First Years Of Independence Research Articles

ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ МАЛЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ НИЗОВЬЯ ЗАРАВШАНА

The article presents the state policy aimed at creating small enterprises in Uzbekistan and the historical path of development of small businesses in the lower reaches of the Zaravshan. When studying the archival documents of the first years of independence, materials were revealed on attracting foreign investments, equipment to the region, for creating joint ventures. On the basis of statistical data, the state of small businesses in various industries was analyzed and proposals were made to improve the quality of services provided to small businesses.

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN UKRAINE OF THE XX ‒ EARLY XXI CENTURY (HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW)

Medical and, in particular, nursing education is an important part of health care reform. The ability of a health worker to take an active part in the implementation of reforms (both as a leader and as an executor) implies continuous professional development, improvement of specialist competencies, starting from the first steps in professional education and ending with postgraduate education throughout the professional period. In this context, the study of the experience of training medical professionals, in particular, junior and middle level, in the past becomes extremely relevant, because it is obvious that to create a new one is possible only on the basis of historical experience.Unfortunately, during the former Soviet Union and the first years of Ukraine's independence, scientists did not have enough opportunities to conduct unbiased research on the history of medical education in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods based on modern methodological bases.The authors reviewed the literature on the development of nursing education in Ukraine in the 20th ‒ early 21st century. The scientific works of this period present a rich factual material that allows us to consider them an important contribution to the history of medical education in Ukraine.The authors note that independent research on the theory and practice of nursing education in the Soviet period was not carried out, so of great value in studying the principles of theoretical and practical training of nurses is the publication of certain aspects of training in specialized professional periodicals.During the years of “perestroika” and the first years of independence, a number of publications were published on generalizing foreign experience on this topic and substantiating proposals to improve the training of nurses, midwives, paramedics, pharmacists and other professionals in the field.The works of Ukrainian medical educators, who have enriched the historical and pedagogical field with new knowledge on the theoretical and professional training of future medical professionals, identified new areas of education and health care reform processes are of particular importance.At the same time, the authors conclude that scientific research reveals primarily various aspects of professional training of future medical professionals with higher education, and there is almost no research on the training of “mid-level” specialists, including nurses.
 Keywords: medical education, nursing education, nursing, paramedical staff, medical workers, health care system, medical science, professional training, historiography.

Қазақстан Республикасында өнеркәсіптік сертификатты қолдану мәселелері және болашағы

The Kazakhstani manufacturer has repeatedly faced situations when pseudo-enterprises, disguising themselves as domestic producers of goods, works and services, received preferences and used government support measures, won government and other purchases, while not having enough equipment for production. The article is devoted to current problems and prospects for the application of the Industrial Certificate in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The dynamics of the development of the sphere of public procurement of the Republic of Kazakhstan is considered, depending on the specific requirements for certain areas of production of goods, works and services. The material in this article is important from the point of view of ensuring fair competition between competing enterprises in the same industry. The complex of transformations in the system of standardization, certification and quality management has been carried out since the first years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. These transformations have been observed over the years, vivid examples of which are: the application of the European model of technical regulation to the modern realities of the economic situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan, accession to the Customs Union, the adoption of unified technical regulations of the Customs Union, the introduction of new regulations and legal acts defining the share of local content in products and services, as well as the potential of domestic industries. The results of these transformations have proved that the system of technical regulation of the Republic of Kazakhstan is an effective tool for the development of the economy. The development of new Kazakhstani normative legal acts and normative documents introduced to support the domestic producer of goods and services will contribute to the transformation of the old system and the creation of a new one that is fundamentally different from the previous one. The article discusses problematic issues in the field of industrial certification, namely: a lack of qualified personnel; unregulated pricing system for work carried out in this area; the complexity of the industrial certification procedure; a lack of automation of processes of the industrial certification mechanism. Analyzing the practice of industrial certification, this article offers recommendations for solving the above problematic issues. New edition of amendments and additions to the «Rules for the formation and maintenance of the register of domestic manufacturers of goods, works and services, as well as the issuance of an Industrial certificate» approved by the decision of the Presidium of the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs of the Republic of Kazakhstan «Atameken» dated 28.12.2018. No. 28 is designed to reconstruct the process of obtaining the Industrial Certificate. The process should become more transparent, understandable and highly efficient. Also, with the introduction of changes, the problems that hindered the receipt of the Industrial certificate by individual enterprises should be resolved.

Política, gramática y enseñanza del español en los últimos años de la Nueva España y principios del México independiente: una aproximación desde la prensa periódica

After Mexican Independence, the new social order also required discussing the drift that the language of its new citizens would take, one of the few inheritances that was not willing to give up. For this, the legislative powers should talk about how they would designate their communication instrument and about how it should be taught in schools. The discussions around the language and its political drift was the subject of controversy in the first years of Independence, which was fully reflected in the Mexican newspapers. This study aims to account for the main discussions around the language and its teaching in the main Mexican public opinion media in the first decades of the 19th century, as well as to offer an overview of the antecedents of this situation since the beginning of the press of the Nueva Espana in the 18th century

Development features of urban residence in the aran economic and geographical region of Azerbaijan

Urban development, urban population and the level of urbanization are one of the main indicators of the country's development. The growth of the city's population is influenced by its economic and socio-cultural base, opportunities for job creation, economic structure and the role of labor-intensive industries. In the Aran economic region, as elsewhere in the country, the decline in the activities of urban facilities in the first years of independence, the reduction of jobs, declining living standards and migration flows have had a negative impact on this process. Therefore, the level of urbanization in the country has remained unchanged for several decades. Implemented reforms still have a weak impact on this process. The article examines the problems in this area and develops proposals to address them. The article analyzes the dynamics of the level of urbanization in the Aran economic-geographical region, the formation and development of urban settlement in the administrative regions. The study of demographic processes in urban areas of the region shows that in recent years there has been a natural increase in the population, a decrease in the dynamics of births and marriages, an increase in mortality, infant mortality and divorce. The population potential and the current state of industrial production in the territory of the Aran economic-geographical region of Azerbaijan, both in the cities of the republican subordination and the central type of the administrative region, have been studied. The prospects of future development of the cities were commented by studying the issues of employment and use of labor resources in the Aran economic-geographical region. Establishment of joint (by attracting foreign investors) industrial enterprises in the Aran economic-geographical region, which can produce modern, competitive products based on full, complex processing of abundant agricultural raw materials, will improve the economic base and social infrastructure of the cities of the economic region. Development of agriculture and related processing industries, trade, services and other areas based on the economic potential of the Aran economic-geographical region will increase the level of employment and stimulate the population to remain in the field by providing jobs with increasing demographic potential. The article provides information on the socio-economic situation in the Aran economic-geographical region, is important for assessing the level of use of existing potential, attracting foreign and local investors to various sectors of the region's economy. Azerbaijan, including the Aran economic and geographical region, has great potential for the non-oil sector of the economy. Cotton, grapes, grain, fruits and vegetables, potatoes, various cereals, etc. are grown in the fertile lands of the Aran zone of the republic. It is possible to significantly increase the volume and value of output as a result of the creation of Agrarian-Industrial Complexes by attracting investments in this area as well.

Договори та дозвільне регулювання у сфері видобутку бурштину

The article analyzes the contracts and licensing regulations in the field of amber mining. It is noted that Ukraine from the first years of independence began to develop local amber deposits and immediately encountered problems similar to those of amber plants in Russia and Poland: lack of protection of natural resources from looting and destruction, theft at all stages of exploration. exploration work, illegal amber mining and trafficking, illegal fishing by miners (diggers), etc. Ukraine ranks second in the world in terms of amber deposits, which also has the world's highest percentage of amber jewelry quality. It is determined that the problem of illegal amber mining has become especially relevant, as cases and volumes of such amber production have grown significantly. The issue of illegal amber mining and smuggling is also widely discussed in the media, as journalistic investigations often show that officials and high-ranking officials play a significant role in sustaining and benefiting from this shadow business, although these rumors are not officially confirmed. It is concluded that in modern conditions the issue of permitting regulation of legal amber mining and punishment of subjects of its illegal mining is on the agenda. Significant progress in permitting regulation was the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in December 2019 of the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Settlement of Amber Mining» № 2240, which amended the Subsoil Code of Ukraine, which introduced a new species subsoil use «geological study of amber subsoil, including experimental and industrial development of deposits with subsequent extraction of amber (industrial development of deposits»), as well as the presence of a mandatory permit for special subsoil use for subjects of amber subsoil use. Keywords: amber, subsoil, contract, permit, illegal mining, auction, permit regulation, subsoil use

AZƏRBAYCAN-ABŞ ƏLAQƏLƏRİNİN TARİXİ VƏ DİPLOMATİK MÜNASİBƏTLƏRİN QURULMASI

Bilateral relations, which date back to the end of the 19th century, began to develop mainly after our country gained independence on October 18, 1991. Of course, in the first years of independence, the United States took a cautious approach to bilateral relations with Azerbaijan, based on the thesis of Russia first. Nevertheless, over the years, the United States has deeply studied Azerbaijan as a key country in the South Caucasus, and analyzed it in terms of strengthening long-term bilateral relations. If we evaluate the bilateral relations over 4 periods, as a result of A.Mutallibov's pro-Russian policy, A.Elchibey's excessive preference for the pro-Western policy without taking into account the Russian factor, the bilateral relations could not develop sufficiently. However, thanks to the balance policy founded by Heydar Aliyev and successfully developed by Ilham Aliyev today, Azerbaijan-US relations have risen to the level of a strategic alliance and strengthened on a win-win basis. Key words: bilateral relations, Azerbaijan, key country of the South Caucasus, USA, balance policy, strategic alliance, win-win principle, mutually beneficial cooperation

Нaціональне питання в Польщі: за матеріалами опитування варшавського часопису “Kurjer Polski” 1924 р.

Нaціональне питання в Польщі: за матеріалами опитування варшавського часопису “Kurjer Polski” 1924 р.

The impact of historical monuments on human spirituality

During the years of independence, the study of history in our country on the basis of written sources has become more important, the study and promotion of cultural and spiritual heritage created by our ancestors in the distant past has become a topical issue. The forgotten names of our ancestors, who made a great contribution to the development of science and culture, have been restored. One forgets one's past and traditions as long as one lives in the present and does not look at the maze. People who do not know their history have no future. Many historical and architectural monuments of the past have survived in our country. The high level of attention paid to historical monuments from the first years of independence is also a sign that they are important for future generations. Seeing such monuments gives everyone spiritual nourishment and spiritual renewal. The educational aspects of the construction of monuments are also taken into account, as a vivid example of the fact that the doors of each room in the monuments are made lower than the height of the person, which inevitably forces a person to bow to the person sitting in the room. One forgets one's past and traditions as long as one lives in the present and does not look at the maze. People who do not know their history have no future. Many historical and architectural monuments of the past have survived in our country. The light of the patterns dazzles the eye when the sun rises. The building shrinks from bottom to top to make it stronger. Each inch is decorated with unique, elegant geometric patterns.

Эволюция государственного управления в странах постсоветского пространства. Республика Армения

The article examines the history of forming the system of public administration in the Republic of Armenia after gaining independence. It is noted that the development of the fundamental draft laws of the newly formed state was carried out in close cooperation and with the active involvement of authoritative representatives of the Armenian society. The first years of independence for the Republic of Armenia were characterized by the creation of democratic institutions, the transition to a multi- party system, the development of a market economy, the reformation of the whole state system, as well as the system of state administration. The Constitution laid the legal foundations for transitioning from an authoritarian system to a democratic state and gave a legal framework to the new political system. With the development of state administration and the adoption of amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, a transition was made from a semi-presidential republic to a parliamentary form of government. Armenia shows high markers and stable growth of indicators regarding the quality of public administration. The country’s authorities apply successful world experience and follow high European standards; in this regard, digitalization is actively developing in the country, including in the field of public administration. In recent years, due to the high rates of digitalization, Armenia entered the number of countries with a high index of e-government development. A special place in the field for the development of the system of state and municipal service is given to professional training and retraining of personnel.

Issues of deeping the Uzbekistan economy integrated to the world market

The process of globalization in the world is so fast that, despite the contradictions between some countries, in some cases it forces them to work together; otherwise it can lead to situations such as lagging behind the world civilization. In the current situation, the development of relations between countries affects the development of the national economy of each country. Economic integration is observed at the level of national economies of entire countries, as well as at the level of enterprises, firms, companies, corporations. Economic integration is manifested in the expansion and deepening of technological ties in production, the joint use of resources, the pooling of capital and the creation of favorable conditions for each other in the process of economic activity, and the elimination of barriers. It is known that from the first years of independence, our country has begun to effectively implement the rapid development of reforms in foreign economic policy, and therefore created a regulatory framework in this area. In the context of globalization, the process of integration of countries in various fields is accelerating, and it serves as a factor in the development of republics. The current stage of human development is characterized by the rapid development of globalization processes. If we look at globalization from an economic point of view, it means the formation and development of a system of economic relations that covers the entire space of the world economy. The basis for this process is the mutual integration of countries. In particular, integration into the world economy plays an important role in attracting foreign investors to our country, as foreign economic activity increases the country's investment attractiveness.

VECTORS AND KEY FACTORS OF THE DYNAMICS OF LANGUAGES IN THE SECONDARY EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN IN 1990-2020

This article analyses the dynamics of the language policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the field of general secondary education from the moment when the country gained independence down to our days. It also considers the questions of strategies in the choice of languages of teaching and languages learned as a discipline. The study shows that this choice is due to a number of factors of the geopolitical, economic, social, cultural and religious origin. It also demonstrates the growth of the role and influence of the Azerbaijani language and its transformation into the dominant language in the field of school education. Three periods are distinguished in the dynamics of the functions of the Azerbaijani language: the first period refers to the first years of independence and is characterized to a greater extent by symbolic decisions in the spirit of national romanticism. The second period (the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries), pragmatic, was aimed at strengthening the state independence of the Republic and its unity. We focus here on the issues of language policy. The third period began in the 2010s and is characterized by enhanced measures aimed at both corpus and status planning. Here, the main efforts were focused on language planning. The paper investigates the status and functions of the Russian language, the former “language of interethnic communication” of the peoples of the USSR, which, in fact, was the state language on the territory of the USSR. In this paper we discuss the place of the languages of national (ethnic minorities) in the education system of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

ІНДИКАЦІЯ ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ РОЗВИТКУ СИСТЕМИ ПІДГОТОВКИ ІНОЗЕМНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ УКРАЇНИ В ПЕРІОД З 1991 Р. ПО 2002 Р. НА ОСНОВІ АНАЛІЗУ НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОЇ БАЗИ

The relevance of this study is determined by high concern of the authorities in improving the international activity of national institutions of higher education, particularly in educational services provided to foreign citizens. However, new approaches developing for reformation of the regulatory organization of foreign students' training system is impossible without a thorough study of the formation and development process of this system regulatory framework. In accordance with the research object, the article performs analysis of laws and regulations governing various aspects of foreign students training in higher education institutions system in the period from 1991 to 2002, namely: Resolution “On the education of foreign nationals in Ukraine”, Order “Approval of the conditions for admission to preparatory departments at institutions of higher education of Ukraine”, Law “On legal status of foreigners and stateless people”, Decree “On measures for development of regional economic cooperation of Ukrainian regions with adjacent border regions of the Russian Federation”, Decree “On measures for development of regional economic cooperation of Ukrainian regions with adjacent border regions the Republic of Belarus and administrative-territorial units of the Republic of Moldova ”, Resolution “On the rules on the entry of foreign citizens and stateless people into Ukraine, their exit from Ukraine and transit through its Territory”, Resolution “On approval the procedure for providing medical care to foreign citizens and stateless people, who are temporarily in Ukraine”, Resolution “On approval the regulations on admission of foreigners and stateless people for studying at institutions of higher education”. The study of the above-mentioned acts concluded that the regulatory instruments adopted during the first years of independence had played a major role in the creation of legal space to ensure the functioning of the national market of educational services in the international arena. The need to find new approaches for improving the legal and regulatory framework in this area determines the next period State regulation studying as a promising area for further research. Key words: foreign student, foreign contingent, foreign students’ training system, laws and regulations, law-creating entity.

On The Issues Of Patriotic Education Of Youth And Military Services In Uzbekistan

The article reflects the problems and experiences of the first years of independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan in preparing young people for the call and patriotic education. Information is provided on the specifics of military service and the conditions created in the country for military service.

МУСТАҚИЛЛИК ЙИЛЛАРИДА ЎЗБЕКИСТОННИНГ МАЛАЙЗИЯ БИЛАН ХАЛҚ ДИПЛОМАТИЯСИ АЛОҚАЛАРИ

Today, Malaysia is one of the most developed countries in Southeast Asia and a close partner of Uzbekistan in the region. Taking into account the peculiarities of the development and achievements of the countries of Southeast Asia, the Government of Uzbekistan from the first years of independence has paid special attention to the establishment and development of cooperation with Malaysia

Belarussian and Jewish Issues in the Political and Legal Thought of Polish Groups in Vilnius in the First Years of Independence – Selected Issues

<p>The position of Polish groups of interwar Vilnius (in the first years of independence) on the issues presented in this article was varied. National Democracy did not regard Belarusians as an independent nation and denied them the right to an independent state. Democrats, on the other hand, were in favor of equal rights for all nations and granted Belarusians the right to their own culture and education. In a similar vein, the Democrats, along with Vilnius conservatives, also expressed their opinions on the Jewish question. Representatives of National Democracy found a lot of space for this issue in their statements. In the context of the dispute about Vilnius, it was emphasized that the Jews would opt for Lithuania and Vilnius’s membership of the Lithuanian state.</p>

МУСТАҚИЛЛИК ЙИЛЛАРИДА ЎЗБЕКИСТОНДА ХУСУСИЙ МУЛКНИ ҲИМОЯ ҚИЛИШТИЗИМИНИНГ ШАКЛЛАНИШИ ВА РИВОЖЛАНИШИ

In the article the process of privatization of state property in Uzbekistan in the first years of independence, mechanisms of carrying out it, the influence of privatization processes on the social,economical life of the population and the activities of the privatized organizations in providing the population with work are analyzed. Also, legal basis of privatizing the state property are focused on

Bağımsızlık Öncesi Ve Sonrası Kırgız Toplumunda Din Ve Dinî Kurumlar Üzerine Bir Analiz

Din Sosyolojisi. Bu makalede bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra Kırgızistan’da toplumsal-siyasi hayatta önemli rol oynayan ve bunlara yön veren din unsurunu, din sosyolojisi ve siyaset bilimi açısından incelemeye çalışacağız. İslam’ın Kırgızlar arasında ne zaman yayıldığı ve benimsendiği ile ilgili tarihi kaynaklara dayanarak farklı görüşlerin bulunduğunu belirtmeliyiz. Günümüzde, Kırgızistan sınırları içerisindeki İslam’ı anlayabilmek için onun tarihteki süreçlerini göz önünde bulundurmak şarttır. Kırgızistan’ın Müftiyat kurumu; yani Kırgızistan Müslümanları Dini İdaresi’nin (KMDİ) ne zaman ve nasıl ortaya çıktığını göstermek için Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği döneminde İslam hakkında birtakım tespitlerde bulunularak oluşum sürecinin ele alınması gerekmektedir. Kırgızistan’da İslam’ın tarihi sürecini birkaç döneme ayırmak gerekir: Ortaçağdan SSCB’nin kuruluşuna kadarki dönem, Sosyalizm dönemi ve son olarak Kırgızistan’ın bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonraki dönem. Bağımsızlığın ilk yıllarından itibaren Kırgızistan’da dine ve dinî hayata öncesine oranla büyük bir serbestlik, bir bakıma kısmi özerklik hürriyeti verilmiştir. Ancak 4 Şubat 2014 tarihindeki Devlet Güvenlik Konseyi toplantısında dine verilen bu kısmi özerklik hürriyeti siyasetinin doğru olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. O günden itibaren devlet dinin toplumdaki yapısına ve yaşamına yön verme siyaseti yürüteceği kararını almıştır. Bu çalışmamızda bağımsızlık elde edildikten sonraki süreçte dinî eğilimler ve dine yönelik toplumsal yaptırımlar toplum bilimi ve siyaset bilimi açısından incelenmiştir. Kırgız toplumunun sosyal ve siyasi istikrarı için çalışma süreci ve yaptırımları üzerinde durulmuştur. Makalemizde çeyrek asırlık bir tarihe sahip olan Kırgız devletinin din konusundaki uygulamalarını siyaset bilimi, güvenlik ve toplum bilimi açısından ele alıp değerlendirmeye çalışacağız.

REVIVAL OF A LANGUAGE NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE UKRAINIANS OF DONETSK REGION UNDER CONDITIONS OF “PERESTROIKA” AND DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF INDEPENDENT UKRAINE

The aim of the research consists in elucidating the nature and main aspects of the development of a language identity and national consciousness of the Ukrainians of Donetsk region during the period of “perestroika” and the first years of independence of Ukraine, in the context of modern ethno-national problems. The research methodology is based primarily on the principle of historicism, concretized by the approach to historical phenomena and processes from the standpoint of dynamics, the study of the relationships between them and their interdependence. The use of this principle allows us to study the dynamics of the historical process from the point of view of its past and development trends in the future. A number of general historical methods have been used, namely: comparative-historical, historical comparative studies, retrospective. The latter, in particular, provides for the reconstruction of certain phenomena in the process of the revival of a cultural and national identity of the Ukrainians of Donetsk region in the context of perestroika and the first years of independent Ukraine. This allows us to construct separate models for the development of a national consciousness in our time, using, at the same time, some historical patterns and traditions. The scientific novelty consists in analyzing the process of the revival of a language identity and national consciousness of the Ukrainians of Donetsk region in the context of “perestroika” and the first years of independent Ukraine. This allows us to design individual models for the development of a cultural and national identity under modern conditions. The Conclusions. The process of reviving the cultural and national identity of the Ukrainians of Donetsk region in the context of “perestroika” and the first years of independent Ukraine became an interdependent phenomenon with the emergence in Donetsk region of a number of cultural national and socio-political organizations, primarily, Donetsk regional organization of Taras Shevchenko the Ukrainian Language Society. Despite the active process of Russification and denationalization, which has been carried out since the 1930-ies, the Ukrainian identity in Donetsk region still prevailed for some time. However, a targeted Russification policy aimed at destroying the language identity and national consciousness of the Ukrainian, naturally led to the confusion of all the peoples of the Soviet Union on the principles of the so-called internationalism into one, artificially formed, “homo sovieticus”. Thanks to public organizations and cultural national societies in Donetsk region at the end of the 1980-ies – beginning of the 1990-ies, the process of Ukrainization of the identity of the region population began. However, a number of factors prevented this. In particular, the predominantly individualistic orientation of ethnic self-expression of the Ukrainians of Donetsk region prevented the widespread development of their language identification and national identity. Also, as a result of a massive Russification and planting of chauvinistic stereotypes, the Ukrainians were deliberately turned into a second-class ethnic mass, the outcasts. The leaders of such a policy were mainly the former party-Komsomol functionaries, who, thanks to connections with criminals and oligarchic circles, reached leading positions in almost all authority structures during the 1990-ies. And, naturally, it was they, who stood at the origins of separatism long before the spring of 2014.

Bağımsızlık Yıllarında Kırgızistan Okullarında Din Dersi Denemeleri ve Son Dönemdeki Gelişmeler

Kyrgyzstan is a Central Asian country that became independent on August 31, 1991. From this date, religion-state relations in the country have entered into a phase of restructuring. With independence, there has been an awareness of historical identity, religious beliefs, customs and traditions among Kyrgyz people. On the one hand, new concepts such as secularism and freedom of religion and conscience have begun to be used actively in the country, and on the other hand, the legitimacy of religious education in formal education institutions have begun to be discussed frequently by academics and politicians. Today we can see some developments in formal religious education in Kyrgyzstan. Especially, there have been several attempts of teaching religion courses at public schools of Kyrgyzstan. So in this article, religion courses in public schools of Kyrgyzstan are examined. In particular, the “Iyman” course, which was taught during the first years of independence and the “Adep” course which was introduced as a compulsory subject in public schools in 2004, were analyzed in terms of purpose and content. In addition, the History of Religious Culture course, which has been taught as a pilot project since the 2016-2017 academic year, is analyzed in terms of purpose, content, course teacher and time allocated to the course. [You may find an extended abstract of this article after the bibliography.]