other in triangular shape. According to all data there was a deliberate arrangement of three cultural groups burials: 1) Pazyryk people (burial mound 3b); 2) Pazyryk people who perceived Kamenskaya culture burial rite with mound device of several burials around the central (mound 3b); 3) unknown cultural affiliation population with a circular arrangement of graves around the central one, with the burial of a man in undercut grave, and a full horse carcass in the entrance pit of the grave (mound 3a). The materials indicate that this foothills area was the contact one where Pazyryk population and adjacent plain inhabitants mixing and acculturation took place

Элементы культового комплекса домашнего очага в погребальной практике населения Предкавказья в скифский и сарматский периоды

The article discusses the cult objects found in the burials of the Scythian and Sarmatian times of the Central Ciscaucasia: metal chains, vessels with pebbles and chains, bronze cauldrons, cauldron-shaped pendants, etc. Using the legends of the Nart sagas about Batraz, the God of Thunderstorms and the Lightning, and ethnographic data on the above cult objects, the author reconstructs elements of a complex cult of hearth. Two different variants for cauldron-shaped pendants and chains finds both on the sites of steppe cultures of Scythians and Sarmatians and in the autochthonous burials of Koban culture in the territory of the Central Ciscaucasia indicate the coexistence in the region of two substantially similar hearth cults: steppe (Indo-European) origin, first brought by the Scythians, later by the Sarmatians, and autochthonous (Indo-European) origin, known from the Middle Bronze Age (finds of bronze pot-shaped pendants), cultivated by the population of Koban culture. Finds of vessels with pebbles and chains, cauldron-shaped pendants and other objects associated with the hearth cult in the burials of the last centuries BC in the foothill areas of the Central Ciscaucasia — the area with the mixed population, suggest a symbiosis of the two cults, similar by type, but different by their origin.

Plant pollination calendar of the Southern Сoast of Crimea and elimination therapy at the resort

BACKGROUND: Plant pollen can influence the climatotherapy and elimination therapy results of respiratory allergic diseases. Flora diversity and the poorly studied prevalence and etiology of pollinosis on the Southern Coast of Crimea determine the need for aeropalinological studies of this region to optimize the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with respiratory sensitization. AIMS: To determine the potentially unfavorable periods for the stay of patients with pollen sensitization on the Southern Coast of the Crimea and develop a plant pollination calendar of the Yalta resort MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was conducted in the coastal and foothill area of Yalta in 20112013. The study determined the content of pollen in plants that are passively deposited from the air onto the glasses-traps using the gravimetric method. The taxonomic belonging of the pollen was established by collecting the plant pollen of the Southern Coast of Crimea. RESULTS: A total of 19 pollen taxa have been identified in the air of Yalta, of which 10 had sensitizing properties. Cypress (49.7% of pollen of the average annual amount) and most deciduous trees with allergenic pollen (4.7% of pollen) were intensively pollinated in MarchApril, Poaceae grasses (1.6% of pollen) in May, and weed grasses (1.6% of pollen) in late August to early September. Birch and alder pollen was not detected. On average, 2.2 times less pollen was detected in the coastal area air of the resort than in the foothill area. The plant pollination calendar of the Yalta resort has been developed. CONCLUSIONS: The intensive cypress pollination period in MarchApril is least favorable for patients with pollen sensitization to stay on the Southern Coast of the Crimea. Poaceae in May and weeds in late August to early September create an insignificant pollen load. A plant pollination calendar has been developed to predict unfavorable aeropalinological periods and optimize the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with pollen sensitization in the Yalta resort. The best conditions for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with respiratory allergies have been identified in the coastal area of the resort. The absence of birch and alder pollen in the air contributes to the elimination therapy at the Yalta resort.

Early Sarmatian Burials from the Chechen Republic Territory

In 2018, Kurgan 2 of Gvardeyskiye 3 Kurgany (the 3rd Gvardeiskiy Kurgans) in the Nadterechny District of the Chechen Republic was studied. In the result, nine burials were found in the Kurgan which was created during the Early Bronze Age and continued to be used in the course of the Middle and Late Bronze Age. However, the three most recent burials date back to the Early Iron Age period. The burials were localized inside the existing embankment and formed a compact group. In two cases, the burial type was not identified; nevertheless in one case, the burial was constructed in a catacomb. The grave goods are mainly presented by ceramic vessels from the workshops of the sedentary population from the foothill area of Central and Eastern North Caucasus regions. The conclusion was made that the investigated Kurgans were left by the nomadic North Caucasian steppes population of the 3rd–1st centuries BC due to the feature analysis of the Early Iron Age burial complexes.

Quantifying Recycled Moisture in Precipitation in Qilian Mountains

Studies about the hydrological cycle based on basin or regional scales often ignore the uniqueness of recycling moisture in mountain areas, and little effort has been made to understand the impact of the local recycled moisture on precipitation in mountain areas. We collected and analyzed a series of samples (stable isotope of precipitation, soil water, plant water, runoff, and groundwater) in the Qilian Mountains, northwest of China. Based on the isotopic mixing model, the characteristics of recycled moisture in the Qilian Mountains were evaluated. The results showed that lateral advection moisture is the primary source of precipitation (83.5~98.38%). The contribution rate of recycled moisture to precipitation was higher in the spring, summer, and autumn (2.05~16.5%), and lower in the winter (1.62~3.32%). The contribution of recycled moisture to precipitation in the high-elevation areas (>2400 m) was higher than that in the foothills area (2100~2400 m). The contribution of vegetation transpiration (fTr) to precipitation in the east of Qilian Mountain was higher than that of the land surface evaporation (fEv). These proved that in the eastern part of Qilian Mountain, the arge-scale water cycle has a greater impact on precipitation in the area. The influence of local circulating water on precipitation dominated in the summer half of the year. Understanding the contribution of local circulating water to precipitation in the eastern part of Qilian Mountain will help us to understand the local hydrothermal conditions better and provide a basis for rationally arranging local agricultural production activities.

Residence Formation and Development in the Desert and Low-Desert Regions of Uzbekistan

This article is about the causes of deserts in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, the nature of deserts and steppes, and the study of such areas by scientists, the natural resources of deserts and their development. On this basis, the main features of the formation and development of settlements, the composition of settlements in Uzbekistan in 2000 and 2020, the distribution of the number of settlements in the desert, mountain and foothill areas, and proposals and recommendations for the future.

Diurnal Variation and Distribution of Short-Duration Heavy Rainfall in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region in Summer Based on High-Density Automatic Weather Station Data

The distribution and diurnal variation of short-duration heavy rainfall (SDHR) and the influence of a complex underlying surface were studied by using fine-scale hourly precipitation data in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region during the summers of 2014–2020. Areas prone to SDHR are located mainly in the southern foothills of the Yanshan Mountains, the foothills area, and the trumpet-shaped topographic entrance area north of Beijing, areas inland of the west coast of Bohai Bay, and the northern Beijing urban area. Owing to the influence of topography and the geographical location, the distribution and diurnal variation SDHR is significantly different in the western and northern mountainous areas, the foothills, and the plains. Compared to the underlying urban surface, the topography and the land–sea interface have considerable effects on the distribution of SDHR. A key finding is that the foothills of northern of Beijing, eastern slope and piedmont area of the Taihang Mountains, and the land–sea interface of Bohai Bay play important roles in the formation and propagation of SDHR.

DISTRIBUTION AREA AND CREATION CAUSES OF WATER EROSION IN LANKARAN REGION

The distribution area of water erosion has been determined, factors causing creation and intensification of erosion process have been identified in Lankaran region in this article. It was known that a main reason in intensification of erosion process in Lankaran region is anthropogenic factor. Trus, ill-considered human economic activity, replacement of natural forest cover with agricultural crops, untimely and improper organization of antierosion control measures have led to a decrease in soil quality and productivity, as well as accelerated erosion processes. 
 The mountainous, foothill and plain areas of Lankaran region, which are the object of research, are at risk of water erosion. The total area of the region is 636,3 thousand hectares. Of this, 266,5 thousand hectares, or 41,9% were subject to various degrees of erosion.

Органы мочевыделительной системы: развитие, врожденная патология

Согласно последней информации о врожденных пороках, на факторы наследственного генеза приходится 23–40 % случаев, 50–51 % имеют мультифакторное происхождение, а 2–5 % обусловлены тератогенным воздействием. В общей структуре врожденной патологии пороки мочевой системы составляют от 30 до 50 % и занимают ведущие места в зависимости от территориальных особенностей. В статье рассмотрено эмбриональное развитие почек и кратко проанализирована классификация аномалий мочевой системы. Механизмы тонких процессов нефрогенеза на молекулярном уровне подчинены работе структурных генов, факторов транскрипции, роста и других активных веществ. Главная роль принадлежит генам homeobox F13 i O14 (HOXA13 i HOXD14), которые регулируют активность групп структурных генов. Механизм наследования данных генов, как правило, мультифакторный или сцепленный с полом, а чаще всего — полигенный. Выделены факторы риска развития пороков мочевой системы в общем и представлены факторы риска аномалий мочевой системы в Черновицкой области в зависимости от территориальных особенностей. В горных районах Черновицкой области риск развития врожденных пороков мочевой системы повышался у беременных в возрасте до 20 лет, при третьей беременности, при наличии маловодия и фетоплацентарной недостаточности. В предгорных районах частые аномалии мочевой системы обнаружены пренатальным скринингом у беременных в возрасте от 20 до 24 лет, при второй беременности, которая сопровождалась фетоплацентарной недостаточностью и обвитием пуповиной шеи плода. Риск развития аномалий мочевой системы в равнинных районах возрастал у беременных в возрасте до 20 лет, при третьей беременности. Такая беременность часто сопровождалась маловодием и обвитием пуповиной шеи плода. Часто аномалии мочевой системы диагностировались у плодов мужского пола независимо от места проживания беременной. В развитии патологии мочевыделительной системы играют роль факторы, действующие в перинатальном периоде, а именно хроническая фетоплацентарная недостаточность, маловодие, гестоз различной степени, инфекции органов мочеиспускания, которые у матери во время беременности приводят к хронической гипоксии плода, что в дальнейшем сопровождается формированием врожденных пороков развития мочевой системы.

СТЕПЕНЬ ЗАРАЖЕННОСТИ ДОМАШНИХ КУР ГЕЛЬМИНТАМИ В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ ЗОНАХ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА

Within the framework of these studies during 2014-2015, the levels of extensiveness and intensity of infection by various types of helminths were studied for three age groups of chickens from local breeds, reared in outdoor stabling conditions and walking areas of family poultry farms in mountainous (Khizi district), foothill (Khachmaz district) and lowland (Saatly district) territories. In studies carried out in these three climatic zones, intense infection of birds with helminths at 3-4 months of age, making uo withA.galli EI 62.3, H. gallinarum EI 50.8, II 1-30, R.tetragona IE 36, 6, 1-14, S.trachea EI 29.1, C.obsignata EI 17.7 %, II 1-13, in 5-7 months of age Sinqamus II 1-19, in adults Askaridia II 1-36, were recorded in foothill areas. A low level of extensiveness and intensity of invasion of infected birds was found in lowland areas, and a medium level in foothill areas. One of the main reasons for this is low temperature and high relative humidity in mountainous areas, high air temperature and low relative humidity in low-lying areas and a suitable air temperature and relative humidity in foothill areas for the development of helminth eggs in the external environment.

Multi-hazard susceptibility and exposure assessment of the Hindu Kush Himalaya

Mountainous regions are highly hazardous, and these hazards often lead to loss of human life. The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH), like many mountainous regions, is the site of multiple and overlapping natural hazards, but the distribution of multi-hazard risk and the populations exposed to it are poorly understood. Here, we present high-resolution transboundary models describing susceptibility to floods, landslides, and wildfires to understand population exposure to multi-hazard risk across the HKH. These models are created from historical remotely sensed data and hazard catalogs by the maximum entropy (Maxent) machine learning technique. Our results show that human settlements in the HKH are disproportionately concentrated in areas of high multi-hazard risk. In contrast, low-hazard areas are disproportionately unpopulated. Nearly half of the population in the region lives in areas that are highly susceptible to more than one hazard. Warm low-altitude foothill areas with perennially moist soils were identified as highly susceptible to multiple hazards. This area comprises only 31% of the study region, but is home to 49% of its population. The results also show that areas susceptible to multiple hazards are also major corridors of current migration and urban expansion, suggesting that current rates and patterns of urbanization will continue to put more people at risk. This study establishes that the population in the HKH is concentrated in areas susceptible to multiple hazards and suggests that current patterns of human movement will continue to increase exposure to multi-hazards in the HKH.

Application Of Water-Saving Technologies In Gardening Uzbekistan

As a result, existing water shortages in Uzbekistan eliminate the negative consequences arising, effective and rational use of water and land resources, the use of water-saving technologies in irrigation of crops helps to save water and other resources up to 35-50%. The development of horticulture and viticulture increases the efficiency of land use in mountain and foothill areas, at the same time satisfies the need for fruits and grapes of the local population, and also serves as the main foundation of the domestic market with cheap enrichment and quality products.