Fish Scale Waste Research Articles

Developing the blue and circular economy through visionary eco-leadership in the fish waste processing agro-industry

Abstract Significant environmental pollution is caused by fish scale waste, but its utilization is still limited, so it has the potential to cause food waste which is detrimental to the environment. Eco-leadership is essential in changing people’s behavior by teaching them to see waste scales as a source of value-added materials, creating a sustainable economy, and improving the quality of the surrounding environment. This study explores the relationship between visionary eco-leadership from employee perceptions and its influence on developing a blue and circular economy in the fish waste processing agro-industry. This study used a purposive location determination method with a population of employees of an agro-industrial fish waste processing company in Boyolali Regency and a sample of 60. Data analysis used structural equations and the Partial Least Square (PLS) method. This study concludes that visionary leaders who care about the environment in the fish waste processing agro-industry positively and significantly influence the development of a blue and circular economy.

Fishwaste Derived Hydroxyapatite Nanostructure Combined with Black Rice Wine for Potential Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Response.

Hospital-acquired infection remains a serious threat globally, due to development of resistance to conventional antibiotics, which necessitates the urge for alternative therapy. Green nanotechnology has emerged as a holistic approach to address antibiotic resistance by combining environmental sustainability with improved therapeutic outcome. Nanostructure hydroxyapatite (HAP) has received significant attention in therapeutic and regenerative purposes due to its porous scaffold structure and biocompatible nature. In the present study, hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticle was fabricated from the fish scale waste of red snapper fish. Black rice wine (BRW) was extracted from black rice commonly termed as Karupu kavuni/forbidden rice known for its nutritious effects. The present study focused on encapsulation of BRW within HAP nanoparticles (HAP@BRW) and evaluated its potential against nosocomial infections. Spectral and microscopic characterization of HAP@BRW revealed uniform encapsulation of BRW in HAP nanoparticles, aggregated irregular-shaped morphology of size 117.6nm. Maximum release of BRW (72%) within 24h indicates HAP as suitable drug delivery system suitable for biomedical applications. Antimicrobial studies revealed that HAP@BRW exhibited potent bactericidal effect against MRSA, MSSA, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, HAP@BRW significantly inhibited the biofilm forming ability of MSSA and P. aeruginosa. Rich antioxidant property of HAP@BRW might be due to the presence of rich source of total polyphenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content in BRW. In vitro and in vivo toxicity studies revealed biocompatible nature of HAP@BRW. Antibiofilm, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and biocompatible nature of HAP@BRW makes it a promising candidate for coating medical implants to avoid implant-associated infections and nosocomial infections.

A novel biosorbent material from waste fish scales (Cyprinus carpio) for biosorption of toxic dyes in aquatic environments

AbstractPolluted water sources are a growing concern in our world today, with more and more of our precious freshwater sources becoming contaminated. Pollution can come from a variety of sources, such as industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and even urban runoff. Several treatment technologies have been investigated, mainly for dye pollution from textile and industrial wastes. In this study, the biosorption of methylene blue dye from the water environment was examined utilizing a low-cost and biodegradable biomaterial. Waste fish scales modified with NaOH were used as biomaterial. The biosorption effect of methylene blue concentration and pH variables was optimized. SEM for the surface morphology of the biomaterial and FT-IR analyses for the detection of functional groups were performed. The characterization of methylene blue biosorption was conducted to fully understand its nature, including its kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamic works. It has been determined that the biosorption process conforms most closely to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for its kinetic results and to the Langmuir isotherm for its equilibrium results. Based on the Langmuir isotherm data, the maximum capacity for biosorption (qmax) was found to be 344.82 mg g−1. The thermodynamic results showed that the process of biosorption of methylene blue on various surfaces is spontaneous and occurs via physisorption. Additionally, the experimental design method was utilized to determine the optimum conditions of the methylene blue biosorption process under various conditions. The maximum biosorption capacity was determined to be 102.367 mg g−1 at the optimal conditions. The potential of biosorbent derived from the waste fish scales is promising as a novel biosorbent material due to its unique surface morphology and high biosorption capacity.

Ceramic Hydroxyapatite Derived from Fish Scales in Biomedical Applications: a Systematic Review

<img src=” https://s3.amazonaws.com/production.scholastica/article/120415/medium/prnano_1362024ga.jpg?1719353187”> The production of fish waste is increasing dramatically, as more than 70% of captured fish require processing before being sold. These enormous amounts of fish by-products are mostly wasted, generating an undesirable environmental impact and a loss of value-added products. Recently, there has been a growing interest in utilizing fish scale waste as a low-cost source to produce natural nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramic growth and sustainability. On 1 April 2023, an electronic search was performed across four major databases (ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Scopus, and PubMed). Among the 1824 articles identified, only 27 met this review’s inclusion criteria. These studies not only extracted HAp from fish scales but conducted in vitro or in vivo assessments. The in vitro studies demonstrated the non-cytotoxic nature of the fish-scale derived HAp and its superior cell viability compared to control or synthetic HAp. Furthermore, histopathological evaluations revealed favorable bioavailability and biological responses. These findings indicate that HAp obtained from natural sources offers an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective approach for manufacturing these materials and is fully utilized for commercial purposes. Such materials are promising for biomedical applications, contributing positively to the economy, environment, and overall community well-being.

Highly efficient SnS2‐based photocatalyst: A green approach to biodiesel production

AbstractBiodiesel, a promising alternative to traditional petroleum fuels, is a green energy solution. Photocatalysis is a facile, novel, economic, and efficient approach to biodiesel synthesis. Metal sulfides have been used extensively for various photocatalytic applications. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the photocatalytic production of biodiesel using a novel metal sulfide‐based heterogeneous photocatalyst under visible light irradiation.A nano zero‐valent silver doped hydroxyapatite (Ag/HAp) was synthesized using a green bio‐reductant technique and decorated with tin sulfide nanoparticles (SnS2/Ag/HAp or SAH) for photocatalytic biodiesel synthesis. The hydroxyapatite (HAp) was extracted from waste fish scales to minimize the use of chemicals and to utilize waste for useful applications. The prepared SAH photocatalyst was characterized through X‐ray diffraction, UV‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The effect of reaction parameters was optimized, and under optimum conditions of 1 wt% photocatalyst loading, and 8:1 methanol‐to‐oleic‐acid ratio, for 60 min, a high yield of 98.0 ± 0.61% could be achieved using a SAH photocatalyst.Scavenger tests indicated the simultaneous generation of photoinduced electrons and holes necessary for photocatalytic biodiesel synthesis. A mechanism for the photocatalytic esterification reaction of oleic acid is proposed. The synthesized SnS2‐based photocatalyst could be easily recoverable and reusable for five consecutive runs, which can replace traditional industrial heterogeneous catalysts in the near future.

Synthesis and characterization of poly (acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid)/chitosan (derived from fish scales) for controlled release of amoxicillin drug

AbstractChitosan (CS) can be extracted from waste fish scales through a series of chemical processes, including demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. The biomaterial poly (acrylamide [AM]‐co‐acrylic acid [AA])/CS is a unique superabsorbent material synthesized through the free radical graft copolymerization method by using AM, AA, and CS powder. During synthesis, ammonium persulfate is used as an initiator, and N, N′‐methylene bisacrylamide is used as a cross‐linker. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been studied to know about the morphology and structure of the synthesized superabsorbent materials. The water absorbency of the material continuously increases from day 1 to day 30. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) of the superabsorbent material show adequate thermal stability. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the synthesized biomaterial is virtually amorphous in nature. The percentage of biodegradability increases with time. The encapsulation efficiency of amoxicillin drugs is around 70%, which indicates that the biomaterial is highly efficient for drug release applications. The synthesized novel biomaterial is a low‐cost, eco‐friendly, and thermally stable hydrogel that can be effectively used in drug release applications.Highlights Chitosan (CS)‐based hydrogels are highly pH‐sensitive towards drug release. The biodegradability and swelling behavior of the synthesized biomaterial were studied by adopting a suitable methodology. The novel material formed was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, TGA, and Scanning electron microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency, kinetic study, and controlled drug release behavior of the amoxicillin drug were studied in solutions of simulated gastric fluid and phosphate‐buffered saline. The material developed in this study shows good performance in controlled drug delivery, and is therefore suitable for manufacturing medical devices used in drug delivery.

Ultrasound-assisted formation of composite materials from fish scale waste hydroxyapatite in the presence of gamma-irradiated chitosan for the removal of malachite green

The fish processing sector produces millions of tons of trash annually—a biologically dangerous substance that could eventually turn into a source of pathogenic contamination.

Unlocking eco-industry: green knowledge and good manufacturing practice fish scale waste utilization

Scales such as fish waste are considered worthless, even though they can be used as raw materials for collagen-making. This fish waste management process also contributes to reducing the problem of environmental pollution due to the disposal of fish waste that is not managed correctly. This study aims to determine the relationship between green knowledge upskilling (GKU) of employees, good manufacturing practice (GMP), and eco-performance (EP). The research site was determined by conducting a census of the 35 personnel at PT Marine Biogel Indonesia in Boyolali. The research model uses structural equations (SEM), and the analysis method uses partial least squares. The results show that GKU has a positive and significant effect on GMP. Second, GKU has a positive and significant effect on EP. Third, GMP has a positive and significant effect on EP. Finally, GKU positively and significantly affects EP mediated by GMP. Implementing eco-friendly production practices can increase the utilization of fishing industry waste on a large scale.

The proximate composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid content, and mineral content of scale flour from three fish species as potential feeds for fish fry.

Fish scale waste is highly valued both as a functional food ingredient and a potential feed source for farmed fish. This study aimed to analyse the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and mineral content in fish scale flour of Osphronemus (O) goramy, Cyprinus (C) carpio, and Oreochromis (O) niloticus as potential feed for fish fry. Fish scales were cleaned with 10% w/v NaCl solution at a ratio of 1:10 (w/w) for 24 hours at 4 °C. Agitation was used every eight hours to remove excess protein. Fish scales were evenly arranged in a cooker and cooked at 121 °C for 10 minutes with 15 psi pressure. After cooking, 100 grams of wet fish scales was dried at 50 °C for four hours. Dried fish scales were transformed into flour for proximate composition analysed via standard AOAC method, amino acid and fatty acid assessment employing HPLC and GC-MS, while mineral content was determined using AAS. The examined fish scale flour from three species displayed significant variations in chemical components, amino acids, and minerals (p<0.01). Crude protein content spanned 49.52% to 72.94%, and fat content ranged from 0.11% to 0.23%. Magnesium levels varied between 767.82 mg/kg and 816.50 mg/kg, calcium content ranged from 3.54 mg/kg to 12.16 mg/kg, iron content was within 40.46 mg/kg to 44.10 mg/kg, and zinc content ranged from 45.80 mg/kg to 139.19 mg/kg. Predominantly, glycine emerged as the main free amino acid (FAA), varying from 13.70% to 16.08%, while histidine had the lowest content, at 0.39% to 0.71%. Conversely, fatty acid content was low in all species examined ranging from 6.73% to 9.48%. Flour from three farmed fish types has potential for fish fry feed due to its chemical composition, amino acid, and mineral content. Further validation is needed for amino acid comparison to fish meal.

Waste fish scale for the preparation of bio-nanocomposite film with novel properties

The aim of this work was to study utilization of waste fish scales to develop a bio-nanocomposite films with corn starch, embedded with ZnO nanoparticles and turmeric as an alternative to synthetic plastics films to pack the food. Four different types of bio-nanocomposite films were prepared using varying amounts of fish scale powder and corn starch. The films were examined for their physical and chemical characteristics, including texture, color, solubility in hot water, tensile strength, organic content, and shape. The films were characterized by FTIR, UV–Vis spectrophotometry and SEM. The developed bio-nanocomposite films demonstrated enhanced water barrier, mechanical and antimicrobial properties. The unique features of the bio-nanocomposite with pH indication property demonstrated their potential usage in food packaging applications. Overall, bio-nanocomposite film showed reduced spoilage and increased shelf-life. The results could be of great relevance for the sustainable utilization of waste fish scale and replacement of synthetic polymers films for food packaging as an alternative with environmental sustainability.

Synthesis and fabrication of HAp from fish scale waste to develop bone equivalent phantom

Radiotherapy is one of a method to treat cancer. Before irradiating a patient, we need to understand the dose deposition and interaction of radiation with body. We introduce a tissue equivalent material called phantom to study the interaction and dose deposition. This study mainly focuses to understand the interaction of radiation with the bones. Since there are many tissue equivalent phantoms available and are in use and there is no bone equivalent phantom, there is a need of phantom which should be bone equivalent. Thus our study focuses on fabrication of bone equivalent phantom that too made of fish shell waste, which make it easy to synthesis and makes it environment friendly. The fabrication and synthesis of Hap from fish scale waste by undergoing a series of processes to develop bone equivalent calcined and uncalcined samples were made. Before its been exposed using a Linear accelerator (Varian – Unique performance), the fabricated HAp samples undergone a CT test to verify the Hounsfield unit with the value that of bones in humans. After the confirmation of CT number of the fabricated samples and its exposure with the LINAC for different MUs (300 Mu/min and 500 MU/min), it's been read by a TLD reader and GM counter. Finally the readings from the TLD and GM counter of the exposed calcined and uncalcined samples were compared to understand the efficiency of both the samples.

Studies on the efficiency of fish scale adsorbents for treatment of fish processing effluent

AbstractPollution of water by organic and inorganic contaminants is a serious environmental issue. The primary emphasis of this present investigation was to reduce wastewater pollution and environmental burden related to fish waste disposal. Prime pollutant parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in fish processing effluent were treated by adsorbents produced from waste fish scales viz., dried fish scale adsorbent and fish scale biochar. A control was used and the entire study was carried out in batch mode to assess the influence of adsorbent dosage levels, contact time, and pH conditions. The experiments revealed that prepared fish scale biochar was as effective as control in achieving a significant (p &lt; 0.05) reduction of BOD (87%) and COD (84%) at 150 min treatment time with 0.24 and 0.48 g dosage level. The optimum pH range was found to be 6–8. The experimental data fitted well with pseudo‐second‐order and Langmuir isotherm models (R2 &gt; 0.911). The influence of intraparticle diffusion in adsorption treatment was tested with Weber–Morris plot. The experiments were done in triplicate and all data were statistically tested using MS Excel, IBM SPSS (version 26), and OriginPro software packages.

Ammonia-Nitrogen Removal by Hydroxyapatite Prepared from Waste Fish Scale

The pollution of ammonia-nitrogen in water became more serious with the development of the industry. In this paper, hydroxyapatite (HAP) was prepared from waste fish scales; the XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and Raman were used to characterize the prepared samples, and the prepared HAP samples were studied as degradation photocatalyst and adsorbing material for the removal of ammonia-nitrogen. The ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiency (ANRE, Removal Rate = (Initial Concentration–Current Concentration)/Initial Concentration × 100%) of the samples was also discussed. The results showed that the HAP sample, which was calcinated at 800 °C for 2 h, had the best ANRE, which was 41%. The UV-Vis, EIS, and PL were used to analyze the reason for the different ANRE. The reason for the high ANRE was attributed to the samples’ superior adsorption capability resulting from their large specific surface area, as well as their superior properties for photocatalytic degradation. This was a meaningful work to explore a treatment of ammonia-nitrogen by HAP.

Development of luminescence carbon quantum dots for metal ions detection and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes from aqueous media

In the present study, fish scale waste was used for the organic synthesis of luminescence CQDs by the hydrothermal method. The impact of CQDs on improved photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and metal ions detection is examined in this study. The synthesized CQDs had a variety of characteristics that were detected, such as crystallinity, morphology, functional groups, and binding energies. The luminescence CQDs showed outstanding photocatalytic effectiveness for the destruction of methylene blue (96.5%) and reactive red 120 dye (97.8%), respectively after 120 min exposure to visible light (420 nm). The high electron transport properties of the CQDs edges, which make it possible to efficiently separate electron-hole pairs, are attributed to the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the CQDs. These degradation results prove that the CQDs are the outcome of a synergistic interaction between visible light (adsorption); a potential mechanism is also suggested, and the kinetics is analyzed to use a pseudo-first-order model. Additionally, the metal ions detection of CQDs was studied by various metal ions (Hg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+) in an aqueous solution and results revealed that the PL intensity of CQDs in presence of cadmium ions decreased. Studies show that the organic fabrication of CQDs are effective photocatalyst and may one day serve as the ideal material to reduce water pollution.

Insight into the differences in carbon dots prepared from fish scales using conventional hydrothermal and microwave methods.

The preparation of carbon dots (CDs) from waste fish scales is an attractive and high-value transformation. In this study, fish scales were used as a precursor to prepare CDs, and the effects of hydrothermal and microwave methods on their fluorescence properties and structures were evaluated. The microwave method was more conducive to the self-doping of nitrogen due to rapid and uniform heating. However, the low temperature associated with the microwave method resulted in insufficient dissolution of the organic matter in the fish scales, resulting in incomplete dehydration and condensation and the formation of nanosheet-like CDs, whose emission behavior had no significant correlation with excitation. Although the CDs prepared using the conventional hydrothermal method showed lower nitrogen doping, the relative pyrrolic nitrogen content was higher, which was beneficial in improving their quantum yield. Additionally, the controllable high temperature and sealed environment used in the conventional hydrothermal method promoted dehydration and condensation of the organic matter in the fish scales to form CDs with a higher degree of carbonization, uniform size, and higher C = O/COOH content. CDs prepared using the conventional hydrothermal method exhibited higher quantum yields and excitation wavelength-dependent emission behavior.

Biological extraction of chitin from fish scale waste using proteolytic bacteria Stenotrophomonas koreensis and its possible application as an active packaging material

Biological extraction of chitin from fish scale waste using proteolytic bacteria Stenotrophomonas koreensis and its possible application as an active packaging material

Colorimetric multi-channel sensing of metal ions and advanced molecular information protection based on fish scale-derived carbon nanoparticles

Some nanosystems based on carbon nanomaterials have been used for fluorescent chemical/biosensing, elementary information processing, and textual coding. However, little attention has been paid to utilizing biowaste-derived carbon nanomaterials for colorimetric multi-channel sensing and advanced molecular information protection (including text and pattern information). Herein, fish scale-derived carbon nanoparticles (FSCN) were prepared and used for colorimetric detection of metal ions, encoding, encrypting and hiding text- and pattern-based information. The morphology and composition of FSCN were analyzed by TEM, XRD, FTIR, and XPS, and it was found that the FSCN-based multi-channel colorimetric sensing system can detect Cr6+ (detection limit of 56.59 nM and 13.32 nM) and Fe3+ (detection limit of 81.55 nM) through the changes of absorption intensity at different wavelengths (272, 370, and 310 nm). Moreover, the selective responses of FSCN to 20 kinds of metal ions can be abstracted into a series of binary strings, which can encode, hide, and encrypt traditional text-based and even two-dimensional pattern-based information. The preparation of carbon nanomaterials derived from waste fish scales can stimulate other researcheres’ enthusiasm for the development and utilization of wastes and promoting resource recycling. Inspired by this work, more researches will continue to explore the world of molecular information technology.

Utilization of Fish Scales for Non-Food Products : A Review

This article aims to review the potential of fish scale waste as a processed material and its application to various fields of the non-food industry. The method used in this process is a qualitative descriptive method using data collected from secondary sources. Fish scales are residual waste that can be obtained from waste created in fish sales or fish processing companies. This type of waste has the potential to be utilized because it contains various kinds of organic materials that can be reprocessed to become new products. Fish scales waste can be used directly into handicraft products, including brooches, beading (sequins) and used indirectly in the form of products from collagen extraction, including fish glue and products from chitosan fish scales, including bioplastics, biocoagulants, and Rhodamin B dye adsorbents. The importance of utilizing fish scale waste is that it can increase the selling value of fish scales which were once just waste into potentially useful materials, reduce environmental pollution, encourage the concept of a green economy, and create a zero waste environment in the fishery product industry. From the data that has been collected, it can be concluded that fish scale waste can be used in various non-food industries and can be processed into various products, this includes the use of fish scales as craft products such as brooches or key chains, processing fish scales into adhesives, and extraction of chitin from fish scales to be used as additives for bioplastics, biocoagulants, and rhodamine b adsorbents.

Effect of acidic and alkaline pretreatment on functional, structural and thermal properties of gelatin from waste fish scales

Effect of acidic and alkaline pretreatment on functional, structural and thermal properties of gelatin from waste fish scales

Kajian Potensi Pemanfaatan Limbah Sisik Ikan Dari Usaha Ikan Tangkap Laut (Studi Kasus Pasar Kota Bengkulu)

The potential utilization of fish by-products from fishery processing businesses in the form of fish scales can still be utilized for various synthetic products. Fish scales contain 29.8 – 40.9% protein; fat content 0.1-1%, mineral content 30.0-36.8%, collagen 37.5%, with the content of these protein compounds, fish scales can produce active compounds such as chitosan, collagen and gelatin. Bengkulu City is an area that has a major contribution to the province Bengkulu, with a total production of 46,145 tons of marine catch per year (KKP, 2020). This research aims to determine the potential of fish scales produced from fish processing activities in Bengkulu City based on the yield of fish scales per total weight of fish. Snapper, grouper and pomfret are the three types of marine capture fisheries could produce the highest production volume in Bengkulu City. Based on the research conducted, it was found that the yield of snapper scales resulted in the highest yield of fish scales, was 5.2% per total weight, with the results of the yield, it was known that fish scales could be utilized and potentially reprocessed into new products. The results of interviews with fish processing entrepreneurs in one of the largest markets in Bengkulu City (Panorama Market), it is known that every day the fishery product processing can produce 20-50 kg of snapper, so if this related to the yield of fish scales with the amount of fish production, it is known that Snapper scales have high potential to be used to provide additional income for fisheries entrepreneurs. The fish scale waste obtained can be reprocessed into useful products such as gelatin, chitosan, and collagen. Gelatin is used as a food additive, chitosan is used as a natural preservative, and collagen is used as an additive in food or pharmaceutical products.