Flowering Phase Research Articles

Семеноводство сои на орошении в условиях Левобережья Саратовской области

The article discusses the main stages of soybean cultivation using irrigation in the arid conditions of the Left Bank of the Saratov region. The purpose of the work is to analyze the technology of soybean cultivation under irrigation in the arid conditions of the Saratov region, to establish optimal irrigation periods and norms. A brief technological scheme is presented, including soil preparation, sowing, irrigation, harvesting and post-harvest refinement of soybeans. In the conditions of the Left Bank of the Saratov region, it is necessary to cultivate soybeans for seed purposes using zoned varieties, strictly in accordance with agro technology and irrigation. Compliance with agro technological techniques allows you to obtain stable soybean yields with minimal application of herbicides and rational use of irrigation water. Depending on the conditions of moisture availability of the growing season, from 3 to 5 watering is carried out with a rate of 450‑600 m3 / ha. Watering is usually carried out from mid-June to mid-August. If dry conditions form after germination, the first watering is carried out even earlier – in the phases of formation of 2‑3 nodes on the plant. Critical phases of development for soybeans in terms of sensitivity to lack of moisture are the phases of flowering – bean formation – seed filling, this period lasts the duration of which is 1.5‑2 months. During that period, the soil moisture in the 0.5‑0.7 m layer should be at least 60‑65% the lowest moisture capacity (LC) on light soils, 70% LC on medium and 75‑80% LC on heavy soils. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the depth of groundwater in order to avoid their contact with irrigation water. The total water demand, taking into account the coefficient of water use (CWU) and the efficiency of irrigated areas, is 296‑518 thousand for soybean irrigation m3 per irrigation period, depending on the conditions of moisture availability during the growing season. At the same time, the last watering carried out in the conditions of the Saratov Left Bank in August should be carried out strictly taking into account the predicted weather conditions.

SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOWING ALFALFA DEPENDING ON SOIL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

The article presents a review of literature sources on the study of alfalfa productivity depending on the influence of sowing dates, mineral phosphorus-potassium nutrition, soil liming, pre-sowing seed treatment with bacterial preparations and modes of grass stand use when grown for fodder purposes. It was found that the change of photoperiod in the year of sowing was a signal in alfalfa plants to pass through the microstages of growth and development, which was determined by the length of daylight hours and sowing dates, regardless of hydrothermal resources. Observations showed that the crop reached the beginning of flowering phase (code 61-62 of the BBSN) at daylight hours of 14:53-16:12 h, while at 12:48 h it reached the budding phase (code 49 of the BBSN). Regardless of climate change, which has been observed for more than a decade, sowing alfalfa provided the highest productivity indicators with early spring sowing and long-term use of the grass stand. Over the three years of vegetation, its leaf mass yield averaged 47.03 t/ha, dry matter yield was 11.09 and 2.07 t/ha of crude protein, and gross and metabolizable energy were 204.72 and 104.52 GJ/ha, respectively. At the same time, with the recommended summer sowing date (20 July), the indicators decreased by 9.1, 11.5, 13.1, 12.2 and 11.7%, respectively. Analysing the agro-ecological resources of Ukraine, given the natural soil fertility, moisture, temperature and light conditions, they are quite favourable for the maximum realisation of the biological potential of the fodder productivity of sowing alfalfa within the yield of fodder units of 10-12 t/ha and 1.8-2.2 t/ha of digestible protein. Among the elements of intensifying the cultivation of seed alfalfa for the production of plant raw materials and harvesting of various types of fodder, fertilisation is the most effective factor influencing their quantity and quality. To calculate the amount of mineral fertiliser, we take into account the biological characteristics of the crop, its cyclical growth and development during the growing season, the method of sowing and the duration of grassland use. Regardless of the geographical origin of the seed alfalfa, for two years of using the grass stand and observing technological measures of cultivation (lime, phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilisers, seed inoculation), alfalfa provided the highest yield of crude protein of 5.83-5.97 t/ha when mowing the first mowing in the flowering phase, the second - at the beginning of flowering and the third in the budding phase. Mowing of three mowings of sowing alfalfa at the beginning of the flowering phase contributes to the effective use of the light regime of the growing season as the main factor in increasing productivity. Innovative technologies for growing seed alfalfa use growth-regulating agents of various origins, microfertilisers and biological seed treatment products to increase yields and dry matter quality for foliar feeding. The complex application of these preparations provides an increase in the yield of leaf mass by 16.6-18.2%. Thus, in the context of modern agricultural development, alfalfa is one of the components of reducing the anthropogenic load on the agro-ecological system and increasing the production of environmentally friendly high-protein feed and livestock products for the purpose of efficient use of hydrothermal resources and environmental protection.

Korišćenje ručnog multispektralnog senzora i bespilotne letelice u praćenju razvoja i produktivnosti soje u prirodnim uslovima vlaženja

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the leading cultivated crops globally. Although the region of Vojvodina is favorable for soybean production, the climate, especially high temperatures and uneven distribution of precipitation, represents a major limiting factor. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between soybean yield, water stress levels, and vegetation indices obtained using a handheld multispectral sensor and a drone under natural moisture conditions on a test plot in Čenej, Vojvodina. The results showed a significant correlation between vegetation indices with evapotranspiration, soil moisture changes, and soybean yield. During the intensive growth phase (V4), NDVI-UAV, EVI-UAV, and GNDVI-UAV showed highly significant positive correlations with yield (r=0.96**, r=0.94**, r=0.86*). During the flowering phase (R1), GNDVI-POM had significant positive correlations with all analyzed parameters, while GNDVI-UAV had significant correlations with evapotranspiration and soil moisture. During the pod formation phase (R3), GNDVI-UAV again showed a significant correlation with yield (r=0.86*), while NDVI-POM had significant correlations with evapotranspiration and soil moisture. During the pod filling phase (R4), EVI-UAV showed highly significant positive correlations with evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and yield (r=0.94**, r=0.96**, r=0.89**). These results are useful for the application of multispectral sensors in detecting soybean water availability and improving production under natural moisture conditions

Mineral composition of chickpea grain (Cicer arietinum L.) depending on the fertilization with liquid organic fertilizers

The objective of the study is to establish the effect of the liquid organic fertilizers Naturamin Plus and Amalgerol Essence on the mineral composition of chickpea grain (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment was conducted in the period 2019-2021 in the region of Central South Bulgaria. Fertilizers were tested in two phases of development of the chickpea: growth phase (4th leaf) and beginning of flowering. The results obtained about the mineral composition were processed with ANOVA. The application of liquid organic fertilizers in chickpea has a proven positive effect on the N content in the grain. The highest content was found after treatment with Amalgerol Essence at a dose of 3.0 l/ha at the beginning of the flowering phase. The liquid organic fertilizers Naturamin Plus and Amalgerol Essence do not significantly change neither the content of the other macroelements (P, K, Ca, Mg) nor the content of the trace elements Fe, Cu and Mn in chickpea grain. Treatment of chickpea with Naturamin Plus and Amalgerol Essence at the beginning of the flowering phase results in reduced Zn content in the grain. During fertilization with Naturamin Plus and Amalgerol Essence a tendency to increase the Ca:P ratio in both phases of application was observed. The fertilizers had a more pronounced effect on the Ca:Mg ratio when applied at the beginning of the flowering phase.

Эколого-фенологические особенности черники обыкновенной (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) в условиях горных территорий Кабардино-Балкарии

The study of phenological development regularities of common bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus L. in mountainous areas of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic (Central Caucasus) was carried out. The species completely passes all stages of seasonal development, successfully flowers and fruits in rather stressful natural and climatic conditions of high mountains. In forest cenopopulations of bilberry at an altitude of not more than 2400 m above sea level, the most favourable conditions for the species were observed, contributing to an increase in the duration of phenological phases of flowering and fruiting. When V. myrtillus grows in high-mountain alpine meadows, the delay and reduction of duration of flowering and fruiting of the species, unfavourable for self-sustaining population numbers, are characteristic.

Study and evaluation of varieties of non-traditional forage crops in the conditions of the cryolithozone

In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where the main focus of agriculture is animal husbandry, there is a problem of providing cattle with high-quality feed. Currently, the productivity of natural hayfields in Yakutia, due to their irrational use, has decreased from 1.5-1.7 t/ha of hay in the 50s and 60s of the last century to 0.5-0.7 t/ha. Traditional annual and perennial forage crops do not provide the full amount of dry and juicy feed needed. In this regard, research has been conducted on the permafrost floodplain soils of Yakutia to study and search for varieties of non-traditional forage crops that would guarantee a high annual yield of forage mass. The varieties of mogara Altaysky 23, common millet Barnaulskoye 98, Barnaulskoye 18 and Africanskoye K-157 were studied. Experiments have shown that in the conditions of the cryolithozone, the development of mogara plants and common millet plants proceeds slowly and reaches the beginning of flowering phase at the end of the growing season, Africanskoye K-157 millet has more accelerated development and it stops at the beginning of seed maturation. The most leafy millet variety Africanskoye K-157 - (160.4 cm2/plant) provides the highest productivity of green mass (39.8 t/ha); the studied varieties of non-traditional forage crops are rich in protein content (12.5-14.3%), feed units (0.50-0.55 g per 1 kg), exchange energy for ruminants animals (7.1-7.4 MJ/kg).

AVALIAÇÃO QUANTITATIVA DE ÁCIDOS AMARGOS, XANTHOHUMOL E ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS PRESENTES EM FLORES DE DIFERENTES CULTIVARES DE Humulus lupulus L. PRODUZIDAS NA REGIÃO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF BITTER ACIDS, XANTHOHUMOL AND ESSENTIAL OILS PRESENT IN FLOWERS OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF Humulus lupulus L. GROWN IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL. Hop flowers contain chemical substances that are used to confer sensory properties to beer. Hop flower products have very high commercial value, but national production represents less than 2% of domestic consumption. In this work, flowers from different hop cultivars grown in northeast of Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará) were analyzed to quantitate metabolites of industrial interest. Flowers from the initial and three consecutive harvests were collected, and bitter acids and xanthohumol were evaluated by HPLC-UV and essential oils by GC-MS. The cultivar Columbus was subjected to only 10% of the irrigation time during the third flowering phase to evaluate the effect of water stress on the formation of metabolites. Compounds were detected in appreciable quantities in all samples, and consecutive flowering of some cultivars showed a significant increase in total bitter acids with successive harvests. Plants subjected to water stress showed an abrupt decrease in the concentration of compounds. The cultivars evaluated by liquid and gas chromatography showed a significant concentration of bitter acids and essential oils within the expected range, and the chemical composition of the oils showed different compounds characteristic of hops.

Optimizing the protection of winter wheat from phytopathogens to obtain a healthy harvest

The article deals with the results of production comparative experiments of fungicides applied in the flowering phase of winter wheat in the Stavropol region in the zone of unstable humidification. It was found that the maximum biological efficiency against fungal diseases within 24 days fungicides containing active substances prochloraz + tebuconazole and diphenoconazole + tebuconazole possess. The highest yield was obtained in the variant where we applied fungicide with active substances prochloraz + tebuconazole with a rate of consumption of 1.2 liters / ha 69.2 kg / ha this is 2.7-7.7 kg / ha more than in other variants. It was found that the mass of a thousand grains is directly correlated with yield, in the variant with the use of fungicide with active substances prochloraz + tebuconazole the mass of a thousand grains was the maximum 45.4 grams. Phytoexpertise of seeds showed that the lowest content of fusarium grains was in the variant with the use of fungicide with active substances prochloraz + tebuconazole. Not high content of fusarium grains 1.7-2.0 % was in the variants where we treated with fungicides containing active substances diphenoconazole + tebuconazole and spiroxamine + prothioconazole.

Phenological Variations in the Content of Polyphenols and Triterpenoids in Epilobium angustifolium Herb Originating from Ukraine.

The composition of secondary metabolites undergoes significant changes in plants depending on the growth phase and the influence of environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to determine the harvesting time of plant material for the optimum secondary metabolite profile and therapeutic activity of the primary material. The shoots of Epilobium angustifolium are used as a healing tea due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the composition of phenolic compounds and triterpenoid saponins in E. angustifolium leaves and flowers and to estimate the dynamics of their content depending on the flowering phase. Qualitative and quantitative characterisation of polyphenols and triterpenoids in E. angustifolium samples from Ukraine of three flowering phases were performed using the high-performance liquid chromatography photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) method. During the present study, 13 polyphenolic compounds and seven triterpenoids were identified in the plant material. It was noted that the largest content and the best polyphenol profile was in late flowering. The most important polyphenolic compounds in the plant material were chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitin, and oenothein B. The triterpenoid profile was at its maximum during mass flowering, with corosolic and ursolic acids being the dominant metabolites. The results of the analysis revealed that the quantity of many of the tested metabolites in the raw material of E. angustifolium is dependent on the plant organ and flowering phase. The largest content of most metabolites in the leaves was in late flowering. In the flowers, the quantity of the metabolites studied was more variable, but decreased during mass flowering and increased significantly again in late flowering. The results show that E. angustifolium raw material is a potential source of oenothein B and triterpenoids.

Study on content of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the raw materials of Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.

The aim of this work was to determine the component composition and quantitative content of flavonoids, including catechins, in the leaves, shoots and fruits of Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.) for further standardization of raw materials and establishing antioxidant activity of their water-ethanol extracts. Materials and methods. The leaves, shoots of Parthenocissus quinquefolia were collected during the phase of mass flowering in July 2020 and fruits were collected during full ripeness (September – October 2020) in Lisnyky village of Obukhiv district of Kyiv Oblast (Ukraine). Determination of the component composition and quantitative content of flavonoids, including catechins, was carried out by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an Agilent Technologies 1200 liquid chromatograph. Identification and quantitative analysis were carried out using standard solutions of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin-3-b-glycoside, naringin, neohesperidin, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin) and catechins (pyrocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and halocatechin). Antioxidant activity was determined by the spectrophotometric method at 347 nm by the ability to inhibit the autooxidation of adrenaline in vitro.Results. As a result of the study, 9 phenolic compounds were identified: rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-b-glycoside, naringin, epicatechin, catechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin gallate. It was determined that rutin, quercetin, epicatechin, and catechin predominate in the leaves, shoots, and fruits of Virginia creeper.It was established that the extracts of leaves with shoots and fruits of Virginia creeper show a pronounced antioxidant activity due to their ability to inhibit autooxidation of adrenaline in vitro.Conclusions. The high content of rutin, quercetin, epicatechin and catechin in the leaves, shoots and fruits of Virginia creeper has scientific interest, due to discovered compounds have a valuable pharmacological effect. The obtained results can be used for the standardization of raw materials of Virginia creeper, and differences in the quantitative content of halocatechin in different types of raw materials, as well as the presence of naringin in leaves and shoots and luteolin in the fruits of Virginia creeper as diagnostic features of this species raw material.The results of the study of antioxidant activity confirm the prospects of using this raw material for the creation of new drugs with antioxidant activity

ФИТОСАНИТАРНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ АГРОФИТОЦЕНОЗОВ ГОРОХА ПОСЕВНОГО ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СИСТЕМАХ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ

Research was carried out to determine the influence of various systems of basic soil cultivation on the prevalence and development of pests in the agrophytocenosis of peas. The work was carried out in 2017-2019 in the Republic of Mordovia in the second rotation of the crop rotation: peas - winter wheat - soybeans - spring barley. The experimental scheme included the following options: autumn disking at 10…12 cm + moldboard plowing at 22…24 cm (disking + plowing); autumn disking with a disc harrow at 10…12 cm (disking); zero tillage (direct sowing). The use of disking and direct sowing increased the infestation of crops with young weeds, compared with plowing, by 12 and 24 weeds/m2. Plowing led to a decrease in the amount of thistle and horsetail. The prevalence of rust and gray rot in peas was largely influenced by weather conditions favorable to pathogens. In 2017 the prevalence of rust in the flowering phase was higher than in the drier years of 2018-2019 by 44...53%, gray mold - by 17...23%. The intensity of pathogen development increased as the crop matured; in the experiment, the lowest value of this indicator was against the background of disking. Plowing significantly reduced the density of the pea aphid population compared to disking (by 79%) and direct sowing (by 11%). A similar pattern was noted for gamma moth caterpillars. The results obtained can be used in the development of an integrated system for protecting peas from a complex of pests for the southern forest-steppe of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation.

Histochemical Study of above-ground parts of Prunella vulgaris L., growing on the Territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Introduction to the practical application of new medicinal plants is an important task of modern medicine and pharmacy. This research presents the results of the histochemical study of raw materials of Prunella vulgaris, collected in the flowering phase on the territory of the Ulytau mountains (Ulytau region, Republic of Kazakhstan). The aim of the study is to determine the features of localization of individual groups of secondary metabolites in the aerial part of Prunella vulgaris at the microscopic level. Histochemical analysis of leaves, inflorescences and stems of Prunella vulgaris will allow to establish the localization in tissues of such biologically active substances as essential oil, sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides. For the first time, localization of secondary metabolites was studied by histochemical tests using light microscopy in the tissues of Prunella vulgaris. The results of histochemical studies can be used to confirm the authenticity, identification and standardization of the above-ground part of Prunella vulgaris.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)

The evaluation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivar leaves belonging to different exotic and local genotypes for physiological traits, viz., chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid pigments, and concentration of total pigments transpired spectrophotometrically. The exotic sunflower genotypes used in the study consisted of 9859 (USA), 30837 (Australia), 33673 (France), 9843 and 30835 (Turkey), 9853 and 9848 (Russia), and a local cultivar Jakhongir (Uzbekistan). In the budding phase, the exotic accession 33673 (France) showed higher contents of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and total pigments (17.8  0.55, 6.61  0.40, 5.82  0.19, and 24.47  0.95 mg/ml, respectively). For the flowering phase, exotic genotype 30835 (Turkey) excelled for chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and total pigments concentration (17.10  0.37, 6.31  0.24, 5.42  0.24, and 23.41  0.55 mg/ml, respectively). In the ripening phase, the amount of chlorophyll a and carotenoids were 16.64  0.84 and 5.82  0.12 mg/ml, respectively, in genotype 9853 (Russia), and chlorophyll b and total pigments correspond to 6.04  0.33 mg/ml and 21.19  0.57 mg/ml in the local cultivar Jakhongir. No significant quantitative variations were evident for nitrogen content and total protein content in sunflower genotype seeds. However, higher values of total protein content (21.8%) manifested in the exotic genotypes, i.e., 30837 (Australia), 33673 (France), and 9848 (Russia). During 2021, the seed oil content ranged from 31.9%  0.51% to 54.4%  0.87%, while the highest oil content (54.4%  0.87%) emerged in genotype 9853 (Russia). In 2022 planting, the sunflower seeds’ highest fat content percentage surfaced in sample 9848 (Russia), 53.99%  0.14%. In addition, genotype 9853 (Russia) also contained various micro-macro elements, i.e., Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, Sr, and Ba, compared with the rest of the sunflower genotypes.

In-season forecasting of within-field grain yield from Sentinel-2 time series data

Precise knowledge of cropland productivity is relevant for farmers to enable optimizing managing practices; particularly with the perspective of anticipating crop yield ahead of harvest. The current availability of high spatiotemporal resolution Sentinel-2 satellite data offers a unique opportunity to monitor croplands over time. In this context, the recently introduced kernel NDVI (kNDVI) statistically optimizes the conventional NDVI formulation by applying a nonlinear function to the involved bands, and so maximizes the spectral information extraction. This study proposes a workflow for within-field yield forecasting from Sentinel-2 kNDVI time series analysis focusing on winter cereal croplands in Switzerland over three years, comparing with NDVI as baseline. For a temporally continuous modelling of crop yields, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) was applied to reconstruct cloud-free time series of the complete crop growing seasons. Following, distinct machine learning regression models (GPR, Kernel Ridge Regression and Random Forest) were developed to forecast yield at any point in time throughout the cropland growing season. The integration of Growing Degree Days (GDD) information as temporal spacing reference of the time series considerably improved the accuracy and consistency of in-season yield forecasting. Training and testing within the same year demonstrated that yield can be accurately forecast approximately 2–2.5 months ahead of harvest, at crops’ anthesis (flowering) phase, with an RMSE up to 0.71 t/ha and a relative RMSE of 7.60%. Although the forecasting accuracy of the models decreased when predicting yield for the unseen years, still satisfactory results were obtained: RMSE = 0.97 t/ha, relative RMSE = 11.47%.

Changeability of quantitative and quality signs of pollen of Robinia pseudoacacia L. is in the conditions of megalopolis

The work is aimed at spreading the practice of bioindication, in particular palynoindication of atmospheric air quality in the surface layer. It is possible to continue monitoring the state of the environment in Ukraine under the conditions of the destructive impact of military operations only with the use of methodologically and economically accessible approaches. The obtained results provide an opportunity to make scientifically based conclusions about the state of the environment and recommendations for zoning territories according to environmental risks for the population. Assessment of the state of atmospheric air in the surface layer is important for determining the potential consequences for the ecosystem and for assessing the risk to public health. We believe that the most informative are the results of the study of plants of the shrub layer. Their generative part is exposed to the long-term effects of the main components of air pollution in the zone of maximum impact on the respiratory system of people. Cytogenetic testing was carried out on Robinia pseudoacacia plants, which belong to the group of sensitive phytoindicator species. Monitoring was carried out during 2020–2021 at 7 locations of park, forest-park ecosystems and street landscaping in four administrative districts of Kyiv. The analysis of weather and climate conditions, the differences of the studied territories in terms of the level of atmospheric air pollution, the level of anthropogenic load, the intensity of transport connections, as well as the provision of green spaces as the main factor in reducing the impact of the urban environment on the state of life and health of the population is given. It was noted that the pollen sterility index reflects the influence of non-optimal factors of the growing environment on the reproductive potential of R. pseudoacacia. The variability of the morphometric characteristics of dry grains according to the shape index is also a fairly informative indicator of its quality. In particular, a tendency to decrease in the equatorial diameter and a further prolonged decrease in the length of the polar axis during the flowering phase of plants was observed. A significant increase in the proportion of degenerated and hypertrophied grains of R. pseudoacacia was noted in areas with significant influence of a complex of exogenous factors and year conditions. Intensive inhibition of the microsporogenesis process was noted in plants in areas with active traffic. Minimal violations were observed in plants from large park plantations. A certain improvement in the state of the atmospheric air during the lockdown period also contributed to a decrease in the number of morphologically abnormal grains. The results of cytotesting of the sensitivity of R. pseudoacacia pollen to the influence of factors of the growing environment can serve as an important component of the assessment of the quality of the environment and zoning of the territories of the metropolis.

E.ANGUSTFOLİUM XAMMALINDA FLAVONOİDLƏRİN SPEKTROFOTOMETRİYA İLƏ MİQDARI TƏYİNİ VƏ ÜSULUN VALİDASİYASI

The purpose of the work is to determine the amount of flavonoids in the grass E. angustfoli-um using spectrophotometry and assess the validity of the method. The raw material of the species E. angustifolium used for research purposes was collected in the flowering phase of the plant from the Guba region of the Republic of Azerbaijan in July 2022. The validation parameters of the method for spectrophotometric quantification of flavonoids in the E. angustifolium herb were assessed in accordance with the requirements of international documents. The amount of flavonoids in the E.angustifolium herb was determined using a spectrophoto-metric method and it was found that the amount of flavonoids was ± 2.77%. A validation assessment of the spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in E.angustifolium raw materials was carried out, the reliability interval of the method accuracy indicator was 0.56; linearity index in the concentration range of 0.01-0.05 mg/ml (R2=0.999); coefficient of variation of the accuracy indicator - 0.26% on the first day, 0.31% on the second day; The limit of determination of the method was found to be 0.02 mg/ml, and the limit of determination of quantity was found to be 0.006 mg/ml. The conducted studies show that the herb E.angustifolium is quite rich in flavonoids, which lays the foundation for expanding the local medicinal plant raw material base in the future.

Formation of productivity of amaranth varieties in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine under the influence of MaxiMarin absorbent

Purpose. To carry out an economic evaluation of amaranth varieties ‘Kharkivskyi­1’, ‘Helios’ and ‘Sem’ for the application of MaxiMarin absorbent used to compensate for lack of rainfall and uneven moisture in the forest steppe of Ukraine. Methods. During 2021–2023, three varieties of amaranth and MaxiMarin brand absorbent in the form of granules were studied in the field (Uman, 48°46¢N, 30°14¢E) at an application rate of 25 kg/ha. The varieties were evaluated according to the following parameters: weight of leaves, inflorescence and roots, yield of green mass in the flowering and full maturity phases. Amaranth grain yield, protein, fat and starch content were also determined. The methods of analysis of variance and correlation were used. Results. The absorbent applied had a significant effect on the productivity indicators, which were characterized by a significant difference between varieties. In particular, the average increase in the mass of leaves per plant for the studied varieties of amaranth was 12.2%, the mass of inflorescence – 8.9%, or 3.6 g/plant. The variety ‘Kharkivskyi­1’ responded best to the introduction of an absorbent that improved growth conditions, the weight of its inflorescence increased by 12.6%, or 5.3g/plant. The strengthening of growth processes was made possible by the improved deve­lopment of the root system and an increase in its mass, depending on the variety, of 12.3–24.6% (2.1–3.0 g/plant). At the same time, total plant weight increased by an average of 12.4% (11.2–13.3% in different varieties). Green mass yield increased by 13.6–16.5% (4.75–5.75 t/ha) due to the use of absorbent and was in the range of 33.0–40.0 t/ha. The highest values were characterized by the variety ‘Sem’ – 34.3 t/ha in the control and 40.0 t/ha in the experiments with added absorbent. Its application also caused an increase in the yield of different varieties of amaranth by 0.30–0.38 t/ha or 16.0–18.3% (the most productive was the variety ‘Sem’ – 2.08 and 2.46 t/ha, depending on the variant of the experiment) and a significant decrease in the concentration of protein (by 0.1–10.0%), fats (by 7.4–19.5%) and starch (by 3.2–8.2%). Conclusions. Absorbents are an effective tool for levelling moisture imbalances and ensuring maximum realization of the productive potential of amaranth, but improving the water regime has a negative effect on the accumulation of protein, fats and starch.

Biofertilizers from wastewater treatment as a potential source of mineral nutrients for growth of amaranth plants.

Exploring alternative fertilizers is crucial in agriculture due to the cost and environmental impact of inorganic options. This study investigated the potential of sewage-derived biofertilizers on the growth and physiology of Amaranthus cruentus plants. Various treatments were compared, including control treatments with inorganic fertilizer and treatments with biofertilizers composed of microalgae, biosolids and reclaimed water. The following traits were investigated: photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, growth, and leaf nutrient concentrations. The results showed that the concentrations of N, P, Cu, Fe Zn and Na nutrients, in the dry microalgae and biosolids, were quite high for the needs of the plants. The wet microalgae presented high concentration of Cu, Fe and Zn nutrients while reclaimed water contained high concentration of N, K, Ca and S. Na and Zn nutrients increased in the leaf of plants treated with dry microalgae and biosolid, respectively. At the beginning of the flowering phase, total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were lower for plants grown with wet microalgae while for plants grown with higher doses of biosolid or reclaimed water total chlorophyll was increased, and carotenoids were not affected. Lower photosynthetic pigments under wet microalgae resulted in lower photosynthetic rates. On the other hand, amendments with dry microalgae and biosolid increased photosynthetic rates with the biosolid being the most effective. Higher applications of biosolid, wet and dry microalgae produced a considerable increase in shoot biomass of amaranth, with the dry microalgae being the most effective. Additionally, reclaimed water obtained after tertiary treatment of sewage with microalgae and biosolids applied alone showed promising effects on plant growth. Overall, these findings suggest that organic fertilizers derived from sewage treatment have the potential to enhance plant growth and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices.

Photosynthetic activity - as a factor in the formation of yield and quality of the new grain fodder oat variety Irtysh 33

The purpose of the research is to assess the influence of photosynthetic activity of the new promising oat variety Irtysh 33 on the formation of its yield and quality of green mass. The experiments were performed in 2017-2022. The soil of the experimental plots is ordinary leached chernozem with a humus content of 5.7…7.5 %. The experiment was carried out in 4 repetitions. The seeding rate is 4 million viable seeds/ha. The area of the plots is 10 m2. The object of research is a new promising oat variety Irtysh 33, the standard variety is Orion. Optimal moisture supply was observed in 2019 (hydrothermal coefficient = 1.10), excess moisture in 2018 (hydrothermal coefficient = 1.39), and dry conditions in 2017, 2020-2022. (hydrothermal coefficient = 0.58-0.77). On average, over the period of research, the variety Irtysh 33 was characterized by a more developed leaf apparatus (35.5 and 24.9 % higher than the standard for leaf surface area in the sweeping and flowering phases, respectively). The new variety was characterized by an increased mass fraction of dry biomass, exceeding the Orion standard by 14.6 % in the heading phase and by 10.2 % in the flowering phase. The Irtysh 33 variety provided photosynthetic potential 30 % higher than the standard. The new variety generated forage yields that were 7.3 and 3.2 t/ha higher than the standard in the heading and flowering phases, respectively. An increased quality of forage mass of the Irtysh 33 variety in the heading phase was also noted - higher than the standard for the mass fraction of protein by 0.4 %, for protein collection by 1.07 t/ha and 0.7 % lower than the standard for the mass fraction of fiber. Indicators of photosynthetic activity had a direct impact on the formation of the yield and quality of green mass of the Irtysh 33 variety, depending on the development phase. From spawning to flowering, the role of accumulation of dry biomass on the formation of the mass fraction of fiber (from r=0.515±0.02 to r=0.684±0.103, respectively) and yield (from r=0.479±0.008 to r=0.602±0.015) increased, as well as the role of net productivity of photosynthesis (for the accumulation of dry biomass from r=0.115±0.004 to r=0.419±0.017; for yield from r=0.460±0.020 to r=0.601±0.051). The average direct degree of conjugation of the assimilation surface of the leaf with the mass fraction of protein, noted in the sweeping phase (r=0.640±0.19), in the next phase changed to the average reverse (r= -0.508±0.021).

Investigation of nitrogen fixation activity soybeans plants by mineral fertilizers foliar treatment

The results of the study of nitrogen-fixing activity during foliar treatment of vegetative soybean plants with liquid mineral fertilizers containing macro-microelements in various forms in the foothill zone of Kabardino-Balkaria are presented. The object of research is the early ripe soybean variety SK Veda. The soil of the experimental plot is a leached, medium-thick, low-humus, heavy loamy chernozem on carbonate clays, with a humus content in the arable layer of 3.1 %, pHkcl 5.0, mobile phosphorus 7.5 and exchangeable potassium 8.0 mg/100 g of soil. Encrustation of soybean seeds was carried out using a specific film-forming agent based on soybean phosphatides with the inoculant Nitrofix. The results of studies for 2020-2022 are given. with an assessment of the dynamics of the formation of the symbiotic apparatus by the number of nodules (pcs/m2) and by the mass of nodules (g/m2) in ontogeny of the macrosymbiont. The peak of nodule formation in soybean plants of the SK Veda variety fell on the flowering phase. The highest nodulation rates were noted in the control variant: in 2020 - 306 pcs/m2; in 2021 - 408 pcs/m2; in 2022 - 96 pcs/m2. It has been shown that foliar treatment of soybean plants with nutrient deficiency correctors has an impact on nodulation rates, with differences being noted depending on the treatment time. In the variant of Polydon NPK treatment in the primordial leaf phase, the nodulation parameters were minimal in the experiment over the years of the study (86; 216; 56 pcs/m2). Treatment of SK Veda soybean plants in the primordial leaf phase with molybdenum-containing fertilizers ensures the formation of larger nodules. The values of the nodule weight in the flowering phase in the variant of the treatment of Polydon plants with molybdenum in the primordial leaf phase increased by 1.56; 2.09; 1.11 times, respectively, for 2020, 2021, 2022. Nitrogenase activity averaged 26.4-281.6 µg N2/plant.h over the years of the study hour. In the control (inoculation with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms), the activity of nitrogenase was 208.3 µg N2/plant.h. Inoculation of soybean seeds with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and foliar treatment of plants with Polydon molybdenum increased nitrogenase activity by 35.2-19.1 % and increased protein content by 5.0-3.9 % relative to control, depending on the treatment phase.