Ferrofluid Flow Research Articles

A numerical interfacial approach to investigate the melting heat diffusion in the conical flow of hydrodynamic Casson Ferro liquid

The conical flow has its significance in the thermal design of high-speed missiles and shock jump conditions. Buoyancy-driven melting heat transfer in hydrodynamic Casson ferroliquid flow over a conical surface is assessed numerically. The buoyancy force, uneven heat sink/source, radiative heat, melting heat, and Ohmic heat are considered physical relevance. The water-based cylindrical-shaped cobalt (Co) nanoparticles are measured. The thermal conductivity of ferrofluid is measured by assessing the Hamilton-Crosser, and interfacial layer approaches. A mathematical model was established and resolved computationally using the Lobatto-IIIA-based Matlab scheme. Simultaneous results are explored and explained with the help of pictorial and mathematical outcomes. The Hamilton-Crosser model reported a higher thermal conductivity than the interfacial layer approach for Casson ferrofluid flow.

Dynamics of magnetohydrodynamic and ferrohydrodynamic natural convection flow of ferrofluid inside an enclosure under non-uniform magnetic field

The current study has investigated the influence of a non-uniform magnetic field on heat transfer and entropy generation through the convection flow of ferrofluid filled inside the cavity in the presence of thermal radiation. Consider that magnetohydrodynamics is the result of the applied magnetic field, induced by the Lorentz force, while ferrohydrodynamics is the effect of the Kelvin force, which is associated with the applied magnetic field that affects the magnetized liquid. The highly coupled non-linear governing system of partial differential equations are transformed into the set of non-linear algebraic equations by utilizing the Galerkin finite element method, and the Newton-Raphson method has been used to solve them. Results show that the fluid velocity and entropy generation are decreased via increasing Magnetic number. Intensity of streamlines decreases from 12.407 to 1.004 by increasing Hartmann number from 0 to 5. Velocity and temperature profiles increases 31.25% and 48% respectively, by increases concentration of ferroparticles up to 0.05%. The applications of this problem can be found in various heat transfer phenomena through fluid flow and their optimizations, such as in cooling processes of devices, advanced oxidation processes for dye removal from textile wastewater, solar collectors, chemical reactors, and heat exchangers.

Radiative Hybrid Ferrofluid Flow Over a Permeable Shrinking Sheet in a Three-Dimensional System

Due to the significance of magnetic nanofluids in environmental and biomedical sectors, this study is designed to analyze the available solutions alongside with the flow and thermal behaviours of radiative hybrid ferrofluid flow in a three-dimensional system subjected to the shrinking surface. The case of Fe3O4-CoFe2O4/water is considered in this work. The initial procedure is conducted by reducing the complex model into a system of nonlinear differential equations using similarity transformation technique. The results are generated using the bvp4c package in the Matlab software and graphically presented. The existence of dual solutions leads to the treatment of stability analysis where the first solution is affirmed as the physical solution. Meanwhile, the impact of thermal radiation, magnetic field and suction are also observed for the distributions of thermal rate and skin friction coefficients. These distributions boost with the imposition of magnetic field and suction while a deterioration in thermal rate is observed with the rise of thermal radiation.

Comment on the paper “Optimization of heat transfer properties on ferrofluid flow over a stretching sheet in the presence of static magnetic field, Anupam Bhandari, Akmal Husain, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (2021) 144:1253–1270”

Comment on the paper “Optimization of heat transfer properties on ferrofluid flow over a stretching sheet in the presence of static magnetic field, Anupam Bhandari, Akmal Husain, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (2021) 144:1253–1270”

Magnetite water based ferrofluid flow and convection heat transfer on a vertical flat plate: Mathematical and statistical modelling

The unique magnetic properties of ferrofluid when exposed to the magnetic field led to the ferrofluid formulation in wide applications, especially as a thermal transfer. To picture the effective ferrofluid flow configurations and heat transfer mechanism at a surface, it is crucial to figure out the phenomenology of boundary layer and convective heat transfer. This study investigates a numerical solution of the mixed convection boundary layer flow of ferrofluid at the stagnation point on a vertical flat plate. Ferrofluid composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) water based exposure to the magnetic field and thermal radiation is considered. The complicated governing differential equations of fluid flow and heat transfer are simplified into simple equations using boundary layer approximation, Boussinesq approximation and similarity transformations. Then, the equations are solved numerically by employing the Keller-box method. Numerical results discovered that the ferroparticles volume fraction is the predominant factor in contributing to the trend of ferrofluid velocity, reduced skin friction and reduced Nusselt number. Further, the influence of the ferroparticles volume fraction on reduced skin friction and reduced Nusselt number are analyzed using regression analysis.

Magnetic fluid flow and heat transfer due to a uniform source and vorticity

Abstract The present work investigates the ferrohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer due to a uniform source and irrotational vortex under the influence of a stationary magnetic field. A uniform source generates only a two-dimensional flow. However, in the presence of the vorticity with a uniform source, the flow becomes three-dimensional. The governing equations are expressed as a system of nonlinear coupled differential equations. The transformed differential equations are solved using the finite element approach for both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow models. With variations in the strength of the source parameter, Reynolds number, and ferromagnetic interaction numbers, the behavior of two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow is investigated. In three-dimensional flow, the influence of swirling effects on the velocity and temperature profiles are weak as compared to two-dimensional flow. The main role of the three-dimensional vortex flow of ferrofluid is to generate rotational viscosity, and it is not possible in the case of two-dimensional flow case.

Entropy analysis of magnetized ferrofluid over a vertical flat surface with variable heating

This research analyzes the entropy generation in a two-dimensional flow of magnetized ferrofluid with variable wall temperature in the presence of heat generation. The mathematical model is designed to consolidate cylindrical-shaped Fe3O4-nanoparticles in pure water. An implicit finite difference is used to obtain the desired numerical solutions. The effects of nanoparticle volume concentration, magnetic parameter, heat generation, and power index on fluid velocity, temperature, entropy generation, and Bejan number are illustrated graphically. The entropy generation increased when the Brinkmann number increased; however, it decreased when the temperature difference decreased. For the authenticity of the current research, the obtained findings are compared with the previously existing results under certain conditions, and a good coexistence is achieved.

Heat transfer and hybrid ferrofluid flow over a nonlinearly stretchable rotating disk under the influence of an alternating magnetic field

Under the influence of an alternating magnetic field, flow and heat transfer of a ferrofluid flow over a flexible revolving disc are examined. The flow is hampered by the external magnetic field, which is dependent on the alternating magnetic field's frequency. The current work examines the heat transfer and three-dimensional flow of fluid with high viscosity on a spinning disc that is stretched in a radial direction. The governing equations' symmetries are computed using Lie group theory. In the problem, there is a resemblance that can accomplish with radially stretching velocities divided into two categories, specifically, linear and power-law, by imposing limits from the boundary conditions. The literature has already covered linear stretching, but this is the first discussion of power-law stretching. The governing partial differential is turned into an ordinary differential equations system using additional similarity transformations, which are then numerically handled. The results are presented for hybrid alumina–copper/ethylene glycol ({text{Al}}_{2} {text{O}}_{3} - {text{Cu}}/{text{EG}}) nanofluid. The calculated findings are novel, and it has been seen that they accord quite well with those of the earlier extended literature. It has been found that hybrid nanofluid flow outperforms nanofluid flow in terms of Nusselt number or heat transfer rate. The heat transmission in the fluid is reduced as the Prandtl number is increased. The heat transfer increases as dimensionless magnetic field intensity xi increases. Also, axial velocity and radial velocity decrease as magnetic field intensity increases. As the ferromagnetic interaction parameter is raised, the efficiency of heat transmission decreased. For non-linear stretching with stretching parameter 0 < m < 1, the velocity decreases with the increase in m.

A relative study on blood-based cross ferrofluid flow over a stenosis artery

This article inspects two-dimensional magnetized hybrid blood flow behavior through cosine-shaped stenosis arteries. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) and Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles are considered in blood flow. Also, Maxwell and Jeffrey’s models are taken individually to compare the results of flow and heat transmission. The Darcy–Forchheimer conditions, nonlinear thermal emission, Joule heating, and heat sink/source effects are applied for physical relevance. The governing equations are composed of slip and injective boundary conditions and changed into the ordinary differential equations using suitable similarities. Converted equations together with limiting conditions are solved numerically. The relative outcomes for Maxwell and Jeffrey ferrofluids are obtained and explored through tabular and pictorial representation. This study reveals that the drugs in the blood can regulate at the desired level with the help of physical effects and a suitable flow model. It is found that the hybrid Ferrous nanoparticles composed with the Maxwell flow model enhance the heat transmission rate significantly compared to the Jeffrey flow model. The natural magnetism applications of ferrous nanoparticles can be helpful in separating one tissue from another, which can help in the nanosurgery of tumors.

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Induced Slip Flow of a Non-Newtonian Fluid through Circular Microchannels

The present numerical analysis reveals the nature of non-Newtonian fluid flow through circular microchannels under slip boundary conditions. The power law has been used for the simulation of the fluid flow, which considers a steady, laminar, incompressible non-Newtonian fluid acted upon by a constant, externally applied magnetic field. The flow is axisymmetric and slip boundary conditions are applied in the near wall. A constant magnetic flux has been applied on the wall boundary to analyze the effect of magnetic field on Xanthan solution in formic acid, a type of non-Newtonian fluid having electrical conductivity. Using control volume method of finite difference scheme, a set of dimensionless governing differential equations defining the behavior of the fluid flow in the microchannel under an externally applied magnetic field, has been solved using slip boundary conditions to understand the effect of magnetic field on slip induced flow of non-Newtonian fluids. The results have depicted that the magnetic field affects both the centerline velocity and slip velocity but it is more prominent for the centerline velocities. The main objective of this research is to study the flow of non-Newtonian fluid, Xanthan through a circular microchannel and its corresponding behavior when flow boundary conditions are applied to interpret the characteristics under an externally applied magnetic field. The results obtained from this present study will find its application in the area of the flow of ferrofluids and biofluids.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Most of the bio fluids and ferrofluids are non-Newtonian in nature and it is required to control these fluids when they pass through microchannels of modern devices&#x0D; Analysis conducted to find out the flow behaviour of non-Newtonian fluids through circular microchannels when they are exposed to externally applied magnetic fields&#x0D; Slip flow occurs in the fluid flow and an externally applied magnetic field controls the flow patterns by affecting slip velocity and centerline velocity which introduces extra flow in the microchannel. The results are helpful for better understanding of the flow of ferrofluids and bio fluids through circular microchannels&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Steady-State and Dynamic Rheological Properties of a Mineral Oil-Based Ferrofluid

In this study, nanoparticles were suspended in L-AN32 total loss system oil. The thixotropic yield behavior and viscoelastic behavior of ferrofluid were analyzed by steady-state and dynamic methods and explained according to the microscopic mechanism of magneto-rheology. The Herschel–Bulkley (H–B) model was used to fit the ferrofluid flow curves, and the observed static yield stress was greater than the dynamic yield stress. Both the static and dynamic yield stress values increased as the magnetic field increased, and the corresponding shear thinning viscosity curve increased more significantly as the magnetic field strength increased. The amplitude scanning results show that the linear viscoelastic region (LVE) is reached when the shear stress is 10%. The frequency scanning results showed that the storage modulus increased with the increase of the frequency at first. The storage modulus increased steadily at a higher frequency range, while the loss modulus increased slowly at the initial stage and rapidly at the later stage. In the amplitude sweep and frequency sweep experiments, the energy storage modulus and loss modulus are enhanced with the decrease of temperature. These findings are helpful to better understand the microscopic mechanism of magneto-rheology of ferrofluids, and also provide guidance for many practical applications.

The Modeling of Magnetic Detection of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Stream of Patient-Specific Artery With Stenotic Lesion: The Effects of Vessel Geometry and Particle Concentration

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) prepared as stable colloidal suspensions dispersed in water have attracted special interest for biological applications. MNPs of iron oxide synthesized by a laser target evaporation (LTE) technique are excellent candidates for biomedical purposes. Magnetic fluid flowing through the blood vessel creates magnetic fields which can be detected by magnetic field sensor. In this work, the finite element method modeling (FEM) was used for calculation of the flow of ferrofluid containing magnetic iron oxide MNPs through a real coronary artery reconstructed from the routine angiography examination of a patient. The main objective of the study is to validate the possibility of the application of magnetic field sensor for the blood vessel geometry evaluation. The contribution of the magnetic susceptibility of MNPs, blood vessel diameter, and particular geometry as well as the orientation of the magnetic field sensor working on the principle of giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) were comparatively analyzed.

Numerical Study of the Flow and Thermomagnetic Convection Heat Transfer of a Power Law Non-Newtonian Ferrofluid within a Circular Cavity with a Permanent Magnet

The aim of this study is to analyze the thermo-magnetic-gravitational convection of a non-Newtonian power law ferrofluid within a circular cavity. The ferrofluid is exposed to the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. The finite element method is employed to solve the non-dimensional controlling equations. A grid sensitivity analysis and the validation of the used method are conducted. The effect of alterable parameters, including the power law index, 0.7 ≤ n ≤ 1.3, gravitational Rayleigh number, 104 ≤ RaT ≤ 106, magnetic Rayleigh number, 105 ≤ RaM ≤ 108, the location of the hot and cold surfaces, 0 ≤ λ ≤ π/2, and the length of the magnet normalized with respect to the diameter of the cavity, 0.1 ≤ L ≤ 0.65, on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are explored. The results show that the heat transfer rate increases at the end of both arcs compared to the central region because of buoyancy effects, and it is greater close to the hot arc. The location of the arcs does not affect the heat transfer rate considerably. An increase in the magnetic Rayleigh number contributes to stronger circulation of the flow inside and higher heat transfer. When the Kelvin force is the only one imposed on the flow, it enhances the heat transfer for magnets of length 0.2 ≤ L ≤ 0.3.

Natural convection in a sinusoidally heated cavity filled with ferrofluid in the presence of partial variable magnetic field

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate partial magnetic source (MS) effect on natural convection (NC) flow of a ferrofluid flow in a cavity with sinusoidally heated vertical walls. The combination of ferrohydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics due to the variable magnetic field (MF) and magnetite nanoparticles in one part of the cavity, and the classical NC in the other part of the cavity are concerned.Design/methodology/approachThe dimensionless equations in stream function-vorticity form are numerically solved by radial basis functions (RBF) based collocation method.FindingsA remarkable change in fluid flow and heat transfer is noted if the MS location is close to the left sinusoidally heated wall. In particular, the average Nusselt number is the smallest for the middle centered partial MF through the left wall at a large Hartmann number.Research limitations/implicationsRBF collocation approach is limited to small geometries due to the obtained solution globally in the entire domain of the problem.Practical implicationsIf the partial restriction of the effect of MF is done in real life, it would be a control parameter at some required/requested areas of the concerned problem.Social implicationsThis is a physical problem.Originality/valueIf the proposed idea of partial variable MF is able to be applied to a system in real life, it would be a good controller on fluid flow and heat transfer. RBF-based methods are also alternative numerical procedures to solve heat transfer and fluid flow problems.

Combined effect of circumferential roughness and squeeze velocity on ferrofluid squeeze film with rotating sphere and rough plate

Based on the Jenkins model for ferrofluid flow regarding the performance of squeeze-film lubrication between rotating upper spherical surface and circumferentially rough lower plate is presented. Here, for hydrodynamic lubrication, we have adopted the ferrohydrodynamic theory. Further, using Christensen’s stochastic model, surface roughness is examined. In the paper, in the presence of a radially variable magnetic field, rotations of both the upper and lower surfaces as well as roughness of the surface, the Reynolds type equation for the squeeze-film bearing is established. By using the Reynolds type equation, expressions for the non-dimensional film pressure and load-carrying capacity are obtained for circumferential roughness pattern. Neuringer–Rosensweig (NR) model results are computed using the Jenkins model. The results show that non-dimensional film pressure increases remarkably when the non-dimensional radial parameter ( R) increases. Also, as the nominal minimum film thickness increases, load-carrying capacity decreases in the Jenkins model. However, as a result of Tables 5 and 6, the non-dimensional load-carrying capacity of the Jenkins model is improved compared to that of the NR model.

Evolutions in the topological properties of plasma’s magnetic surfaces with fluid velocity

Topology has a wide range of applications in mathematics and physics. When analysing the manifold of flow fields in abstract spaces and fluids, topology is always a more effective aid in visualizing the flow field. Treating the plasma as a ferrofluid and confining it in a ring-shaped resonant cavity, the flow of ferrofluid in a magnetic field is complex. With the help of topological analysis, a functional T was defined, and the variation rule of with the increase of velocity was applied to judge the variation rule of the deformation degree of plasma magnetic fluid in space. These results shed light on understating topological feature of magnetic plasma.

Heat transfer and Electric field Impacts on Ferrofluid Flow Over a Wedge

Heat transfer and Electric field Impacts on Ferrofluid Flow Over a Wedge

Free convection flow of hybrid ferrofluid past a heated spinning cone

• Hybrid ferrofluid flow past a vertical spinning cone is numerically analyzed. • Hybrid ferrofluid is made of EG-water base fluid and Fe 3 O 4 + CoFe 2 O 4 ferroparticles. • IPS solutions are given for PST and PHF boundary conditions. • PST condition produces higher skin friction than PHF condition. • Hybrid ferrofluid yields highest skin friction and highest heat transfer. This paper analyzes the implementation of numerical computation based on the Iterative Power Series (IPS) method to investigate the steady boundary layer flow around and free convection from a spinning vertical cone placed in an otherwise still hybrid ferrofluid. The hybrid ferrofluid is prepared by suspending magnetite ( F e 3 O 4 ) and cobalt ferrite ( CoF e 2 O 4 ) ferroparticles in a 50%-50% solution of ethylene glycol (EG) and water ( H 2 O ). The investigations on heat transfer compare results for the Prescribed Surface Temperature (PST) and Prescribed Heat Flux (PHF) boundary conditions. Similarity transformations are implemented for converting the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Numerical solution of the non-linear governing ODEs is obtained by employing the IPS method jointly with iterative shooting procedure. The present approach shows very good agreement with the findings of reported research for some special cases. The influence of governing parameters on the quantities of physical and engineering interest are presented using graphs and tables. It is found that skin friction is greater for PST boundary condition and the heat transfer is greater for PHF boundary condition. The hybrid ferrofluid yields maximum skin friction and maximum heat transfer compared to base fluids and simple nanofluids.

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF FERROFLUID FLOW IN A HEATED MICROCHANNEL WITH PERMEABLE WALLS

In this paper, we analyze the combined effects of magnetic field, nanoparticles volume fractions, variable viscosity of unsteady ferrofluid flow in a microchannel with parallel permeable walls oriented horizontally whose temperatures are held asymmetrically. Using similarity transformation process, the governing Navier-Stoke’s, energy equations and the associated initial boundary conditions (IBCs) are reduced to a set of dimensionless nonlinear partial differential equations with IBCs. The numerical method used for solving these equations is semi-discretization via centered finite difference with Runge-Kutta Fehlberg integration techniques. The effects of pertinent parameters on dimensionless fluid velocity, temperature, skin friction, Nusselt number are analyzed through graphical depiction using MAPLE software.

Heat and mass transfer study of ferrofluid flow between co-rotating stretchable disks with geothermal viscosity: HAM analysis

The investigation of ferrofluid flow in rotating disk systems has been increased due to the many engineering applications in rotating objects. Ferrofluids are greatly significant in sealing of rotating shafts in hard disk drives. For this reason, the ferrohydrodynamics flow, heat, and mass transfer characteristics of a fluorocarbon-based magnetic nanofluid (FC-72) between two coaxial rotating stretchable disks have been examined. Both lower and upper disks are stretchable, and the viscosity of magnetic nanofluid (MNF) is directly proportional to the linear function of depth and inversely proportional to the linear function of temperature. Moreover, the heat transfer process is carried out with the viscous dissipation effect. An approach of similarity transformation is used to convert the obtained fundamental equations into a non-dimensional system of equations. The semi-analytic homotopy analysis method is executed to obtain the convergent series solution of a non-dimensional system of equations. Mathematica package BVPh 2.0 based on HAM is applied to plot the solution of dimensionless differential equations. The behavior of influential parameters, namely, viscosity variation, rotation, ferrohydrodynamic interaction, radiation, Prandtl number, Eckert number, and Reynolds number, on the flow regimes are shown graphically. It is obtained that the magnitude of horizontal velocity reduced in the vicinity of lower disk for increasing value of viscosity parameter γ1. Fluid temperature magnitude and nanoparticle concentration are increasing functions of Reynolds number.