Fish Scale Waste Research Articles

Kajian Potensi Pemanfaatan Limbah Sisik Ikan Dari Usaha Ikan Tangkap Laut (Studi Kasus Pasar Kota Bengkulu)

The potential utilization of fish by-products from fishery processing businesses in the form of fish scales can still be utilized for various synthetic products. Fish scales contain 29.8 – 40.9% protein; fat content 0.1-1%, mineral content 30.0-36.8%, collagen 37.5%, with the content of these protein compounds, fish scales can produce active compounds such as chitosan, collagen and gelatin. Bengkulu City is an area that has a major contribution to the province Bengkulu, with a total production of 46,145 tons of marine catch per year (KKP, 2020). This research aims to determine the potential of fish scales produced from fish processing activities in Bengkulu City based on the yield of fish scales per total weight of fish. Snapper, grouper and pomfret are the three types of marine capture fisheries could produce the highest production volume in Bengkulu City. Based on the research conducted, it was found that the yield of snapper scales resulted in the highest yield of fish scales, was 5.2% per total weight, with the results of the yield, it was known that fish scales could be utilized and potentially reprocessed into new products. The results of interviews with fish processing entrepreneurs in one of the largest markets in Bengkulu City (Panorama Market), it is known that every day the fishery product processing can produce 20-50 kg of snapper, so if this related to the yield of fish scales with the amount of fish production, it is known that Snapper scales have high potential to be used to provide additional income for fisheries entrepreneurs. The fish scale waste obtained can be reprocessed into useful products such as gelatin, chitosan, and collagen. Gelatin is used as a food additive, chitosan is used as a natural preservative, and collagen is used as an additive in food or pharmaceutical products.

Synthesis of nanohybrid reinforced electrospun methylcellulose/ polyvinyl alcohol /polyethylene glycol nanofiber: study of material properties for possible biomedical applications

Over the past few epochs, emerging transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) have gotten major devotion through incessant level of interest. The effort of this work is to understand the influence of nano-reinforcing agent on the morphology, property and its drug carrying capacity of the nanohybrid reinforced ketorolac tromethamine (KT) drug loaded electrospun nanofibrous web. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted successfully from jute fibres (JF) and nanocollagen (NCG) was isolated from waste fish scales for the assembling of CNC-NCG reinforced MC/PVA/PEG electrospun nanofibrous bio-nanocomposites (BNCs) mat for transdermal drug delivery applications. The isolated nanoparticles (CNC & NCG) and the synthesized electrospun bio-nanocomposite were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).

Effect of Hydroxyapatite Synthesized from Tilapia Fish Scale Waste on the Shear Bond Strength of GIC and RMGIC to Enamel Layer (<i>In Vitro</i> Study)

Indonesia is a country that has many types of freshwater fish, one of which is tilapia. The consumption of tilapia among the people of Indonesia is quite high. So that, it will produce a lot of fish scale waste. Fish scales can be used as a natural source of hydroxyapatite because they contain calcium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroxyapatite synthesized from tilapia fish scale (Oreochromis niloticus) on the shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement and resin modified glass ionomer cement to enamel layer. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized from tilapia fish scale (Oreochromis niloticus) by calcination method at 800°C. Sample was made from glass ionomer cement (GIC) and resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) combined with 2, 5 and 8%wt of hydroxyapatite, respectively. Sample was bonded to enamel layer of human premolar tooth. The shear bond strength of sample was tested by using Universal Testing Machine. The result showed that shear bond strength were increased for higher concentration of hydroxyapatite that added to glass ionomer cement or resin modified glass ionomer cement. The maximum of shear bond strength of GIC Group is 6,38 ± 0,05MPa after 8%wt hydroxyapatite addition. The maximum of shear bond strength of RMGIC Group is 6,59 ± 0,06 MPa after 8%wt hydroxyapatite addition. There were significance differences among all group tested (p <0.05). It can be concluded that hydroxyapatite synthesized from tylapia fish scale can increase the shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement and resin modified glass ionomer cement.

Biobased coating derived from fish scale protein and phytic acid for flame-retardant cotton fabrics

The nitrogen-phosphorus flame-retardant coating was formed on the surface of cotton fabrics via strong electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonds with layer-by-layer coating of protein extracted from fishery waste fish scales and phytic acid (PA) derived from plant seeds. The flame retardant property of the coated cotton fabrics demonstrated a significant improvement with a limiting oxygen index of 31.1%, meeting the flame retardant requirements of commercial fire-protection suit. Especially, noteworthy, due to the synergistic smoke suppression effect of fish scale protein and phytic acid, the total smoke emission was greatly reduced by 139%. Meanwhile, the charring of the cotton fabrics treated with FSP and PA was significantly enhanced. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman results of the residual char further reveal that the treatment of the combined coating facilitates the formation of dense and regular graphitized char residue during combustion or under high temperature. This waste-sourced, biomass-derived coating paves a new way towards sustainable flame-retardant fabrics and has great significance in civil, military, and industrial fields.

Chitosan from snapper fish scale waste (Lutjanus spp.) for edible coating

Indonesia is known for its rich fisheries sector. The portion of fish that can be consumed is only 40-50% of the total, the rest is disposed of as waste. Chitosan can be found in fish scales. This study aims to determine the effect of chitosan edible coating from scale waste in extending the shelf life of grapes and the level of consumer acceptance of chitosan edible coating. Chitosan was extracted through deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation process. Chitosan solutions were made with various concentrations. Based on the results, the chitosan obtained had a yield of 36,32%, water content 3,86%, and ash content 89,54%. In the antibacterial activity test, the inhibition zone formed by chitosan was smaller than 0% chitosan. In the calculation of the De Garmo test obtained the concentration of 0,5% was the best concentration of chitosan. Based on the results of the shelf life estimation test, chitosan coating treatment still cannot replace paraffin wax in extending the shelf life of grapes. In the organoleptic results between samples with coating compared to samples without coating, the results show that the provision of chitosan coating can be accepted by consumers without changing the organoleptic characteristics of the grapes.

Valorization of Fish Waste for Chitosan Production: A Sustainable Approach

Fish waste can be used as an ideal substrate for extraction of commercially important bio-polymers like chitosan. Chitosan is a versatile biopolymer with various biological and chemical properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and antimicrobial properties and can be a major applicant in different industries. The present research work focuses on extracting chitosan from fish scale waste through chemical extraction methods. Demineralization in this study is done using 1% HCl for 36 hours at 150 rpm and deproteinization is done using dilute 0.5N NaOH for 18 hours at 150 rpm. The final step deacetylation is done using a concentrated 40% NaOH solution at 90˚C for 6 hours. The extracted chitosan had a yield of 12% per 100g of fishscale and characterization was done using FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC. Further the possibility of fabrication of chitosan films followed by assessing their biodegradability will be the future scope of the work.

Crosslinked nanocollagen-cellulose nanofibrils reinforced electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/methylcellulose/polyethylene glycol bionanocomposites: Study of material properties and sustained release of ketorolac tromethamine

Engaged potent drug delivery systems (DDSs) has greatly influence on managing the drug pharmacological outcome and the pharmacokinetic outline with regards to the drug release rate, the target site, drug bioavailability without neglecting the side effects. The endeavor of this work is to investigate the effect of reinforcing nanofillers on drug release, and other properties of the nanofiller-drug loaded nanofibrous systems. In this research work, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) has been isolated from jute fibres while nanocollagen (NCG) was extracted from waste fish scales for the fabrication of CNF-NCG reinforced drug loaded PVA/MC/PEG glutaraldehyde cross-linked novel electrospun nanofibrous bionanocomposites (BNCs). The prepared BNCs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). In vitro drug release results showed that the CNF-NCG BNCs loaded nanofibrous structures displayed excellent sustained release of KT up to ≥16 h and can serve as excellent transdermal DDSs.

MgO-loaded nitrogen and phosphorus self-doped biochar: High-efficient adsorption of aquatic Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ and its remediation efficiency on heavy metal contaminated soil

In this study, the MgO-loaded fish scale biochar (MgO-FB) was synthesized by impregnation of MgCl2 using fish scales as precursor, and the modified biochar was applied for the adsorption of aquatic Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+, and the immobilization of heavy metals in soils. The maximum adsorption capacities of MgO-FB for Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ were 505.8, 327.2, and 661.2 mg/g, respectively. In addition, MgO-FB can keep the excellent adsorption capacity under various environmental disturbances including pH, humic acid, and high ionic strength. Multiple characterizations and comparative experiments have demonstrated that the hydroxyapatite components and the MgO micro-nanoparticles on MgO-FB enhanced the adsorption capacity for Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ through ion-exchange and precipitation process. The metal-π electron coordination and complexation with oxygen-, nitrogen-, and phosphorus-containing groups were also responsible for the removal of heavy metal ions. Besides, MgO-FB also performed excellently for the immobilization of Cu, Cd, and Pb in soils, and the contents of available Cu, Cd, and Pb were reduced by 84.2%, 74.2%, and 53.7% respectively with the addition of MgO-FB. In general, these results show that waste fish scales co-pyrolysis with MgCl2 impregnation can be considered as a promising and efficient material for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated waters and soils.

A method for the process of collagen modified polyester from fish scales waste

In this study, we introduced a novel polymerization method of polyester using collagen peptides derived from fish scale waste. After the extraction process of collagen peptide from fish scales, putting collagen peptide, ethylene glycol and Benzenedicarboxylic acid into a container, and mixing them to form a mixture; heating the mixture for executing an esterification reaction, to product esters and water; heating the esters, and stirring the esters via a mixer; in a specific period, decreasing the pressure in the container for executing a polycondensation reaction; decreasing the pressure in the container to a second pressure, and stirring the esters via the mixer, to produce a collagen modified polyester.Collagen peptides are rich in glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, and by forming a triple helix structure, such as that of the copolyester, gain better hydrophilicity, antistaticity, and ductility. As a result, the produced collagen modified polyester fiber keeps the characteristics of the traditional polyethylene terephthalate fibers including strength, durability, and resistance to wrinkle and shrink. However, the supramolecular collagen modified polyester containing animal collagen peptides has naturally a soft touch and champagne-like color. Consequently, it can be used as a suitable material for skin-friendly functional clothes with or without additional dying. In brief,•This study introduces a novel method for collagen modified polyester.•Upcycled fish scale waste brings the sustainable benefits of circular economy.•Collagen modified polyester provides a new direction for future technological development in the textile industry.

Adsorption of methylene blue using fish scales as biosorbent

Access to water is fundamental for several sectors, such as human supply, irrigation, livestock, transport, energy, and manufacturing. However, the growing consumption associated with population increase, socio-economic and technological development, urbanization, and climate change, has substantially changed the availability and quality of this resource, mainly due to wastewater with dyes. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the tilapia fish scales (FS) as a biosorbent in removing the methylene blue dye (MB). The adsorption tests were carried out in batch mode, evaluating the effect of the MB concentration (10 - 40 mg L-1), through the study of equilibrium, considering the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and kinetic adsorption of pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO), with the biosorbent concentration of 0.7 g L-1. It was observed that the more significant removal was achieved at 10 mg L-1 of MB (50.87%). Regarding the kinetic and equilibrium adsorption, all systems showed considerable adjustment to the PFO model and Freundlich isotherm model, respectively, coming into equilibrium after 15 minutes. Therefore, it is emphasized that the fish scale waste has great potential for application as a biosorbent to remove synthetic dyes, meeting the theme of sustainable development.

Removal of Cr(III) from Aqueous Solution Using Labeo rohita Chitosan-Based Composite

This study focusses on the synthesis of chitosan-cellulose composite membrane derived from Labeo rohita fish scales (FS) for the removal of Cr(III) from aqueous solution, while chromium is a serious threat to groundwater. Waste FS are valorized to chitosan by demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation successively. Cellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse using acidic hydrolysis. Chitosan-based cellulose composite porous membrane was fabricated by evaporating solvent from polymer solution in petri dish. The impact of pH, contact time, and absorbent dosage on the removal of Cr(III) from an aqueous solution was investigated. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to check the Cr(III). Results showed that chitosan comprising 85% degree of deacetylation was achieved by alkali treatment, while yield was 22%. FTIR analysis confirmed the chitosan and chitosan-cellulose-based composite membrane. Morphology studies showed that the cellulose was strongly staggered and due to the chitosan, the surface of cellulose became rougher, which is good to enhance the adsorption capacity. The maximum removal 57% of Cr(III) from aqueous solution was observed at pH 6 at 60 min and 50 mg dosage of adsorbent. The minimum removal (47%) of Cr (III) was found at pH 2. These results confer that Labeo rohita-based chitosan-cellulose composite membrane has great potential for the removal of metals from industrial effluents.

Fabrication of ultra-bright carbon nano-onions via a one-step microwave pyrolysis of fish scale waste in seconds

Carbon nano-onion is synthesized via microwave pyrolysis of fish scale waste in seconds. Simultaneous surface functionalization facilitates bright visible-light emission and excellent dispersibility, enabling the fabrication of flexible film and LED.

Natural interface guiding cell: Directly using waste fish scales with rich micro/nano structures for control of cell behaviors

Extracellular matrix (ECM) with various micro/nano features is an important chemical and physical clue to control cell behaviors. Fish scale surface has rich structures and similar components to ECM, but there are no reports on directly using the natural surface of fish scales to guide cell behavior. Herein, natural interface of waste fish scales can be directly, simply, green, and low-costly used to regulate cell behavior. A series of characterization showed that the natural surface of fish scales is rich in micro/nano structures (groove, short ridge, fibers), contain collagen and hydroxyapatite, has suitable wettability and no cytotoxicity. These natural structures on waste fish scales have adjustable cell guidance abilities, which are consistent with the anisotropy levels of these structures (ordered fibers > grooves > damaged fibers > short ridges). Moreover, cell contact interaction with micro/nano topographies on the fish scale surface is dynamically adjustable with growth time, and also increased the chemoresistance of cancer cells to drug (irinotecan and cisplatin). Due to its advantages of wide material sources, waste recycling, patterning-free, and pretreatment-free, directly using biowastes (fish scales) not only provides a new opportunity for the development of in vitro anisotropic culture platform, but also helps to deepen the understanding and application of natural materials.

Fully sustainable and high-performance fish gelatin-based triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable movement sensing and human-machine interaction

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been demonstrated promising as flexible, portable, and wearable devices in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing, providing a new possibility in wearable electronics and human-machine interaction. To reduce the environmental pollution, many sustainable and natural materials have been applied as friction materials in TENGs; however, it is still challenging to fabricate fully sustainable and high-performance TENGs, possibly due to the difficulty in choosing suitable sustainable friction pairs. Herein, we develop a general method to fabricate a flexible, transparent, fully sustainable, and high-performance fish gelatin-based TENG with its friction layers all composed of the fish gelatin films prepared from kitchen waste fish scales. These films can degrade completely within 30 days in the soil. Modifying the two friction layers with dopamine and fluorinated silane respectively to serve as a promising triboelectric pair, the obtained TENG shows remarkable output performances, which could be further enhanced via surface structuralization and dimension optimization. An open circuit voltage of 500 V and a short circuit current of 4 μA are realized, and the power density reaches up to 100 μW cm−2. To the best of our knowledge, the output voltage is much higher than that of the reported sustainable TENGs. Our fully sustainable TENG can directly light up 300 light-emitting diodes. Moreover, the device is also used in self-powered wearable sensing of human movements and in human-machine interaction. Our work demonstrates the great potential of utilizing the cost-efficient and sustainable fish scales in flexible, green, and wearable electronics, particularly in human-machine interaction.

Cyclo.Plas 2: A Dual Focus Development as Alternative Materials to Plastic by Upcycling Fish Scale Waste Components

Using the biomimicry of fish scale composition, calcium salts and collagen, Cyclo.Plas 2 (CP2) is a dual-focus materials development addressing plastic degradability and waste accumulation. The biomineralisation concept was applied to valorise 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) waste with a fish scale-inspired mineral, hydroxyapatite (HAp), to form composites. It was found that the composites exhibited greater flexural strength compared to 3D-printed PLA waste and had faster degradation in hydrolysis, home composting and acidic environments. Following the sclerotisation concept, the physicochemical properties of intact collagenous matrix of fish scale waste were enhanced to form a thin, plastic-like material. These thin films were comparable to low-density polyethylene (LDPE), with high transparency and shrinkage performance. Samples biodegraded after 8 weeks with no phytotoxicity and enhanced plant growth. Trials showed improved thermal stability and water resistance, yet the samples degraded with low total dissolved solids. Cyclo.Plas 2 serves as a preventative and practical disposal solution to promoting a circular economy through home composting.

A green and economical approach to derive nanostructured hydroxyapatite from Garra mullya fish scale waste for biocompatible energy storage applications

In this work, we spotlight an economical, green fabrication of bio-supercapacitor material using nanostructured hydroxyapatite (FNHAp). FNHAp employed is derived from the abundant fish scale waste acquired from Garra mullya fish via a facile alkaline heat treatment technique. The structural geometry, functional groups, morphological views and compositional analysis has been done by powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). All the results authenticate the successful synthesis of FNHAp. The capacitive performance has been studied by the electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Galvanostatic charge–discharge method (GCD). The mechanical cyclic stability over 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 mA/g with good coulombic efficiency of 84%. The developed biocompatible material displays great potential to offer a green alternative to conventional supercapacitors.

Surface-treated fish scale powder with silane coupling agent in asphalt for performance improvement: Conventional properties, rheology, and morphology

There has been an increasing interest in using bio-waste materials to modify asphalt binders in recent years. Among the bio-waste materials, fish scale powder (FSP) has been widely studied in various industries, while the research in the asphalt industry is still limited. Thus, this work investigated the effect of silane coupling agent surface-treated fish scale powder (ST-FSP) on asphalt performance. The surface-treated fish scale powder modified asphalt (ST-FSMA) was then prepared with different mass rates (4%, 8%, 12%, and 16%). Fish scale powder modified asphalt (FSMA) and neat asphalt were also prepared as the control. It is found that the surface treatment with the silane coupling agent may further improve the modification effect of FSP on the penetration, softening point, viscosity, and rutting resistance of the asphalt binder. The master curves showed that ST-FSP could further increase the storage modulus and loss modulus of asphalt binder. Furthermore, the reduction in the ductility and compatibility of the asphalt binder due to the added FSP can be improved with the surface treatment. The influence of the surface treatment on the low- and intermediate-temperature behavior of the asphalt matrix is minimal. The mechanism analysis with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the feasibility of grafting silane coupling agent onto FSP, and there is physical mixing between ST-FSP and asphalt. Fluorescence microscope (FM) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the enhanced dispersibility and reduced agglomeration of FSP in the asphalt were observed from ST-FSMA. This work can provide insights into the utilization of fish scale waste as an innovative and sustainable biomaterial in the asphalt industry.

In Vitro Characterization of Poly-Glycolyc Lactic-Co Acid (PLGA) –Collagen Based on Red Snapper Fish Scales (Lutjanus Sp.) Coating Chitosan as Duramater Artificial Candidate

Head trauma was the third cause of deaths that have a high rank that can make serious head injury for 25.5%-54.9%. This study has been conducted by making a replacement layer of the brain (dura) to overcome the impact of dural defect by utilizing waste fish scales red snapper (Lutjanus sp.). Synthesis brain membranes lining processed by casting method with each various concentrations of chitosan coating of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% then dried using vacuum dry. The samples then were characterized by tensile test, FTIR, SEM and MTT Assay. FTIR test results showed that red snipperscales can produce collagen powder at amide A group with stretching of –NH functional group, amide B group has stretching of CH2 assymetry, amide I area, amide II and amide III area which show –NH bonding. Tensile test results showed that the combination between PLGA-Collagen Chitosan Coating 2% produced the highest tensile strength is 4.8 MPa which meet the standards of human duramater strength. MTT Assay results showed that the dural membrane produced no toxic seen from living cells reached 98.32%. Poly - Glycolyc Lactic - Co Acid (PLGA) - collagen coating chitosan based on red snapper fish scales (Lutjanus sp.) composites has potency as duramater artificial candidate due to the chemistry, biological and physical characteristics.

Functional and bioactive properties of chitosan from Indian major carp scale

Chitin is the most important natural polysaccharide after cellulose; however, it is not widely used for industrial application because of its insolubility in many solvents. The present study utilizes Indian major carps (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, and Cirrhinus mrigala) scale to extract chitin and prepare chitosan by a sequence of chemical processes involving demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. The extracted chitosan is characterized by different analytical techniques viz. UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, TGA, and XRD, and SEM analysis reveals that fish scale waste are good source of chitosan. Compositional analysis of fish scale waste was done by standard methods which reveal that the extracted chitosan was having 0.691% moisture content, 0.53% ash, 109% fat-binding assay (FBC), 104% water-binding assay (WBC) indicating the value depend upon the source of origin and optimization of chemical process of extraction. The antibacterial activity of chitosan against Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The chitosan also exhibited DPPH scavenging along with anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activity in a dose-dependent manner. The extracted chitosan also demonstrated preservation and seed germination activities. The result of the present study strongly supports the use of chitosan in pharmaceutical, food industry, and agro-based industries.

Production of Chitinase from Chromobacterium violaceum Using Agro Industrial Residues under Solid State Fermentation

Chitinases have huge potential applications and biological value in industries, they are used in generating single cell proteins, sweeteners, insecticides, antifungal drugs, anti-cancer agents, biopesticides, food processing agents, degrading agents for sea waste etc. Chitinases are used for the conversion of chitin a polysaccharide into monomers. Chitin is produced enormously in the biosphere annually from fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. Chitinases producing microorganisms Bacillus licheniformis, Chromobacterium violaceum, Rhizobium radiobacter, Streptomyces griseous were obtained from microbial type culture collection. Solid state fermentation was done on Naturally available substrates like Fish scale waste, Prawn shell waste, Wheat bran, Potato peel, Grape leaf to check the enhanced production of Chitinase. Prawn shell waste was found to be the best natural substrate for high activity of Chitinase (464.98 U/g). The overall maximum yield of Chitinase, Chtinolytic activity (531.66 U/gds) was achieved with the optimized process parameters of incubation time(60th h), temperature(34°), inoculum age(3rd d), inoculums volume(20 % v/w), pH(7.0) moisture content 60 % v/w), 1.5 % w/w starch as Carbon source supplement and 1 % w/w urea as Nitrogen source supplement. Both physico-chemical and nutritional parameters had played a significant role in the production of the Chitinase enzyme.