First Years Of Independence Research Articles

Azerbaycan’da İlahiyat Eğitimi

This paper examines the historical change in theology education in Azerbaijan after the modernization period, especially from the 19th century to the present. In the first half of the 19th century, with Russia's occupation of the region, the changes in theology education and the factors that were effective in this change are discussed. At the same time, the situation of theological education in Azerbaijan and its results are investigated during the Soviet period, which adopted atheist ideology after the tsarist Russia. Finally, the theological education policies in Azerbaijan during the independence period and the social, political, cultural, and ideological factors that shape these policies are examined. While the various scientific centers of the Islamic world had an indisputable authority in higher religious education before the Tsar's Russia invaded the region, the number of those who turned to these science centers gradually decreased with the policies implemented after the occupation. During the Soviet period, Azerbaijan's ties with the higher religious education centers in the Islamic world were completely severed, and only a very limited number of people were able to have higher religious education at the Tashkent Islamic Institute, which was under the control of the Soviet system. Since the first years of the independence period, Azerbaijan has struggled with the problems caused by the lack of a mechanism to train theologians to meet this interest, despite the increasing interest in Islam in the society. Although the Baku Islamic Institute was established under the Caucasus Muslims Spiritual Administration in the first years of independence, the Institute could not achieve success in educational activities that meet the needs. In the first years of independence, the theology faculty, which was established under the Baku State University with the support of the Turkiye Diyanet Foundation (TDF), was not accepted as an authoritative institution in the field of higher religious education by the majority of the society for some reasons. In this period, certain education centers in the Islamic world became intensely preferred for higher religious education. However, this situation brought along political, ideological, cultural, etc., problems, and the problems and contradictions of the Islamic world were imported to Azerbaijan by theologians who graduated from there. In 2018, by the Presidential decree, the Azerbaijan Theology Institute was established to realize higher religious education and training, taking into account the religious sectarian structure of the Azerbaijani society and aiming to operate in harmony with state policies. In the same year, the education and training activities of the Faculty of Theology which were established with the support of TRF and Baku Islamic University were terminated. Azerbaijan Institute of Theology continues its activities as the only higher religious education institution in the country that prepares religious officials. As a result, we can say that in the last two centuries, there have been serious changes and even breaks in theology education in Azerbaijan, and this process is closely related to the political and ideological processes taking place in the country.

SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE SOUTH OASIS OF UZBEKISTAN

The article presents some studies reflecting the historiography of the ethnology of the southern regions in the first years of independence, including A.A. Askarov, R.Kh. Aminova, M.A. Akhunova, B.V. Lunin, A.A. Ashirov, O. Boriev, I.M. Zhabborova, F. Ochildieva, K. Sh. Shoniyozova, A. R. Kayumova and others. To date, no special scientific works on the historiography of ethnology of the southern regions of Uzbekistan have been carried out and scientific literature on this topic has not been published. Basically, the study provides information about the main components that are actively involved in the formation of the Uzbek people. In addition, attempts have been made to show that the southern regions of Uzbekistan have been home to settlers since ancient times and that Uzbek tribes mingled with settlers who have lived in these regions since ancient times and are the heirs of their material and material values spiritual culture.

LITERARY STUDIES OF RAKHMANKUL BERDIBAY AND A LEGEND OF KOZKAMAN

The article deals with the literary research works and research articles of Rakhmankul Berdibay, a well-known literary researcher in the Turkic world and a scholar of turkology, that attracted public attention and contributed to the enlightenment of national consciousness. The researcher’s scientific works are distinguished by their scientific depth, novelty, and ability to timely address pressing issues of society. His works which were upraised tothe national and universal idealshave been appreciated. In this article the author focuses not only on Rakhmankul Berdibay’s works, which are important for the study of the Kazakh literature, but also analyzes his articles that reflect his civil position. The author also thoroughly analyzes his article “En ulken madeni bailyk” (The Greatest Cultural Wealth). The article considered the plight of the Kazakh language in society under Khruschev’s “Thaw” in 1956. It led to the author’s persecution, expulsion from his job at“Kazak Adebiyeti” (Kazakh Literature) newspaper, and expulsion from the party. It also draws attention to the principles of the scientist, which were displayed in his struggle against spiritual diseases in the society. In the first years of independence, Berdibay wrote scientific articles for the purpose of reviving the national consciousness and enlightening the spirit of the people. The main object of this study is the article “Kozkaman turaly anyz” (The Legend of Kozkaman) by a scientist who attracted the attention of the nation. The ideological purpose of the article is to explore the introduction of the concept “kozkaman” as a separate category in the scientific community.

ISSUES ON CREATING A HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE SCENOGRAPHY OF UZBEK OPERA

The article deals with the issues covering the historical genre in modern scenography. It reflects the scenographic solution of historical operas staged in the first years of independence at the State Academic Bolshoi Theater named after Alisher Navoi.

STATE POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEATRICAL ART IN THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

This article discusses the new theaters created in Uzbekistan in the first years of independence, the processes associated with their activities, as well as the content of decrees and resolutions.

ҚАЗАҚ БАЛАЛАР ӘДЕБИЕТІНІҢ ТӘУЕЛСІЗДІК ЖЫЛДАРЫНДАҒЫ ИДЕЯЛЫҚ ДАМУ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

The article reveals the features of the ideological development ofthe works of Kazakh children's literature over the years of independence. The article analyzes how much children's creativity and the image of heroes in it have changed under the influence of factors of historical, social and Western civilization. The similarities and differences between children's literature of the past centuries and modern works from the point of view of their idea are also differentiated. An overview is given and the ideological content of a number of significant works of outstanding representatives of children's literature during the period of independence is considered. The thinking, level of development, dreams and fantasies of the heroes of the first years of independence and the last decade are not the same.Thus, over the past 30 years, the image of children's heroes has changed rapidly over time. In conclusion, the overall picture of Kazakh children's literature, which has developed over the past 30 years, was characterized by its modernity, courage, freedom, speed, extolling moral and aesthetic values.

Nation-building in Kazakhstan in the first years of independence

After gaining independence, Kazakhstan began to reorganize its official historiography, which contributed to the formation of a new national state. Kazakhstan, like other post-Soviet countries, has taken up the issue of nationalization of the territory or the formation of a national territory during the years of independence after strengthening its statehood, it is known that the ruling elite chose civic identity as a guarantee of social and political Society. According to domestic and foreign researchers, civil and ethnic identity in Kazakhstan is used in parallel in the construction of the nation. The article analyzes what direction Kazakhstan chose in the first years of independence against the background of this identity. The study describes the evidence that Kazakhs are the main ethnic nation that forms the state, attempts to legalize the existence of the Kazakh ethnic group on the land of Kazakhstan from time immemorial, the use of the history and symbol of the Kazakh ethnic group as a state-forming nation. The reasons for choosing this ethno-cultural center in the first year of independence will be discussed. The methodology of the study was the study of the works of domestic and foreign researchers, comparative analysis of history textbooks, national state documents, and programs. As a result of the study, it was noted that in the first year of independence, Kazakhstan pursued an ethno-oriented policy. This policy is reflected in the fact that the Kazakh ethnic group has been a people living in this region since ancient times, and the main goal of the national policy pursued by the country's political leadership since the first days of independence is to maintain a balance between ethnic and civic identity. It seemed that the main direction of nation-building was directly transferred to the state, the ruling political elite. Since the adoption of the new Constitution, it has been noted that the issues of forming the civil and ethnic identity of society have been identified in the construction of the nation. The results obtained as a result of the work contribute to the writing of scientific papers related to nation-building in Kazakhstan and its further study. Keywords: nation-building, historiography, symbol,ethnos,identity

Coverage of Problems in the Ethnic History of the Population of Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya Oases in the Scientific Researches during the Years of Independence

The article presents some studies reflecting the historiography of the ethnology of the southern regions in the first years of independence, including K.Sh. Shaniyozova, A.A. Askarova, B.A. Akhmedova, I. Jabborova, A.A. Ashirova, O.Burieva, F. Ochildieva and others. Kayumov, N. Tursunov, R. Radzhabov, M. Usmanov, O. Dzhurakulov, P. Ravshanov, local historian B. Pulatova and others.

PRINCIPLES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES IN THE NEW UZBEKISTAN

The article discusses the development of the religious and educational sphere, in particular, positive changes in religious education in our country over the years of independence. In the first years of independence, Islamic studies in Uzbekistan began to form within religious studies. In particular, in 2000, the specialties «Theory of Religion», «Islamic History and Source Studies», «Islamic Law» were included in the «List of training of higher scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel» in the field of Oriental studies. In addition, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the translation of textbooks on Islamic studies into Russian and English. The final part of the article shows the current issues facing the field of Islamic studies in the future and ways to bring the scientific, spiritual, religious, and educational heritage of Uzbek scientists in Arabic, Persian and Uzbek to various fields of science

The cultural symbolism of the Ulytau landscape

The article considers the trends in the revival of the cultural landscape of Ulytau. Documents on historical objects are analyzed at the level of political decision-making and conceptual tasks to restore the significance of Ulytau, one of the most “hidden” regions of the Soviet period. It is considered how the symbolic content of historical objects located in the Ulytau region is being updated, and how these objects are being reconstructed into the large complexes of tourism content. From the first years of independence, the revitalization process of the region began with the First Kurultay that united Kazakhs all over the world in 1992 and continued until the celebration of the 750th anniversary of the Golden Horde. An inventory place of the historical and cultural significance of Ulytau was carried out within the framework of strategic programs conducted by the state including the special project “The Sacred Geography of Kazakhstan” within the framework of “Rukhani Zhangyru”. On the one hand, Ulytau is considered the shanyrak of the Kazakh Khanate, a symbol of statehood, identity, and unity; on the other hand, it is a region with a high concentration of sacred objects and a high potential for ethnographic tourism. The author examines the symbolism of the Ulytau landscape by means of three different semantic positions: the first, Ulytau is the beginning of statehood, a symbol of identity; the second, it is considered as an open-air museum; the third, as a tourist center and analyses its cultural potential. The article has been developed on available information published in open Internet sources, archival documents, and scientific works published as a part of the special project “The Sacred Geography of Kazakhstan”, and empirical data taken on the bases of expert in-depth interviews.

The women of Bukhara are education`s volunteers

The article discusses the women of Bukhara, who contributed to the development of women's social activity and bringing the education system to a new level in the years of independence.The epoch is testing the change of time, the renewal and the improvement through freedom and liberty. From the first years of independence, a number of works are underway to increase the activity of women in all spheres of economic, political and social, cultural and educational life of the country, to provide them with comprehensive assistance in obtaining education and professional skills and employment, to support their entrepreneurial initiatives.

ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИЯ ЗАПАДНОПОЛЕССКОГО ЭТНОПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ В БЕЛАРУСИ: ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-КУЛЬТУРНОГО ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЯ "ПОЛІСЬСЕ" (1988–1995)

The article is analyzing the functioning of the socio-cultural association “Polisse” in the context of the socio-political and national-cultural life of Belarus during the period of Soviet “Perestroika” and in the first years of independence. It considers various aspects of the organization’s activity in the structure of the Belarusian Cultural Foundation, as well as in alliance with other political forces (Belarusian People’s Front, Ukrainian Party “Rukh”, “Party of People’s Accord”, “Coordinating Committee of Public and Political Movements of the Republic of Belarus”, “People’s Movement of Belarus”). An attempt is made to draw up a political portrait of the leader of the Western Polesie movement Nikolai Shelyagovich. The article also analyzes the arguments of the opponents to the Western Polesie movement from among the representatives of the power and intellectual elites of Belarus (inadmissibility of politicization of ethnicity, anti-scientific statements about the existence of a separate West Polesie people, lack of objective prerequisites for the autonomization of the Polesie region). The basis for the source base of the work were first introduced into the scientific turnover documents of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus and the Central Scientific Archive of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (appeals of the leaders of the West Polesie movement to various authorities, analytical notes sent to the Commission on National Policy and Interethnic Relations of the Supreme Council of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic / Republic of Belarus, minutes of meetings of academic institutions, at which the activities of Socio-cultural association “Polisse” were discussed)

Stages and peculiarities of legal recognition of the fight of the UPA for an independent Ukraine in national legislation (in the honor of the 80th anniversary of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army`s formation)

During the Soviet totalitarian regime, an objective historical and legal assessment of the struggle of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army was impossible. Communist propaganda, grossly violating the norms of the international humanitarian law, purposefully declared the fighters for the freedom of Ukraine as "bandits" turning them from the combatants into the criminals. The aim of the research is to distinguish the stages and highlight the process of legal recognition of the UPA's armed struggle for an independent cathedral Ukrainian state in Ukrainian legislation. The following research tasks were set: 1) to reveal the attempts of public organizations, state authorities, and scientific institutes in the first years of independence, to draw the conclusions regarding the historical and legal assessment of the struggle of the OUN and the UPA; 2) carry out an analysis of the development of the national legislation due to the assessment of subjects of the Ukrainian liberation movement of the 30s-50s of the 20th century in the period from 1997 to 2014; 3) reveal the process of the recognition of the UPA army and its soldiers as fighters for independence after the Revolution of Dignity. The process of rehabilitation and objective historical and legal qualification of the UPA's activities was not easy and progress directly proportionally depended on the dominance of pro-Ukrainian parties in the parliament and the Ukrainian-centric discourse in the society in this matter. According to the Law of Ukraine "On the Legal Status and Honoring the Memory of Fighters for Ukraine`s Independence in the 20th Century" (2015), the UPA appeared as a national liberation army that fought for the Ukrainian independent cathedral state, and its soldiers were fighters for the independence of Ukraine in the 20th century. A positive consequence of the adoption of the Law should be a significant reduction of social and political tension regarding the social and historical and legal assessment of the national liberation struggle in the 20th century, especially in the conditions of the aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine, which will form a true picture of the public vision of the processes of Ukrainian state-building.

Aruanne Petserimaa poliitilise ja sotsiaalse olukorra kohta 1927. aastal

The issue of Petseri County is still an important element of national continuity. The Tartu Peace Treaty transferred the rural municipalities of the Petseri region, which had previously belonged to the Governorate of Pskov, to the administration of the Republic of Estonia. This severed relations with eastern regions from the period of the Russian Empire. This detour brought rapid impoverishment in some communities, giving rise to a series of social problems in the region such as unemployment, alcoholism, etc. That is why anti-state sentiments emerged in the interwar period, primarily in the eastern part of Petseri County, which was populated mainly by Russian citizens whose interests were more closely linked to Russia’s interior regions. Pro-Soviet political forces exploited such sentiments.
 The published report is part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs archival collection (National Archives, RA, ERA.14.1.1395). It was drawn up in 1927 by Assistant Commissioner of the Political Police Nikolai Nuder at the request of Minister of Internal Affairs Jaan Hünerson. The reason for writing the report was the government’s aim to re-establish the position of Petseri County Commander, which had existed in the first years of independence, in order to supervise local institutions and to bind Petseri more closely with the Estonian state. S. Sommer’s comment on the report has been identified at the end of the publication. The value of the source lies in its relatively wide-ranging problematics, reflecting a clash of political and social, national and community interests in the region. In addition to the problems described, the report proposes possible solutions, yet without presenting more specific action plans. The document’s focus is on the eastern regions of Petseri County in particular, demonstrating the region’s weaker coherence with other Estonian territories. In addition to political and social aspects, the source also draws attention to man and the changing environment around him. In this case, rapid population growth and the paludification of areas along Lake Pskov led to a decrease in people’s living space in the region.

The Dynamics of Nigeria’s Policy for Africa in the Post-Colonial Period

All heads of state of independent Nigeria have left their mark on the formation of national foreign policy, including the policy for Africa, and brought their vision to the development of this sphere, although the greatest contribution to the formation of relations of the Giant of Africa with other states of the continent was made during the years of the Fourth Republic (1999 – present), when, after a long period of military rule, civilian politicians came to power in the country. Throughout the entire period of independent development, the main principles of Nigeria’s formation of contacts with other countries were respect for equality and territorial integrity of sovereign states; non-interference in their internal affairs; active membership in international organizations; non-alignment with military-political blocs, etc. However, the main priority of Nigeria’s foreign policy in the post-colonial period was the development of relations with African countries – a phenomenon that has come to be known as Afrocentrism. In accordance with the principles declared in all Constitutions of the country (1960, 1979, 1993, and 1999), Nigeria made a great contribution to the struggle for the true political and economic independence of African countries, for the liberation of the continent from the remnants of colonialism and apartheid. Since the 1970s, when the country became one of the world’s largest oil producers and exporters and began to provide financial and logistical assistance to African countries in need, a new objective has appeared in its foreign policy – gaining the status of “the leader of the continent”. This desire has been fueled by the fact that Nigeria is the most populous state on the continent and has one of the largest and fastest growing economies in Africa. Not all Nigerian leaders were able to correctly identify political priorities and to a certain extent demonstrated naiveté, limiting their foreign policy primarily to the African direction. While in the first years of independence this was legitimate and justified, with the advent of globalization, the development of a multipolar world, and the transformation of the world political and economic order, it became necessary to ensure that Nigeria’s foreign policy was adapted to modern realities. Meanwhile, thanks to its economic potential, huge reserves of hydrocarbons, which all countries in the region need, and military-political power, Nigeria quite rightly claims a central role in coordinating joint efforts to achieve true economic and political independence by West African states, although one of the obstacles to the transformation Nigeria into a real “hegemon” both in West Africa and throughout the continent remains political instability in the country.

DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION AND PEDAGOGICAL THOUGHTS IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

From the first years of independence (September 1, 1991), the Uzbek government has made education a priority. The Republic of Uzbekistan has a clear and unambiguous state policy in the field of education, which is based on humane and democratic principles, and the education of every citizen is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Социально-экономические проблемы развития города Сулюкта (Кыргызстан) в годы независимости (1991-2020 гг.)

The article deals with the social-economic development of the city of Sulyukta. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan, embarked on the path of perestroika. Economic and political difficulties are leading to major economic changes in the region. These changes have changed the economy, society and culture. The social-economic crisis throughout the post-Soviet region had a negative impact on all industries, including manufacturing. The crisis greatly affected the coal production of the city of Sulyukta. In the last years of Soviet power, especially in the first years of independence, coal production in Sulyukta fell sharply. The main reasons for this were the breakdown of old economic ties, the demands of new market conditions and low demand for coal. In this context, the economic situation in the city of Sulyukta has worsened.

Generation Time and Independence

This article discusses the value changes in the time of generations over the years of Kazakhstan’s independence. It was considered that in the first years of independence, Kazakh society, as a result of the creation of a value vacuum in people’s behaviour, was disoriented in the spiritual and material spheres. The issue of spiritual obscenity was also addressed. At the same time, the influence of an atheistic society on a person’s worldview, the factor of polyreligiosity of one nation, the inability of the Kazakh people to occupy the cultural space as a state of the forming nation, living with one-day interests, was recorded. It was shown that the time of generations is associated with the political freedom of citizens and that this freedom is a guarantee of the security of the state. The article presents the views of philosophers such Hegel, Marx, Foucault, Zh.Abdildin, G.Yessim, B.Kolbayev, Sinan Uzbek, Sh.Aitmatov. In the novel of Sh. Aitmatov “Cassandra’s Brand” in the study of universal values were given thoughts such as evil in non-religious society, struggle against it, conscience, and shame.

МУСТАҚИЛЛИК ДАВРИДАГИ ЎЗБЕКИСТОН РАНГТАСВИР САНЪАТ РИВОЖИ

The articleresearchesdevelopmentmaintrendinpaintingUzbekistanperiodtoindependence.In particular, from the first years of independence, the art of painting, like all other areas, began to develop, and Uzbek fine art was founded by such great artists as Chingiz Akhmarov, Ural Tansykbaev, Rakhim Akhmedov, Nemat Kuzibaev, Mannon Saidov, Bakhtiyor Boboev, Ruzi Choriev scientifically the study of this spiritual heritage is comprehended, an important and necessary process of introducing its essence into the consciousness of young people

History of partnership relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan with far abroad countries (1990-2000)

The relations with foreign countries, which began to be implemented in the first years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan are of particular importance. It is known that conducting the country's economy in accordance with the requirements of world market relations, receiving investment and financial assistance from these countries, exchange of experience, the establishment of import-export trade relations have become the basis for the future of the country. That is why the establishment of multifaceted relations on an equal footing with foreign countries, whose economies have reached the level of advanced development, is included in the main work plan of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article considers the political, economic and cultural partnership of the Republic of Kazakhstan with Japan, Turkey, South Korea, India, Israel, Mongolia and other foreign countries in the first decade of independence. Data, documentary materials and works of scientists dealing with international politics were used, a scientific analysis of the topic conclusions were made, and recommendations for further study of the case were given