Folklore Works Research Articles

Anthropology and Ethnology as Scientific Bases for Studying Folk Art: as Illustrated by French Researchers

The development of anthropology and ethnology in Europe of the late 18th century was facilitated by accumulation of practical material which provided grounds to study the human and human communities at various angles. Studies of folk art (folklore) remain relevant at present; globalization, the development of technology, mass media and communications have become factors to promote modern folklore. The works of folk art and modern folklore reflect the mentality, culture and traditions of the people, the development of language and literature, changes in social structures and values of society. The scientific basis for the study of folk art is anthropology and ethnology. The purpose of this article is to draw attention of researchers to the works of French scientists and show the range of anthropological studies concerning socio-cultural context of emergence and existence of folklore. The article presents the stages anthropology development with examples from the works of French scientists, many of which are little known in Russia. Finally, it is concluded that anthropological and ethnological approaches make it possible to study folklore and its role in the dynamics of culture and history.

Linguacultural and cognitive aspects of teaching the language of Kazakh legends

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that, in the information society, people are beginning to forget their roots, traditions, values and cultural origins, which have been formed throughout the history of the country's formation. Restoration of the lost through the study of folklore (tales, fairy tales, epics, proverbs, sayings, etc.) can revitalise the historical and cultural legacies of the past and advance global comprehension. In this regard, this article is aimed at defining the basic principles and approaches to teaching the language of Kazakh legends and other folklore works. The leading methods for studying this problem are the methods of analysis, classification, deduction, synthesis, generalization and comparison of results, which will help to study the issue of the linguistic, cultural and cognitive impact of the learning process of the language of Kazakh legends. Folklore genre studies’ features are outlined, and their salient features are emphasised; conducted a thorough literature analysis and elucidated the fundamental ideas of teaching legends; strategies, tactics, and ways to improve students’ reading comprehension in the context of teaching folklore were found.

Zora Neale Hurston, Anthropometrist

Abstract: Zora Neale Hurston's academic scholarship began in physical anthropology, measuring Black bodies and relating their statistical data to racial type. While Hurston's critics have understood her subsequent work in fiction and folklore as fleeing this troubling research, this essay reconsiders her work in anthropometry as well as the narratives of embodiment that she curated in Mules and Men . Employing what Frantz Fanon in Black Skin, White Masks theorizes as "a slow composition" (111) of "self as a body," this rereading presents Hurston as an acute critic of eugenic interpretive methods whose writings anticipate the racism built into contemporary facial recognition algorithms.

SEMANTIC SYNONYMS IN THE EVEN LANGUAGE

Background. The topic of synonymy in the Even language has been insufficiently studied so far. The relevance of the study lies primarily in the fact that semantic synonyms have not yet received sufficient coverage in the Even language, while they play an important role in the development of the lexical system of the language.
 The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristics of the functioning of synonyms in the Even language, which is of value in typological comparative studies of both related and unrelated languages. The novelty is that for the first time in the Even language, semantic synonyms by shades of values are considered on the basis of analysis.
 Materials and methods. As a source of research, artistic and folklore works, the Even-Russian Dictionary by V.A. Robbek, M.E. Robbek. When studying semantic synonyms of the Even language, the methods of continuous sampling and linguistic analysis was used.
 Results. Based on the analysis of semantic synonyms in the Even language, it was revealed that they differ in shades of meaning and introduce an additional concept into the disclosure of the expressed reality, being stylistically neutral. Shades of meaning are expressed in the degree of manifestation of the feature, in the scope of the covered phenomena, actions, in abstractness and specificity, in additional meaning. Semantic synonymy is characteristic of parts of speech such as the noun, adjective, verb, adverb.
 Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in teaching the Even language, compiling a dictionary of synonyms of the Even language.

Folk Motives in Modern Russian Literature

The article discusses folklore motifs in modern Russian literature, the use of folklore elements in their various genres, as well as issues of enriching literature with folklore elements. The main goal of the study is to show not only folklorists but also professional readers the trends of modern literature. As Academician D.S. Likhachev noted, works that do not have an author are called folklore works. In folklore, there may be a performer and a storyteller, but there is no author or writer as a unique element of the artistic structure. Folklore, like literature, is the art of words. This gives rise to the use of literary terms: epic, lyricism, dramaturgy. They are usually called birth. Each type covers a group of works of a certain type. Genre is a type of artistic form (fairy tale, song, proverb, etc.).

ФОЛЬКЛОРДУК ЧЫГАРМАЛАРДЫН МЕКТЕП ОКУУЧУЛАРЫН ПАТРИОТТУУЛУККА ТАРБИЯЛООНУН БУЛАГЫ КАТАРЫ ИЗИЛДЕНИШ ТАРЫХЫ

This article analyzes the history of studying the problem of patriotic education from the ethno-pedagogical side. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the ideas of the classical teacher, as well as the analysis of the works of Soviet teachers. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the concept of patriotic education in folklore works is considered in connection with the materials of Kyrgyz folklore. The points set out in the article will be useful to those who conduct research in the ethno-pedagogical direction and conduct school education. Our awareness, education, professionalism, material and economic development should be accompanied by transparent morality, civilized behavior, internal spiritual culture. It became clear that society is only improving thanks to the conscience and responsibility of every citizen who is the motherland. With pure faith and a generous spirit, our society would have pure governance, pure creative work, peace, harmony and stability. Today, the primary task on the national scale and the necessary social needs of our society is the adoption of spiritual and moral education of citizens, future generations, the development and implementation of its concept, strategy.

ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ВОЙНА 1812 Г. В БАШКИРСКОМ ФОЛЬКЛОРЕ

The Patriotic War of Russia against the Napoleonic invaders is a bright page of the valor and courage of the peoples of our Motherland. The brave Bashkir people, who made up the most massive component of the irregular cavalry, also contributed to the victory. The participation of the Bashkirs in this war is a vivid example of loyalty to their duty, manifestation of courage and valor. The theme of the Patriotic War was reflected in history, fiction, the presence of the national cavalry is described in memoirs and works of fine art. This article is devoted to the topic of displaying it in Bashkir folklore. The heroic struggle of the Bashkir warriors as part of the Russian army against the troops of Napoleon is reproduced in various genres of Bashkir folk art, among which legends, legends, songs, legends and songs stand out. The theme is also presented in the epic and baits, the patriotic content of which shows the great changes that have taken place in the public life and spiritual culture of the people. In folklore works, a heroic image of a Bashkir warrior was created, in which the best character traits of the Bashkir people are summarized, and one can clearly trace the attitude of the people to the war, its participants and leaders. In 2022, Russia is celebrating the 210th anniversary of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. The relevance of this study lies in showing that despite the passage of more than two centuries separating us from these fateful events, the historical significance of folklore works of this period has not decreased. Painted with motifs of patriotism, the immortality of the people who stood up for their honor and freedom, works of folklore, as a memory of those heroic years, still live among the people and play an important role in the scientific and educational process and patriotic education.

The gypsylorist as occultist: anti-gypsy stereotypes and the entanglement of esotericism and scholarship in Charles Godfrey Leland’s work on ‘gypsy magic’

ABSTRACT Magic and fortune-telling have been standard elements in stereotypes about Europe’s Romani minorities since the fifteenth century. These stereotypes produced two mutually contradictory images of the Roma: That they possess real occult powers, and that they are frauds. Both images were perpetuated by nineteenth-century ‘gypsylorist’ scholarship, which construed ‘the gypsies’ as Europe’s internal Orientals. This article demonstrates that the most influential gypsylorist author on magic, the folklorist Charles Godfrey Leland (1824–1903), sought to harmonize the two images through a new theory of magical efficacy – building on established work in folklore as well as his own life-long engagement with esotericism. Leland’s alignment with occultism is a textbook example of the entanglements of esotericism and scholarship in the period. Seeing occultism as a constitutive context for gypsylorist speculation on ‘gypsy magic’ sheds new light on the history of Romani studies and helps explain the perpetuation of anti-gypsy stereotypes in alternative spirituality.

FORMATION OF CIVIC COMPETENCE OF YOUNGER SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH MEANS OF ORAL FOLK CREATIVITY

The article outlines and characterizes the main structural components of the civic competence of junior high school students: value-motivational (awareness of belonging to the Ukrainian people, forms a conscious attitude to the Motherland, to national values and wealth, and stimulates the junior high school student's desire to form civic knowledge and be able to apply it); cognitive (implements the information function, forms a system of civic knowledge, is based on the systematic and analytical thinking of a junior high school student); activity (civic skills and skills that form the experience of participation in society and a democratic state).
 The levels, criteria and indicators of the formation of civic competence are characterized.
 The classification of genera and genres of works of oral folk art is determined. The pedagogical potential of works of Ukrainian folklore in the formation of civic competence of younger schoolchildren has been clarified.
 A model of the formation of civic competence of junior high school students was developed, which provides for the gradual (stimulating-motivational, information-enriching and practice-oriented stages) implementation of specific pedagogical conditions, which were filled with new content, forms, methods and means that reflect the essence of a holistic educational process of forming of the researched personal quality of primary school students.

Literary Concept of «Vezhestvo» as an Ethico-Aesthetic Basis for the Works of Russian Literature and Folklore

Literary Concept of «Vezhestvo» as an Ethico-Aesthetic Basis for the Works of Russian Literature and Folklore

Collections of Livvic dialectal materials in the Phonogram archive of the Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Introduction. The article presents the overview of the Livvic dialectal audio materials stored in the Phonogram Archive of the Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science (Petrozavodsk). Materials and Methods. The article is based on the digital information resources, folklore-ethnographic and linguistic data obtained in the ILLH KarRC RAS archives. The research was carried out using descriptive, comparative, historical and chronolohical methods. Results and Discussion. The Institute’s Phonogram Archive stores field materials which have been collected by the Institute’s specialists since the 1930s. These are speech samples, folklore works, as well as information about the culture and life of the peoples living in the Republic of Karelia, and neighboring regions. The article considers collections of audio materials in the Livvik dialect of the Karelian language, which were collected on the territory of South Karelia in the Olonetsian, Pryazha’s, Suoyarvi’s, Pitkyaranta’s districts. They include not only speech samples, but also some data on ethnography, toponymy, folklore, etc. Part of the material from the Livvic collection (dialect and folklore-ethnographic materials) is presented in the article as the tables that help navigate it. It can be useful for a wide range of specialists: ethnographers, linguists, folklorists, historians. Conclusion. The collections of Livvic dialect and folklore-ethnographic materials of the Phonogram Archive of the ILLH of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences include valuable linguistic, folklore and ethnographic material. The authors have presented a small part of the unique material stored in the archive. Digitization of archival and field audio samples of Karelian speech in the format of a speech corpus can further simplify the processing and storage of materials, can make it possible to introduce into academic and research environment and make available the unique audio materials which reflect the state of Karelian and Vepsian dialects since the middle of the last century.

A FOLKLORE EVENT AS AN EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE OF A NON-RITUAL LYRO-EPIC WORK

The article examines the peculiarities of the representation of an existential event in a folklore work, primarily, the function of the existential word. It emphasizes that the category of freedom in the perception of the natural characteristics of a person and their spiritual integrity correlates in lyric-epic works with the understanding of a moral act as an individual decision and an axiom of the entire life path.
 The work focuses on the peculiarities of the existential consciousness of the author-performer, which are revealed in the folklore work through the understanding of the uniqueness of each person, the moments of entering their life world into the world of other people. This can be traced on the example of ballads, chronicle songs, emigrant, rebel, prison songs, etc. The plot modeling of a non-ritual folklore work makes it possible to present each individual act of a person in the aspect of meaning-making of the whole life. So, the folklore event represents such an ethical-philosophical paradigm that makes it possible to understand the act as a fact of unique, unrepeatable being and the moral-ethical dimension of this fact.
 The work focuses on how a poetic word in a folklore work stands out in the field of perception of an important episode of a person's life, which in an artistic interpretation becomes a significant folklore event. The author-performer presents their own vision of the causes of life's drama, and this assessment becomes a kind of invective for understanding important moral imperatives.
 On the basis of examples of lyrical-epic folklore, one can understand the true dimension of the ontological values of the ethnos, in which all events, realities of reality, human actions are shown not in some chosen hierarchy, but in the constant flow of complex and contradictory human existence. The author-performer presents all subjects and objects in a single plane, giving each of them an important meaning.

Вариативность пословиц и поговорок (на примере лезгинского материала)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the variability of Lezghi folk proverbs and sayings. We consider the features of the phenomenon of variability in the aphoristic genre of Lezghins. Particular attention is paid to cases of variation and interchange, since variability is one of the main conditions for the existence of folklore works. The purpose of the work is to indicate and designate not only similarities, but also differences in the corpus of proverbial variants, which will allow us to first systematically and typologically describe the variability of the aphoristic genre. The paremiological fund of Lezghins presents traditional versions of proverbs and sayings. One of the main distinguishing features of proverbs, along with tradition, is variability and variability. It is noted that the variability of a number of proverbs can be correlated with the semantics of words and the types of their transformation. It is proved that the variants preserve the compositional-semantic integrity of the verbal unit. To establish structural patterns in specific variants, it is necessary to have a theoretically substantiated idea of the variation processes. It is possible to build a typology of variability only if one has a large corpus of factual material. The material of the study was proverbs and sayings from dictionaries and folklore collections. Considered more 15 000 proverbs were examined, from which the corresponding samples were extracted by the method of continuous sampling. We divided proverbs and sayings into separate groups based on their logical structure. We have analyzed the following forms of proverbial transformation: contamination and rethinking of the informative part, as well as reduction (reduction, truncation) and expansion (strengthening) of the constituent part. The proposed analysis can be considered as a statement of the problem that requires further more thorough development.

Specific Character of the Folklore Translation: After the Material of Hungarian and Slavic Languages

The translation of fiction and folklore works has its own specific character. It covers poetry and prose, lyrics and drama. Modern translators use the advice and creative heritage of their predecessors, in particular Maksym Rylskyi, who has combined scientific and folkloristic activities with translation from Slavic and non-Slavic languages, made a number of valuable comments on the issues of translation, its adequacy, transmission of the national identity of works, etc. Attention of the other translators and researchers has been also drawn to the issue of the translation of folklore works into Hungarian and Ukrainian. É. Grigássy, Zs. Rab, I. Petrovtsii and others are among them. They testify that besides the language competence, this work requires certain extralinguistic knowledge of ethnology, history, local studies, etc. They talk about two main dangers in such translations: on the one hand, it is the leveling of the national flavor of the work, its transformation into one’s own work; on the other hand, the text should not sound foreign, but should be natural and easy to read. The translation of various genres and types of folklore has its own specificity. Thus, significant difficulties arise when translating the Slavic heroic epos into Hungarian, the volumetric form of dumy and byliny, their epicness, dynamism, etc. Reproduction of the flavor of folk songs is demonstrated in the article exemplified by the translations of Hungarian calendar and love songs into Ukrainian. Then the authoress presents a number of samples of her own translations from the bilingual collection Hungarian Folk Fairy Tales of Uncommon Beauty, commenting the transmission of realia, proper names, phraseological units, language formulas – initial, medial and final. Despite certain doubts about the ability to translate folklore works into very different (not close) languages successfully, it can be said with certainty that it is possible, but this process requires, in addition to deep linguistic and discourse knowledge, extralinguistic, as well as poetic skill and talent of the translator.

Поэтика абазинских сказок

Poetics is an an essential component of literary and folklore works, and therefore, the appeal of this literary problem is relevant. Some issues of the poetics of Abaza fairy tales were touched up-on in the works of V.B. Tugov, but as an independent scientific problem, it is posed for the first time, which ensures the novelty of the work. The purpose of the article is to study the verbal and figurative structure features of the na-tional fairy-tale prose texts. The direct tasks include comprehending such significant composi-tional elements as: a fantastic verse, the ways of manifestation of the narrator, the antithesis tech-nique, realistic and psychological details, portraits of people and animals, landscapes and their functions, semantic content of the names of the cardinal directions, images of a hill and a furnace, toponyms, hydronyms, phytonyms, food names. The research material was three main collections of the Abaza fairy tale epic: “Abaza fairy tales” (Mineralnye Vody, 2015), where two independent editions of T.Z. Tabulov, 1947 and 1955, are brought together; “Tales of Abazashty” (Stavropol, 2016), which is also a reprint of three col-lections released at the time by V.B. Tugov; “Abaza folk Fairy tales” (Cherkessk, 1986), compiled by V.N. Meremkulov. In some cases, we turned to the fairy tales included in the book “Abaza ma-terials A.N. Genko” (Sukhum, 2019) and “Abaza Folk Tales” (Moscow, 1985), which is a book of Abaza fairy tales translated into Russian. The main method of research is descriptive: the authors record observations, reinforce them with examples from various works, comment and draw conclusions. As necessary, a comparative method is used when studying the image of the furnace in Abaza and Russian fairy tales or when correlating individual folklore phenomena with literary ones. In some cases, a psychological method is used when the emotional state of the characters is considered, and a method of motiva-tional analysis is used when studying the motives of ingratitude, betrayal, and cruelty.

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE LANGUAGE OF FOLK EPICS

Folk poets used the elements of language to decorate the artistic language in order to describe the events of the epic in an extremely interesting and exciting way. Usually, high goya is manifested through high artistry in folklore works.

EXAMPLES OF AZERBAIJAN VERBAL FOLK LITERATURE IN THE INSTITUTE OF MANUSCRIPTS OF NAS OF AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC

This article is devoted to the identification and study of extant manuscripts of Azerbaijani verbal folk heritage. Currently, manuscripts of Azerbaijani folklore are stored in the archives and libraries, private collections and museums, both in our country and abroad, and most of these manuscripts of Azerbaijani folk heritage are kept in the book depositories of Iran, Turkey, Russia and European countries. Some of the preserved manuscripts of the Azerbaijani folklore are also kept at the Institute of Manuscripts named after Muhammad Fizuli of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, which is one of the richest book depositories of Muslim-Oriental manuscripts in the World. Until recently, we did not have sufficient information about the topic descriptions. For the first time we compiled the Catalogue of Manuscripts on the Folklore genre of the collection of Institute of Manuscripts of NAS of Azerbaijan Republic, including a paleographic description of 375 manuscripts. This Catalogue of Manuscripts was published in 2007. It should be noted that the manuscripts of Azerbaijani folklore works are kept mainly in the personal archives of prominent Azerbaijani figures who highly appreciated the significance and uniqueness of these works and were engaged in collecting ancient manuscripts with Azerbaijani folklore works. We have studied small samples of written folklore, which were copied books called "emsal" (example), or into the margins of manuscripts on various topics, and in places of lacunae of the text of manuscripts. The Institute of Manuscripts of NAS of Azerbaijan Republic keeps manuscripts of folk epics, dastans, proverbs and other works of Azerbaijani folklore.

“Urgencies” in the Field: Three Perspectives

Abstract Taken from a virtual presentation at the 2021 annual meeting of the American Folklore Society, three folklorists come together to present their ongoing work under the auspices of “urgencies of the field.” Jon Kay concerns himself with the urgencies of our temporal, corporeal bodies, in addressing creativity in older adults and offering suggestions for cross-pollination between folklore studies and gerontology and creative aging. Maida Owens focuses on climate change and the radical displacement of communities, turning to the concern of what happens to cultural traditions when the people of a community must relocate. Grounded in Indigenous approaches, Tim Frandy considers a decolonizing of our minds with real-world applications that guide us toward better stewardship of the natural world and better physical and mental health practices. Three folklorists, working within the intersectionality of public and academic spheres, and expanding the reach and impact of folklore's work, are finding ways to use their skills and knowledge to address unwelcome urgencies in our world.

Turner Family Stories: From Enslavement in Virginia to Freedom in VermontThe Most Costly Journey: Stories of Migrant Farmworkers in Vermont, Drawn by New England Cartoonists

Turner Family Stories: From Enslavement in Virginia to Freedom in VermontThe Most Costly Journey: Stories of Migrant Farmworkers in Vermont, Drawn by New England Cartoonists

Traditional Bookishness: On the Issue of the Content and Scope of the Concept

The author analyzes the concept of “traditional bookishness” in scientific discourse, noting its unreasonably wide, not terminological, but rather metaphorical use. The reasons for this seem to be: 1) an arbitrary idea of the scope and composition of this concept, which, depending on the field of knowledge, can be identified with folklore works, and sacred texts, and with medieval literature in general, and with the literature of reflective traditionalism, and with “ready word” narratives, etc.; 2) understanding of traditionalism as a single, homogeneous and monolithic creative system, while it appears in at least three of its modifications: traditional-canonical, conservation-etiquette and imitative-rhetorical.