First Years Of Independence Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ ПРИВЛЕКАТЕЛЬНОСТИ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН

The article reveals the peculiarities of increasing investment attractiveness in agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan, that is, starting from the first years of independence, the country creates favorable conditions for attracting domestic and foreign investments to the country's economy. The possibilities of reviving real production depend on the level of their accumulation and efficiency of use, especially during a change in the geopolitical situation, against the background of which Kazakhstan may occupy one of the best positions in the world in this industry. But at the same time, investment processes in agro-industrial, and in particular agricultural production have their own characteristics due to its specifics. Attracting investment in the agro-industrial complex is a multifaceted task that covers the entire range of possible financial, economic, legal and organizational resources. Which, in turn, are aimed at developing and using optimal and effective mechanisms for investing in the agricultural sector. The study of the chosen topic was carried out using the following methods of cognition: dialectical method, method of theoretical analysis and synthesis of various sources of domestic and foreign literature, structural and functional method, system method, comparative method, description method, statistical methods of information processing, method of summarizing the information and materials obtained in this work. Having studied the works of foreign and domestic scientists on the topic of research, as well as analyzing the main socio-economic indicators of agriculture in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and the world as a whole, the need to use a comprehensive assessment to determine the effectiveness of investment attractiveness in the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan has been proved. Based on the study of this situation in the European and CIS countries, the main problems were identified and solutions were proposed to increase investment attractiveness in the agro-industrial complex, as well as methods for assessing them were systematized.

SURXONDARYO VILOYATIDA XOTIN-QIZLAR MAVQEYINING IJTIMOIY JIHATDAN MUSTAHKAMLANISHI VA UNING DASTLABKI NATIJALARI

This article describes the participation of women in social and political processes in the Surkhandarya region in the first years of independence.

The depiction of the 1990s in Ukrainian cinema of the 2010s–2020s as a way of national self­identification

The relevance of the study. Understanding of this period — encompassing the collapse of the USSR, the beginning of Ukraine’s independence, and the experiences of contemporary filmmakers during their childhood and youth — remains pertinent and essential.
 The purpose of the study is to examine the stylistic and substantive features of the depiction of the 1990s by Ukrainian filmmakers in films of the 2010s and 2020s, and to prove that this is a way of national self-identification.
 The methodology. The following scientific methods were used: analysis (to process theoretical works, works on the history of art and philosophy, articles by film critics and interviews), comparative (to highlight the peculiarities of each of the domestic directors’ works), deductive (to highlight specific stylistic features from the general Ukrainian film process of the era of independence), synthesis (to highlight the tendency of directors’ approaches to depicting the past as a holistic phenomenon) and generalization (to write conclusions).
 The results. An analysis of the stylistic and substantive features of the depiction of the 1990s in Ukrainian cinema in the 2010s–2020s has revealed that this phenomenon is a way of national self-identification. The main thematic blocks that exist in the field of national self-identification in these films are: a critical look at the system of society; production of life values; deromanticization of the past; coverage of generational trauma; nostalgia for youth and childhood; the problem of national mentality and the past existing in the present; existential issues of the search for meaning; and identity crisis. The main tendency is to depict the formation and maturation of the protagonist in the story model of a coming-of-age film. In each case, the chosen thematic area depends on the way the author expresses his or her personal worldview.
 The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is the first comprehensive study of the phenomenon of depiction of the 1990s and the period of the first years of independence in Ukrainian cinema after the 2010s, which is a way of national self-identification.
 The practical significance. This study can be useful for further in-depth scientific study of both the trend of depicting the 1990s in cinema and the process of national self-identification. It can also be used in teaching film theory and film history.

Čo pre Slovákov znamenal a v súčasnosti znamená štátny sviatok Slovenského národného povstania?

Intention of the authors is to analyse the importance of national holiday of the Slovak National Uprising in a context of collective and historical memory of the Slovak nation. The aim of submitted paper is therefore to analyse various lines of opinion on the Slovak National Uprising, especially from the perspective of two totalitarian ideologies, as well as from the perspective of contemporary historiography after 1989. In the context of aforementioned analyses, authors deal with recent and historical interpretations from the historical and collective memory point of view, with an emphasis on legal consequences. The first years of independence and democracy brought to Slovakia re-increase of pro-fascist (ľudák’s) interpretation of history, which, however, did not succeeded in settling down in the collective memory of the Slovak nation. Nevertheless, the last years once again brought relativisation and misinterpretation of historical context of the Slovak National Uprising and its specific standing in society as a national holiday in particular. Reflecting these negative trends, the authors also consider possibilities of effective protection of national holidays, not only with the use of law.

ЕТАПИ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ПАМ’ЯТІ В УКРАЇНІ (1991–2023 РР.)

The aim of this article is to analyse and highlight the peculiarities of the process of forming national memory in Ukraine in 1991–2023. To clarify the peculiarities, place and role of historical memory in the policy of the presidents of independent Ukraine in the context of memory policy formation, describing the main trends in its development, namely the measures implemented at the legislative, national and socio-cultural levels. The novelty of this article is a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of the memory policy at each of the identified stages, reflecting the transformations that took place at different levels. Conclusions. The article identifies the main stages of the implementation of memory policy in independent Ukraine (1991–1994, 1994–2004, 2005–2010, 2010–2013, 2014–2019, and from 2019 to the present). The main changes in the implementation of memory policy by each president of independent Ukraine are described. Sources and information from periodicals, websites of institutions, including the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory, legislative documents, namely presidential decrees and decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers, as well as works of previous researchers of memory policy in Ukraine, who published a number of works on each period, are analysed. It is determined that each stage of the implementation of memory policy in the country was marked by changes in the state policy. The first years of independence are characterised by the nationalisation of memory, with a clear separation of the Ukrainian people’s history from the Soviet one. The period of 1994–2004 is characterised by a combination of the national concept and Soviet remnants; from 2005 to 2010, there was an active development of national history and culture, popularisation and active research of previously silenced topics. The period of 2010–2013 was a departure from the national vector of memory policy, but since 2014 and until now, the state memory policy has been characterised by decommunisation, popularisation and development of national history and culture, including in the context of the information war with Russia.

Transformation of the image of a mother woman in the visual culture of independent Ukraine

The relevance of the article lies in the analysis of the transformation of the image of a mother woman in the visual culture of independent Ukraine. The patriarchal stereotypical perception of femininity is being transformed in Ukrainian visual culture. Since Ukraine has gained its independence, the perception of the traditional role of women in society began to change under the influence of socio-cultural processes.
 The purpose of the article is to carry out a cultural reception of the image of a mother woman in visual culture as a reflection of socio-cultural dynamics in independent Ukraine. To define the peculiarities of female images in interpretive models of visual studios, to investigate the dynamics of the image of a mother woman during the years of independence, as well as to explain the culturally significant meanings of the variable spectrum of the image of a mother woman in the visual space of independent Ukraine.
 The methodology of scientific research is determined by the use of methods of cultural studies, history and sociology. The method of culturology allows us to reveal the specifics of the representation of female images in visual culture. The sociocultural method involves the analysis of the visual component of the Ukrainian Internet environment, as well as establishing the interdependence of visual culture and social changes. Historical method allows to trace the context of visual transformations.
 The results. It was proved that the image of a mother woman, peculiar to the traditional Ukrainian culture, during the first years of independence was transformed into the mythologem of Berehynia and personified the national idea. Throughout the 1990s, the image embodied the idea of state sovereignty. The period of the 2000s for mass culture was characterized by the depiction of gender-stereotypical images of motherhood and women in the role of a housewife with the emergence of the domestic violence problem. The Revolution of Dignity conditioned the narrative of struggle, which filled the image of a woman-mother with the concept of militancy. As a result of the political and historical processes taking place until today, the concept of motherhood was filled with motives of protection of one’s own land, sacrifice for the protection of one’s own child.
 The scientific novelty of the research. For the first time, the transformation of the image of a mother woman, represented in the visual culture of Ukraine during the period of independence, is considered.
 The practical significance. The results of the research can be used to study the modern visual culture of Ukraine, in further investigations of mass media and research of feminine images represented in the visual culture of Ukraine.

REORGANIZATION OF THE RURAL HOSPITAL IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR

With the onset of a large-scale invasion russian troops, the health care system has experienced unprecedented stress, as have many other areas. In Ukraine, the number of wounded defenders, as well as civilians, who need long-term treatment and further rehabilitation is constantly increasing.
 Depending on how quickly we adapt to the conditions of war, the combat effectiveness of the defense forces, the preservation of the lives of our defenders, the reduction of disability, lethality, and fast and high-quality rehabilitation depends. All state doctors faced the question of immediate reorganization of health care in the hospital to provide the necessary assistance to the wounded.
 The need to reorganize the hospital network has been relevant almost since the first year of independence. Ukraine, which spends twenty-six times less on health care than the average EU country, has the second largest hospital network.
 All state doctors faced the question of immediate reorganization of health care in the hospital to provide the necessary assistance to the wounded.
 Depending on how quickly we adapt to the conditions of war, the combat effectiveness of the defense forces, the preservation of the lives of our defenders, the reduction of disability and lethality, and the rapid and high-quality rehabilitation depend on it.
 Adaptation of health care as a whole and in an individual region has many features. I would like to pay attention to this issue - we live in the same state, but different regions have their own military circumstances: some regions are under missile strikes and constant fire control of the enemy, and here we can talk about providing only emergency aid to save the lives of the wounded, and others they are "in the rear", where it is calmer, and can deal with the wounded until full recovery, physical and psychological rehabilitation.
 In this article, we want to share a small experience of providing medical care to the wounded in "rear" rural hospitals, which due to modern circumstances were forced to re-equip themselves and provide adequate medical care to the wounded.
 The goal of the work. Justification of effective management in the field of providing medical services at the level of a rural hospital in the conditions of martial law in the country.
 For example, let's take the "Lysetsk hospital" of the Lysetsk settlement council, which has 185 beds.
 Conclusions:
 
 
 
 In less than a year, the village hospital was transformed into a medical facility for the treatment of not only the wounded, but also people with accompanying serious somatic diseases.
 Close cooperation between "CNP" Lysetska hospital", medical university and the village village council created good conditions for the implementation of the ideas of reforming medicine and providing high-quality medical care.
 Inviting migrant specialists to work, dynamic redistribution of the hospital's bed fund, targeted reloading of vacated premises, repurposing of some departments made it possible to save jobs.
 All these transformations are possible only in those cases when the hospital staff led by the general director take an active position and do not state the facts that prevent work, but look for ways to overcome them.
 
 

LANGUAGE POLICY AND SCHOOL EDUCATION AS MAIN FACTORS OF UKRAINE STATE CREATION

The authors present their views on the formation of the Language Policy and the role of general secondary school education as important factors in the Ukraine state creation shortly before and in the first years of Ukraine’s independence. The main drivers of changes in the Language Policy of the Soviet government regarding the state of the Ukrainian language in the USSR are identified. These drivers of changes include (1) activities of nationally oriented public organisations, primarily Ukrainian writers, historians, human rights defenders, and the Ukrainian language admirers; (2) public desire to develop nationally oriented education, which forced the authorities to start implementing very specific measures, first of all – in the field of general secondary school education; (3) the gradual formation of a scientific and pedagogical basis for the versatile Ukrainisation and humanisation of education and upbringing of children and youth giving priority to their native language as a language of instruction; (4) the need to introduce measures for external and internal differentiation of general secondary school education;(5) the psychologisation of the educational process. Based on documentary sources, it is argued that general secondary school education played the role of an important factor in the Ukraine state creation which was facilitated by the specific measures developed by the Ministry of Education of Ukraine to implement the Ukrainian idea in school practice in the first years of independence. The novelty of the present research is that authors extrapolate the past educational experience to the current language situation in general secondary school education in Ukraine. Moreover, the authors represent the opinions of contemporary Ukrainian sociolinguists on the state Language Policy in the field of general secondary school education. The research proves that the strategic ideas laid down at the turn of the last decades of the last century regarding the Educational Policy of independent Ukraine in the field of general secondary school education played an important role in improving the position of the Ukrainian language and in shaping Ukrainian self-identity among children and young people which explicitly and implicitly reinforced the key strategic idea – the idea of the Ukrainian State creation.

Analysis of Features of Investment Attractiveness of Agriculture in Kazakhstan

The article reveals the peculiarities of increasing investment attractiveness in agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan, that is, starting from the first years of independence, the country creates favorable conditions for attracting domestic and foreign investments to the country's economy. The possibilities of reviving real production depend on the level of their accumulation and efficiency of use, especially during a change in the geopolitical situation, against the background of which Kazakhstan may occupy one of the best positions in the world in this industry. But at the same time, investment processes in agro-industrial, and in particular agricultural production have their own characteristics due to its specifics. Attracting investment in the agro-industrial complex is a multifaceted task that covers the entire range of possible financial, economic, legal and organizational resources. Which, in turn, are aimed at developing and using optimal and effective mechanisms for investing in the agricultural sector.
 The study of the chosen topic was carried out using the following methods of cognition: dialectical method, method of theoretical analysis and synthesis of various sources of domestic and foreign literature, structural and functional method, system method, comparative method, description method, statistical methods of information processing, method of summarizing the information and materials obtained in this work.
 Having studied the works of foreign and domestic scientists on the topic of research, as well as analyzing the main socio-economic indicators of agriculture in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and the world as a whole, the need to use a comprehensive assessment to determine the effectiveness of investment attractiveness in the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan has been proved.
 Conclusion: Based on the study of this situation in the European and CIS countries, the main problems were identified and solutions were proposed to increase investment attractiveness in the agro-industrial complex, as well as methods for assessing them were systematized.

Creation of farms in the southern regions of Uzbekistan

This article analyzes the creation of farms in the southern regions of Uzbekistan in the first years of independence and the positive aspects of the reforms and results. The purpose of the creation of farms was to use the experience of developed countries with extensive experience in the agricultural sector to introduce innovations and increase economic interest. The process of providing farms with agricultural specialists in the early years was difficult, as the influx of representatives of other non-agricultural sectors had an impact on the agricultural sector, which led to a decrease in productivity. The influx of people who do not specialize in this industry into the agricultural sector because of acquaintances has led to the displacement of those who know agriculture perfectly. In the first years of the agrarian reform, attention to farms in the southern regions of the country was much weaker. After all, the process of farming in the agro-industrial complex of the republic has just begun, sufficient experience has not yet been accumulated, its advantages have not been fully demonstrated, and the old mentality of the Soviet era has been preserved. Leasing services have been created to provide the agricultural sector with machinery. Concessional loans were provided to provide financial support to newly created farms. Farms were also granted a number of tax incentives, which had a significant impact on the development of the industry.

Did the cia Kill Lumumba?

Abstract Williams’ White Malice: The cia and the Covert Recolonization of Africa is a crusading examination of what the cia did in Africa in the 1960s, and it suggests that the cia, working closely with Congo army chief Joseph Mobutu and coordinating with secessionist leaders in Katanga, was responsible for Patrice Lumumba’s assassination. Recently uncovered hard evidence from cia files reveals the Agency’s connivings in, with, and against Africa and Africans during the first years of independence, involving cia station heads, accomplices, the many shady characters tasked with nasty deeds against African leaders, and those many miscreants who supplied information and surveillance about African political and industrial personalities. The book is a reminder of our misconceptions, our failures to read Africa well, our willingness to let ends dictate means, and a testament to blinkered policy making.

Қазақстан мен Түркия арасындағы өзара ынтымақтастық

In 1991, the Republic of Turkey became the first country to recognize the independence of Kazakhstan. Such a friendly act of Turkey has become a very important moral support for the young state. Along with the common cultural and historical roots between the two countries, the comprehensive support offered by Turkey in the first years of independence formed the basis for the rapid and dynamic development of bilateral relations. The dynamics of the development of Turkish-Kazakh relations and the construction of these relations at the level of strategic partnership testifies to the similarity of interests in many regional and international issues. Like Kazakhstan, which understands Turkey’s strategic importance in the region and world politics, Turkey approves Kazakhstan’s leading role in Central Asia and considers Kazakhstan the most important partner in the region. The article considers the issue of partnership between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Turkey, which describes the priority areas and topical issues between the two countries today. It is emphasized that Turkey, which has deep historical ties with Kazakhstan, is today an important and reliable partner of the country on the Eurasian continent. For this reason, the article makes a comprehensive analysis of the level of development and prospects of cooperation in dynamically developing industries, mainly in Kazakh-Turkish relations. The article also discusses the need to improve the issue of bilateral investment.

МАЛАЙЗІЯ: ГОЛОВНІ ПРІОРИТЕТИ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ТА ДВОСТОРОННІ ВІДНОСИНИ З УКРАЇНОЮ

The article examines the main priorities of Malaysia’s foreign policy and bilateral relations between Malaysia and Ukraine. It was established that in the first years of independence, the foreign policy of Malaysia was mainly in the wake of the foreign policy of the former Great Britain. It was emphasized that the foreign policy of Malaysia underwent the greatest fundamental changes during the rule of M. Mohammad, who served as prime minister twice (1981–2003), (2018–2021). It was established that the main priorities of Malaysia’s foreign policy were pragmatism, guaranteeing political stability, readiness for modernization, creating a favourable investment climate, regional cooperation with ASEAN partners and strengthening relations with Muslim countries. Malaysia’s current foreign policy priorities are determined by such key factors as its strategic location in the PSA, the country’s positioning as a trading nation, as well as its unique demographics. The article also analyses the current state of interstate relations (political, trade-economic, humanitarian, etc.) between Ukraine and Malaysia and the possibilities of their further development. It has been established that there are many opportunities for further development of mutually beneficial bilateral trade and sectoral cooperation. The position of Malaysia regarding the war of aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine was separately investigated.

National Revival and Development Idiosphere of Uzbekistan

In the first years of independence, great successes were achieved in the economic, socio-political and cultural spheres. Political stability was established in our country, reforms were implemented for our national and cultural revival. This article analyzes the concept of national revival and its priorities after Uzbekistan gained independence.

On Guard of Independence: Finnish Security Policy 1918—1922

The article is devoted to the problems of Finland's security policy in the first years of independence. The emphasis is placed on the primacy of the settlement of relations with the eastern neighbor. Official policy was characterized by inconsistency and a penchant for adventures. The first Soviet-Finnish War of 1918—1920 was part of the Russian Civil War and foreign military intervention. In connection with the Genoa Conference of 1922, the Finns were most concerned about the possible revision of the results of the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920 and the possible rapprochement of Russia and Germany. Genoa allowed us to sum up the search for a reliable ally, which ended in nothing. The only alternative was the policy of non-alignment or “brilliant isolationism”, which lasted until the mid-1930s.

Kontrola parlamentarna rządu w systemach ustrojowych II Rzeczypospolitej w dyskursie polskiej doktryny przedwojennej i współczesnej

The Second Republic of Poland implemented in the first years of independence a significant part of the achievements of Western European parliamentarism with regard to the control function of the executive (government). While in the West the parliament’s powers of scrutiny over the government were mostly subject to regulation by ordinary law, in Poland and other states revived or established in Europe after World War I, the bulk of them became the subject of legal regulation at the level of constitutions, ordinary laws and/or parliamentary rules of procedure. In Poland, law and customs shaped through parliamentary practice played a relatively large role in this regard. During the Second Republic, there were three consecutive constitutional systems in force – the so-called Little Constitution of 1919, the March Constitution of 1921. (since December 1922) and the April Constitution of 1935.The control of the government by parliament was developed to the fullest extent during the period of so-called parliamentary rule, i.e. in the years 1919–1926. After the May coup began, visible mainly in the area of political and parliamentary practice, the process of gradual reduction of the control function of parliament, which found its final legal definition in the provisions of the Basic Law of April 1935. The control function of parliament was exercised at first by the Legislative Sejm, and then, from the end of 1922, by the Sejm and the Senate (the latter to a relatively modest extent). With regard to the criterion of the timing of control activities, parliamentary control of the government was divided in pre-war doctrine into preliminary and subsequent (follow-up). The post-war doctrine, following the position formulated in German science in the second half of the 19th century, also distinguished current control. Implementation of the parliament’s control function in the Second Republic included a very rich catalog of tools (means) of influencing the government. The pre-war doctrine organized them according to the criterion of the timing of control measures or their expediency. After World War II, based on the systemic criterion, ordinary (plenary debate on government policy, parliamentary inquiries and interpellations) and extended (appointment of stand- ing and extraordinary parliamentary committees with, among other things, controlling or investigative powers) means of control were distinguished, as well as statutory preliminary control (passing the budget, giving consent to the ratification of international agreements and issuing certain administrative acts), which tools are characteristic of parliamentary systems assuming the supremacy of parliament over the government. In another view, the instruments of parliamentary control were divided (on the basis of the March Constitution) into traditional means of control (interpellations, committees of inquiry, discharge, control of state debts, approval of temporary restrictions on civil rights and freedoms) and those arising from the principles of the parliamentary-cabinet form of government (debate on the prime minister’s exposé, asking questions, hearing government representatives in plenary and in committees, passing resolutions), as well as sanctions applied as a result of control (such as holding the government and individual ministers politically and constitutionally accountable). In doctrine and parliamentary practice, the greatest differences of opinion with regard to the characterized issues arose and continue to this day, in addition to systematizing issues, such issues as the scope and tools of preliminary parliamentary control, the control of decree legislation, the scope and effects of parliamentary interpellations and questions, extraordinary committees of inquiry, political and parliamentary and constitutional responsibility of the executive branch.

Trends in the Development of Real Estate Taxation in Uzbekistan

The fundamental reform of the economy, which began in Uzbekistan, demanded the reform of the entire system of public administration in the country, including the budget system. The budget system formed in the first years of independence in our country had a fiscal policy and high centralization, which led to inefficient spending of budget funds. Therefore, one of the main directions of the state budget-tax policy is to increase the independence of local budgets and expand sources of income. In the article, in the process of improving the budget system, issues of increasing the importance of local budgets, which are the basis of a new system that ensures the efficiency of state budget revenues, are studied. Also, taking into account international experiences, proposals and recommendations on taxation of real estate in Uzbekistan have been developed.

The Place of Technical University of Moldova in Developing the National Intellectual Property System

In the development of human civilization, technical creativity has the predominant place. Human civilization emerged with the transformation of Homo Faber into Homo Sapiens. As evidence that our ancestors were twinned with the god of creativity is the priceless work of art and history „Thinking Pair” from Hamangia. The progress of human civilization was dictated by the technologies of stone, bronze and especially iron. The level of development of a country is determined both by the level of creativity of the society’s individuals, and also by the existence of a national system of intellectual property. Being a leader in the field of technical creativity in the last decade of the existence of the USSR (2106 inventions obtained in the period 1980-1991), the Technical University of Moldova indirectly contributed to the creation of the National Intellectual Property System, which appeared despite the background of the disintegration of the USSR in the first years of independence. An important role in this process was played by the first Director of the State Agency on Intellectual Property (AGEPI), a graduate of the Technical University of Moldova, Eugen Stascov. Unlike scientific centers, where pure research is performed, in a higher education institution technical creativity has two distinct functions: the productive function - the production of science-intensive ideas and products, and the educational function - the creative training of the young generation. Those over 5000 inventions of Technical University’s inventors and their analysis are an important resource for the young creative generation.

REFLECTION OF THE SEMIPALATINSK TRAGEDY IN DRAMATIC WORKS

The purpose of the research work is to identify, through the scientific study of genre and poetic trends, the artistic identity, the ideological and thematic atmosphere of modern Kazakh drama, to show the features of poetics and the problems of stylistic affiliation, to differentiate the novelty and continuity of traditions, to identify the author's point of view, signs of his individual stylistic differences and common thematic features in dramatic works reflecting Semipalatinsk tragedy. The genre of drama in Kazakh literature in the period after the country's entry into the mainstream of independence is characterized by a peculiar direction of development, artistic research, genre patterns and style field. In the works of playwrights of this period, the changes in the life of the country under the auspices of independence, historical continuity in our spiritual world, vivid responses caused by free consciousness, tense character are clearly expressed, the author's position in the transfer of the drama of the social environment is clearly marked, and a breakthrough in the image of the primordial essence of things is also noticeable. The article examines the trends in the development of Kazakh dramaturgy of the period of independence, the specifics of the reflection of the Semipalatinsk tragedy in dramatic works, the novelty of plays and the continuity of traditions, ideological and meaningful searches, language, style, problems, shows the modern directions of development and artistic integrity of dramaturgy. It is obvious that the cardinal changes taking place in the Kazakh society, which acquired sovereignty and moved to a market economy accompanied by globalization, brought social spiritual life to a new level and significantly influenced the formation of an open human consciousness. In the first years of independence, dramatic works were born in the Kazakh artistic word, freed from the political restrictions of the era of totalitarian system and man-made «socialist realism», which quickly took root, laid new themes and plots in accordance with the requirements of the post-perestroika time. This trend is also a natural consequence of the spirit of the times, because Kazakh drama is the most important component of fiction and urban national spirituality, which is developing in the conditions of continuity of world artistic thought and has reached significant heights.

Ժամանակը և մարդիկ Հովհաննես Երանյանի «Զինադադար» վիպակի գեղարվեստական համակարգում

The article analyzes the novel “The Ceasefire” by modern prose writer Hovhannes Yeranyan. This work realistically depicts some aspects of the cultural life of Moscow, the capital of the Russian Federation during the first years of independence (the 1990s) from the point of view of an Armenian student, and especially the situation in the Republic of Armenia. In the first years of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reality of Armenia is revealed through the eyes of the main character Mher Yepremyan, who acts as a narrator, and through direct contact and sharing life experiences with people. With transparent artistic images are presented moral values in everyday morals, distorted human relations, and moral values in cultural life in Moscow, about which is told through recollection, and the real events take place in the newly independent Republic of Armenia and Artsakh. Through the main character, the author presented the artistic environment in the context, especially in a part of the liberated territory of Artsakh, which was known as the Kovsakan period of historical Armenia, some truth, typical aspects of the ceasefire period and the situation in the country.