Floor Plate Research Articles

Analisa Struktur Bangunan Rumah Susun MBR Type – 36 (3 Lantai) Prototype Pada Wilayah Gempa Dan Non Gempa Study Kasus Rusun MBR Pemkab Kotim

Structural design is an important element in a building to produce a strong, safe, and economic structure. The structure is designed according to the needs of the working load. The earthquake area will produce different dimensions of the structure and reinforcement with non-earthquake. This study aims to compare the need for dimensions and reinforcement in earthquake vs non-earthquake areas. The design standard refers to SNI 1727:2013, SNI 2847:2013, SNI 2847-2019, and SNI 1726-2019. The building being studied is a Type 36 MBR Prototype Flat (3 floors) using Fc 25 MPa concrete and Fy 400 MPa reinforcing steel. Research on the upper structure of Columns, Beams, Ring balks, and Floor plates, includes the design of the structural dimensions and reinforcement requirements. The structure's dimensions and the reinforcement area will be designed efficiently and declared safe by controlling the reinforcement ratio (ρ), Limitation of structural dimensions, Capacity Ratio (Pu/ϕ.Pn), and deflection. Analysis of the calculation of the structure using the computer application SAP 2000. The results of the study obtained a comparison of the structural dimensions of the earthquake vs non-earthquake load column with an average of 25.42%, while for the need for the main reinforcement area of 22.50%, the Capacity Ratio value (Pu/ϕ.Pn) between 0.535-0.967. The dimensions of the beam and floor slab structures with an average of 23.84%, while the area of flexural reinforcement (AS) is 20.22%, with a maximum deflection (δ) for all beams and floor slabs with values between 0.13 - 3.70 mm. Comparison for the entire structure the dimensions with an average of 24.63% while the reinforcement is 21.36%.

Planning Earthquake-Resistant Upper Building Structures With Moment Grabbing Frame System In The Mardhika Park Apartment Building 20 Floors Tambun – Bekasi

Indonesia is an area with a high level of vulnerability to earthquake disasters, where this earthquake has caused a lot of losses and damage to building structures. Therefore, to reduce the risk due to the earthquake, it is necessary to plan earthquake-resistant building structures. The structural planning of building construction is needed to get the most effective and efficient dimensions and configuration of the structure. Collapsed buildings that are not strong enough to withstand lateral loads caused by the earthquake have resulted in significant loss of property and even lives. The purpose of writing this thesis is to design an earthquake-resistant Mardhika Park Apartment Building with a moment-resisting frame system (SRPM) which is planned in accordance with SNI 1726:2019 Earthquake (Earthquake Resistance Planning Procedures for Building and Non-Building Structures), SNI 2847 for Reinforced Concrete: 2019 (Requirements for structural concrete for buildings and their explanations), and the loading in accordance with SNI 1727:2020 for (Minimum Loads for Design of Buildings and Other Structures). The structural design of the Mardhika Park Apartment Building includes the design of this superstructure which includes columns, beams, and floor plates. Then the loads that are reviewed for structural element planning are dead, live, and earthquake loads. To assist in calculating the structure is also used Software "SAP2000 " to facilitate the calculation of the structure.

PLANNING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT UPPER BUILDING STRUCTURES WITH MOMENT GRABBING FRAME SYSTEM IN THE MARDHIKA PARK APARTMENT BUILDING 20 FLOORS TAMBUN – BEKASI

Indonesia is an area with a high level of vulnerability to earthquake disasters, where this earthquake has caused a lot of losses and damage to building structures. Therefore, to reduce the risk due to the earthquake, it is necessary to plan earthquake-resistant building structures. The structural planning of building construction is needed to get the most effective and efficient dimensions and configuration of the structure. Collapsed buildings that are not strong enough to withstand lateral loads caused by the earthquake have resulted in significant loss of property and even lives. The purpose of writing this thesis is to design an earthquake-resistant Mardhika Park Apartment Building with a moment-resisting frame system (SRPM) which is planned in accordance with SNI 1726:2019 Earthquake (Earthquake Resistance Planning Procedures for Building and Non-Building Structures), SNI 2847 for Reinforced Concrete: 2019 (Requirements for structural concrete for buildings and their explanations), and the loading in accordance with SNI 1727:2020 for (Minimum Loads for Design of Buildings and Other Structures). The structural design of the Mardhika Park Apartment Building includes the design of this superstructure which includes columns, beams, and floor plates. Then the loads that are reviewed for structural element planning are dead, live, and earthquake loads. To assist in calculating the structure is also used Software "SAP2000 " to facilitate the calculation of the structure.

Analisa Perbandingan Volume dan Biaya Bar Bending Schedule dengan Metode SNI-2847:2013 dan BS 8666:2005 (Studi Kasus: Proyek Pembangunan Kantor Pacto, Denpasar-Bali)

The success of construction projects, especially in the construction of multi-storey buildings is influenced by material components. Therefore, optimizing material planning is important to do. In the Pacto Sanur Building construction project, optimization of material planning is viewed from the ironing work because it costs a relatively large amount compared to other works. The purpose of this study is to analyze the comparison of bar bending schedules on projects using the British Standard 8666:2005 and SNI-2847:2013 methods, then to identify project cost comparisons. From the results of the identification of iron planning using the SNI-2847:2013 method, it can be seen that the weight of Ø16 iron = 3971.00 kg, the weight of Ø13 iron = 251.51 kg, and the weight of Ø10 iron = 7034.38 kg. Furthermore, in the identification of repair plans using the British Standard 8666:2005 method, it can be seen that the weight of iron Ø16 = 42153.22 kg, the weight of iron Ø13 = 280.95 kg, and the weight of iron Ø10 = 7343.58 kg. The volume optimization for Sloof, Beams, Columns, and Floor Plates II uses the British Standard 8666: 2005 method of 47% with the total cost of the SNI-2847:2013 method ironwork Rp. 202,623,928 and the total cost of repair work using the British Standard 8666:2005 method is Rp. 213,799,435.

Seismic response analysis of high-rise frame-core tube building on fluid-saturated soil considering soil-pile-structure interaction

This paper proposed a three-dimensional (3D) refined finite element method (FEM) to determine seismic responses of the high-rise buildings resting on fluid-saturated soil considering the soil-pile-structure interaction (SPSI) and the dynamic characteristics of two-phase media, using a user-defined element with ABAQUS. The theory and method to develop the FEM were introduced in detail, including the user-defined element, material constitutive models, boundary conditions, earthquake input methods, specific implementation procedures, and verifications. Then, the FEM was adopted to investigate the seismic responses of a 51-story high-rise building with a frame-core tube system subjected to six earthquake records. Discussions were conducted on the acceleration, displacements, inter-story drifts, story shear force, and damage behavior to interpret the seismic characteristics of the superstructure. A fixed-base model was also considered to reveal the SPSI effect under the same conditions. The results demonstrate that the SPSI lightens acceleration and total story shear force but amplifies displacements, inter-story drifts, and column shear force. Without regard to the SPSI, no apparent change appears for the damage of floor plates, whereas the core tube suffers more severe damage than under the SPSI conditions. For high-rise buildings, the SPSI does not always provide conservative seismic performance evaluations. It is of fundamental importance to include the SPSI effect during the performance-based seismic design of high-rise buildings for comprehensive understanding. The proposed FEM can also be access to seismic SSI analysis for other types of structures in the saturated field.

ANALISIS STRUKTUR ATAS PASCA GEMPA BANGUNAN BERTINGKAT KANTOR WALI NAGARI MALAMPAH KABUPATEN PASAMAN

In general, the upper structure includes beams, columns, floor plates which function to support the loads acting on a building. Calculations that will be carried out on the construction of the Wali Nagari Malampah Office are floor slabs, beams and columns. Structural loads (dead loads, live loads) are based on SNI 03-2847:2002 and earthquake loads are based on SNI 03-1726:2019, where the portal is calculated and modeled using the SAP2000 program. The purpose of this calculation is to get an overview of the basic principles of planning and reviewing the building structure, comparing the results of the author's calculations with the results of the planning consultant's calculations. From the calculation results, the largest moment in beam B2 is 64.8586 kN-m and the largest moment in column K1 (40 x 40 cm) is 8.4235 kN-m. For floor slabs, there are differences in reinforcement, namely: floor slab thickness of 120 mm, reinforcement 10-150 mm for the x direction and y direction of the author, floor slab 120 mm, reinforcement 10- 250 mm for the x direction and y direction of the planner, column K1( 40 x 40 cm) 16 D 19 and column K2 (30 x 30 cm) 8 D 19 (same as the planner), For beams B1 and B2 there are differences in dimensions and reinforcement, namely: beam B1 (30 x 45 cm) 4 D 19 authors , block B1 (30 x 50 cm) 5 D 19 planner, for beam B2 (25 x 40 cm) 4 D 19 (same as planner).Keywords: Upper structure, Reinforcement, Sap 2000

ANALISIS MUTU STRUKTUR BETON BERTULANG PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN X-CHANGE MALL 2

Every construction is expected to run well and will be completed in accordance with the planning. Therefore, project quality control is needed. Project quality control is extremely useful for one-time development so that the building can achieve its predetermined quality and standards. The purpose of this study is to find out the quality control system of reinforced concrete of upper structures on Columns, Beams, and Plates and whether the quality results of the reinforced concrete structure can meet the specified requirements. The data used in this study were the results of concrete compressive strength tests and steel reinforcement tests that had been carried out in the laboratory. This research was needed to minimize delays and costs so as not to miss the predetermined quality and standards. This research used the AS/NZS 4360 calculation method in which the analysis was carried out by taking into account the level of risk of the probability that occurs and the impact on costs, where the quality applied must be in accordance with the RKS that has been set on the project, the calculation was carried out using Excel in accordance with the formula to determine the level of risk in each structural work. The data were collected by distributing the questionnaire to each individual where the questionnaire contained work items to be analyzed from the division. The calculation analysis has obtained the result of the risk level for each structural work, column work worth 5.20, beam work 5.97 and floor plate work worth 6.00 which means that the work of the structure has a moderate level of risk. Keywords: Quality Control, Construction Implementation, Risk Factors, AS/NZS 4360.

Panning for gold: Purifying mesencephalic dopaminergic progenitors differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells.

In a recently published study, Xu et al. used two surface markers, CLSTN2 and PTPRO, to generate highly purified donor dopaminergic neurons and achieved stable and predictable therapeutic outcomes by transplantation into the brain of PD animal models (Xu et al., 2022).

Quantification of the in vivo stiffness and natural length of the human plantar aponeurosis during quiet standing using ultrasound elastography

This study aimed to identify the stiffness and natural length of the human plantar aponeurosis (PA) during quiet standing using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The shear wave velocity (SWV) of the PA in young healthy males and females (10 participants each) was measured by placing a probe in a hole in the floor plate. The change in the SWV with the passive dorsiflexion of the metatarsophalangeal (MP) joint was measured. The Young’s modulus of the PA was estimated to be 64.7 ± 9.4 kPa, which exponentially increased with MP joint dorsiflexion. The PA was estimated to have the natural length when the MP joint was plantarflexed by 13.8°, indicating that the PA is stretched by arch compression during standing. However, the present study demonstrated that the estimated stiffness for the natural length in quiet standing was significantly larger than that in the unloaded condition, revealing that the PA during standing is stiffened by elongation and through the possible activation of intrinsic muscles. Such quantitative information possibly contributes to the detailed biomechanical modeling of the human foot, facilitating an improved understanding of the mechanical functions and pathogenetic mechanisms of the PA during movements.

Study on the Deformation Mechanism of the Bottom Plate along the Empty Lane of Deep Mining and the Control Technology of the Bottom Drum

Aiming at the problem of the deformation of the roadway floor plate during the laneway during the retention period, the mechanical model of the roadway floor is established, and the deformation characteristics of the roadway floor and the change law of the bottom drum are studied and analyzed through theoretical calculation and calculus simulation, revealing the instability mechanism of the surrounding rock of the roadway under the stress disturbance environment, and when not affected by the adoption, the roadway forms a certain stress concentration area within the effective range of support. During mining, under the comprehensive action of the original peripheral stress field and the mining stress field, the cliffhanger is unstable under the comprehensive action of the original peripheral stress field and the mining stress field, and the extrusion and stretching effect of the unflapped part of the rock layer above the goaf section of the coal seam is set up along the air, resulting in violent deformation such as the bottom drum, and the rotational sinking of this part of the unflinted rock layer further aggravates the transfer of the overburden load to the surrounding rock of the lane, so that the surrounding rock along the empty lane is subjected to a large additional stress, and the mining stress field plays a leading role, and the mining stress “far field” is the compound stress field, of which the tensile stress is the leading destructive factor. The deformation of the surrounding rock is mainly based on the bottom, and the horizontal stress on the bottom plate along the empty lane is mainly generated by the horizontal strain that occurs after the lower rock layer of the filling body and the coal gang is subjected to the supporting pressure transmitted by the top plate. With the mining of the working surface, the roof of the goaf area is broken and collapsed to form the characteristics of “vertical three belts,” which is affected by the “large support” of the coal body of the working surface and the “small support” of the surrounding rock along the empty roadway, and the pressure relief of the cut roof can make the roof plate along the empty lane change from the “long arm beam” structure when the roof is not cut into the “short arm beam” structure, blocking the lateral stress of the goaf area to the roof plate of the alley and significantly reducing the degree of stress superposition of the roof plate of the alley. The technical means of blasting cutting roof active pressure relief and protective lane are used to block the transmission of lateral support pressure, the roof slate layer is precracked in advance, the sinking of the rock layer is accelerated, the disturbance time is reduced, the vertical stress of the rock layer and the rock layer above it along the empty roadway is reduced, the vertical stress concentration of the roadway is reduced, the stress concentration coefficient is reduced, the degree of damage of the surrounding rock after the top is weakened, the damage range is reduced, and the technical problem of large deformation prevention and control along the bottom drum of the empty alley can be solved. Constructing the mechanical structure model of the top plate of the cut top pressure relief and the uncut top pressure relief along the empty lane, the stress change characteristics of the active protective rock surrounding rock along the hollow top of the cut top pressure relief were calculated, and after the technical scheme of the blasting cut top active pressure relief and protection lane was adopted, the deformation along the empty roadway was significantly weakened, the stability of the surrounding rock of the roadway after the blasting of the cut roof was significantly improved, the maintenance state along the section of the empty roadway was good, and the cross-sectional convergence rate was reduced by 37.3% compared with the original section. Cutting the roof active pressure relief and protective lane can effectively improve the stability of the surrounding rock.

Sevoflurane promotes premature differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in hiPSC-derived midbrain organoids

Background: Conventional animal models used in corresponding basic studies are distinct from humans in terms of the brain’s development trajectory, tissue cytoarchitecture and cell types, making it difficult to accurately evaluate the potential adverse effects of anesthetic treatments on human fetal brain development. This study investigated the effects of sevoflurane on the midbrain’s development and cytopathology using human physiologically-relevant midbrain organoids. Methods: Monolayer human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived human floor plate cells and three-dimensional hiPSC-derived midbrain organoids (hMBOs) were exposed to 2% (v/v) sevoflurane for 2 or 6 h, followed by expansion or differentiation culture. Then, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, EdU assay, Tunnel assay, and transcriptome sequencing were performed to examine the effects of sevoflurane on the midbrain’s development. Results: We found that 2% sevoflurane exposure inhibited hFPCs’ proliferation (differentiation culture: 7.2% ± 0.3% VS. 13.3% ± 0.7%, p = 0.0043; expansion culture: 48% ± 2.2% VS. 35.2% ± 1.4%, p = 0.0002) and increased their apoptosis, but did not affect their differentiation into human dopaminergic neurons After 6 h, 2% sevoflurane exposure inhibited cell proliferation (62.8% ± 5.6% VS. 100% ± 5.5%, p = 0.0065) and enhanced the premature differentiation of hMBOs (246% ± 5.2% VS. 100% ± 28%, p = 0.0065). The RNA-seq results showed long-term exposure to sevoflurane up regulates some transcription factors in the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons, while short-term exposure to sevoflurane has a weak up-regulation effect on these transcription factors. Conclusion: This study revealed that long-term exposure to sevoflurane could promote the premature differentiation of hMBOs, while short-term exposure had negligible effects, suggesting that long-term exposure to sevoflurane in pregnant women may lead to fetals’ midbrain development disorder.

Dopaminergic Neurons Differentiated from LRRK2 I1371V-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Display a Lower Yield, α-Synuclein Pathology, and Functional Impairment.

Being a large multidomain protein, LRRK2 has several confirmed pathological mutant variants for PD, and the incidence of these variants shows ethnicity biases. I1371V, a mutation in the GTPase domain, has been reported in East-Asian populations, but there are no studies reported on dopaminergic (DA) neurons differentiated from this variant. The aim here was to assess the yield, function, and α-synuclein pathology of DA neurons differentiated from LRRK2 I1371V iPSCs. FACS analysis of neural progenitors (NPs) showed a comparable immunopositive population of cells for neural and glial progenitor markers nestin and S100β; however, NPs from I1371V iPSCs showed lower clonogenic and proliferative capacities than healthy control NPs as determined by the neurosphere assay and Ki67 expression. Floor plate cells obtained from I1371V NPs primed with FGF8 showed distinctly lower immunopositivity for FOXA2 and CLIC5 than healthy control FPCs and similar DOC2B expression. On SHH addition, a similar mature neuronal population was obtained from both groups; however, the yield of TH-immunopositive cells was significantly lower in I1371V, with lower expression of mature DA neuronal markers En1, Nurr1, and DAT. Vesicular dopamine release and intracellular Ca2+ response with KCl stimulation were lower in I1371V DA neurons, along with a significantly reduced expression of resting vesicle marker VMAT2. A concurrently lower expression of PSD95/Syn-I immunopositive puncta was observed in I1371V differentiated cells. Further, higher phosphorylation of α-synuclein and aggregation of oligomeric α-synuclein in I1371V DA neurons were observed. Our data demonstrated conclusively for the first time that mutations in the I1371V allele of LRRK2 showed developmental deficit from the FPC stage and generated a lower yield/number of TH-immunopositive neurons with impairment in their function and synapse density along with increased α-synuclein pathology.

White-Eyed Orbital Blowout Fracture With Oculocardiac Reflex Secondary to Extraocular Entrapment in a Pediatric Patient

White-eyed orbital blowout fractures in the pediatric population can present with acute onset diplopia, ophthalmalgia, and abnormal duction. These findings are attributed to the tendency of younger bone to break and reapproximate owing to greater elasticity. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as the greenstick fracture, increases the risk of entrapment of surrounding soft tissue structures in orbital floor fractures. Further concern arises in the presence of an oculocardiac reflex, which requires urgent intervention to prevent serious bradycardia. Prolonged entrapment can go unnoticed and result in irreversible ischemic damage to entrapped tissues. This case discusses the presentation 16-year-old female who sustained a left sided, white-eyed blowout fracture from a face-first ground level fall. On admission, she displayed restrictive strabismus and mild periorbital edema around the left eye. Vertical gaze was restricted when looking inferiorly on the affected side. With sustained upward gaze, her heart rate decreased from 99 to 81 beats per minute. High-resolution non-contrast computed tomography scans of the head showed entrapment of the inferior rectus muscle and periorbital fat. Liberation of entrapped tissues with reduction of bony segments was performed urgently, utilizing a MEDPOR® Titan 3D orbital floor plate and secured with two screws. The patient had an uneventful postoperative period and showed considerable improvements in periorbital edema, duction, and ophthalmalgia on the affected side. In addition, the oculocardiac reflex could no longer be elicited on prolonged upward gaze. Mild and improving paresthesia was noted in the maxillary distribution of the left trigeminal nerve. Sensory deficits like this are the result of fracture communication with the infraorbital canal, which may cause irritation of the infraorbital nerve responsible for sensation by the maxillary division. By postoperative week 7, she had complete resolution of periorbital edema, indiscernible duction abnormalities, and complete healing of surgical incision sites, and an oculocardiac reflex could not be elicited.

Integrated Construction Technology of Large-Scale Floor Structure and Decorative Surface

In order to solve the many deficiencies in the construction method of secondary pouring of large-scale floor decoration surface layer, this paper proposes the integrated construction method of large-area floor plate structure and decorative surface layer, and clarifies the principle, main technological process and quality of construction process of this construction method. Control points, on the basis of comparison with the traditional secondary pouring method, the advantages of the integrated construction method are clarified. The research results show that the integrated construction method can save cost and construction period, and can achieve that the surface layer after construction is not hollow, cracked, flat, wear-resistant, and dust-free. The construction process is low-carbon and environmentally friendly, and it is worthy of follow-up. It is popularized in the construction of large-scale floor decoration surface layer.

Distribution pattern of floor plate neurons in zebrafish.

The floor plate (FP) is a critical signaling center for the development of neural tube and body axis, and is localized at the ventral midline of the neural tube. Multiple types of neurons are present in the floor plate, while the distribution pattern of these neuronal cells remains unclear. By using transgenic zebrafish lines that specifically label different neuronal cells, we investigated the distribution pattern of these neurons in the floor plate region. Our results showed that foxj1a, sox2, clusterin and gfap genes were expressed in the medial floor plate (MFP), consisting of a single row of cells. The cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs), also named as Kolmer-Agduhr interneurons (KA' and KA" neurons), were located on the lateral sides of MFP. The foxj1a and pkd2l1 genes were expressed in the KA" neurons, which were located to the ventral terminal gap of wedge-shaped MFP cells. The neighboring KA" neurons were separated by neurons expressing Gfap, Olig2 or Sox2. In contrast, the KA' neurons were positive for Foxj1a +/Pkd2l1+/Olig2+, and were localized to the dorsal side of KA" neurons. Similarly, the Sox2 or Olig2 expressing neurons were intermingled with KA' neurons along the anterior-posterior axis in these regions. Further pharmaceutical treatment demonstrated that interference of Notch signaling resulted in the abnormal distribution of floor plate neurons together with strong dorsal body curvature at 3 days post fertilization in the zebrafish larvae. Our data showed the gene expression patterns and relative positions of the floor plate neurons; and suggested a potential role of Notch signaling during floor plate development.

Endoglycan Regulates Purkinje Cell Migration by Balancing Cell-Cell Adhesion.

The importance of cell adhesion molecules for the development of the nervous system has been recognized many decades ago. Functional in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated a role of cell adhesion molecules in cell migration, axon growth and guidance, as well as synaptogenesis. Clearly, cell adhesion molecules have to be more than static glue making cells stick together. During axon guidance, cell adhesion molecules have been shown to act as pathway selectors but also as a means to prevent axons going astray by bundling or fasciculating axons. We identified Endoglycan as a negative regulator of cell-cell adhesion during commissural axon guidance across the midline. The presence of Endoglycan allowed commissural growth cones to smoothly navigate the floor-plate area. In the absence of Endoglycan, axons failed to exit the floor plate and turn rostrally. These observations are in line with the idea of Endoglycan acting as a lubricant, as its presence was important, but it did not matter whether Endoglycan was provided by the growth cone or the floor-plate cells. Here, we expand on these observations by demonstrating a role of Endoglycan during cell migration. In the developing cerebellum, Endoglycan was expressed by Purkinje cells during their migration from the ventricular zone to the periphery. In the absence of Endoglycan, Purkinje cells failed to migrate and, as a consequence, cerebellar morphology was strongly affected. Cerebellar folds failed to form and grow, consistent with earlier observations on a role of Purkinje cells as Shh deliverers to trigger granule cell proliferation.

Analysis of The Most Affecting Factors in The Selection of Conventional and Precast Concrete Floor Slabs on Time Performance

One of the efforts to achieve the goals of construction project in terms of cost, quality and time is to replace conventional methods with more modern ones, namely by applying precast concrete. Precast concrete products, especially for buildings, are quite varied, one of them is Hollow Core Slab (HCS). Supported by previous research which explains that precast concrete floor slabs can save processing time compared to conventional floor slabs. Therefore, it is necessary to identify factors and variables that affecting the selection of conventional and precast
 floor plates on time performance and how the influence of the X variable (Factors) on the Y variable (Time performance).The results showed that the most affecting factors in the selection of conventional floor slabs on time performance were manpower factor with variable number of workers (41.3%), location factor with variable distance of batching plant to project site (19.8%), and also technical factors with shop drawing revision variable (by 41.8%). As for, the most affecting factors in the selection of precast concrete floor slabs on time performance include manpower factors with worker’s expertise variable (29.7%), and technical factors with shop drawing revision variable (by 38.4%).

Window-to-Wall Ratio as a Mode of Daylight Optimization for an Educational Building with Opaque Double-Skin Façade

This study investigates the impact of Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) and Shading Coefficients (SC) as passive design strategies to optimise daylight in an opaque brick Double-Skin Façade (DSF) of an education building in Depok, Indonesia. A sample education building was simulated with DiaLux software for calculating the daylight distribution due to WWR on a daily basis during normal office hours. The optimum amount of window size and glazing were investigated for a typical floor plate area of 315.16m2. WWR was considered from 30% to 60% at 10% intervals in a horizontal and vertical expanding method of window. The simulations were performed in two sky conditions (sunny sky and standard CIE overcast sky) on different dates using glazing material of different SC. The primary findings of this study are that 40% WWR with SC 0.42 and 60% WWR with SC 0.95 achieve the best results for the north and south façade respectively of a DSF building.

Performance-Based Structural Fire Engineering of Steel Building Structures: Traveling Fires

Many studies and observations of large building fires show that in large compartments, fires do not burn uniformly. Rather, fires will burn locally and move across a floor plate as fuel is consumed. Currently fire engineering practice assumes uniformly burning fires within a compartment and the fire design methodologies are based upon small compartment fire scenarios. Traveling fire modeling that accounts for fire dynamics is essential for performance-based fire engineering. This paper reviews two traveling fire models presented in literature and implements both models on a steel-frame building. An advanced analysis of the building is performed and the fire performance of the building in these travel fire scenarios are compared to the fire performance of the building when subjected to conventional fire exposure scenarios (full story fires or compartment fires). The authors then illustrate the use of structural fire engineering methodologies to improve the fire resistance of the building.

Spinal TRPA1 Contributes to the Mechanical Hypersensitivity Effect Induced by Netrin-1.

Netrin-1, a chemoattractant expressed by floor plate cells, and one of its receptors (deleted in colorectal cancer) has been associated with pronociceptive actions in a number of pain conditions. Here, we addressed the question of whether spinal TRPC4/C5 or TRPA1 are among the downstream receptors contributing to pronociceptive actions induced by netrin-1. The experiments were performed on rats using a chronic intrathecal catheter for administration of netrin-1 and antagonists of TRPC4/C5 or TRPA1. Pain sensitivity was assessed behaviorally by using mechanical and heat stimuli. Effect on the discharge rate of rostral ventromedial medullary (RVM) pain control neurons was studied in lightly anesthetized animals. Netrin-1, in a dose-related fashion, induced mechanical hypersensitivity that lasted up to three weeks. Netrin-1 had no effect on heat nociception. Mechanical hypersensitivity induced by netrin-1 was attenuated by TRPA1 antagonist Chembridge-5861528 and by the control analgesic compound pregabalin both during the early (first two days) and late (third week) phase of hypersensitivity. TRPC4/C5 antagonist ML-204 had a weak antihypersensitivity effect that was only in the early phase, whereas TRPC4/C5 antagonist HC-070 had no effect on hypersensitivity induced by netrin-1. The discharge rate in pronociceptive ON-like RVM neurons was increased by netrin-1 during the late but not acute phase, whereas netrin-1 had no effect on the discharge rate of antinociceptive RVM OFF-like neurons. The results suggest that spinal TRPA1 receptors and pronociceptive RVM ON-like neurons are involved in the maintenance of submodality-selective pronociceptive actions induced by netrin-1 in the spinal cord.