Indonesian Fires Research Articles

Predicting Forest Fire Using Remote Sensing Data And Machine Learning

Over the last few decades, deforestation and climate change have caused increasing number of forest fires. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia has been the most affected country by tropical peatland forest fires. These fires have a significant impact on the climate resulting in extensive health, social and economic issues. Existing forest fire prediction systems, such as the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System, are based on handcrafted features and require installation and maintenance of expensive instruments on the ground, which can be a challenge for developing countries such as Indonesia. We propose a novel, cost-effective, machine-learning based approach that uses remote sensing data to predict forest fires in Indonesia. Our prediction model achieves more than 0.81 area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, performing significantly better than the baseline approach which never exceeds 0.70 area under ROC curve on the same tasks. Our model's performance remained above 0.81 area under ROC curve even when evaluated with reduced data. The results support our claim that machine-learning based approaches can lead to reliable and cost-effective forest fire prediction systems.

Simulation and Analysis of Thermal Environment and Building Comparing Wetland Conditions in Banjarmasin-Indonesia and Saga-Japan

Climate change has actually happened, according to NASA data the surface temperature of the earth has increased significantly. The impact of rising earth surface temperatures causes erratic weather conditions, high rainfall and drought in the summer season. In August 2019, devastating forest fires in Indonesia caused smoke on the islands of Sumatera and Kalimantan. Meanwhile in Japan, flooding occurred in Saga prefecture due to high rainfall for several days. Environmental conditions between Indonesia and Japan are different but experience disasters at the same time. This study examines the real conditions of the thermal environment in Banjarmasin and Saga. The analysis results of the thermal environment and building thermal simulations in the two cities, there are similarities in thermal anomalies that tend to be high or extreme. In addition, thermal measurements are carried out in the summer of August and September. That month is summer conditions with a maximum temperature of 37°C, but in Saga it floods when the Banjarmasin experiences a drought. Building technology and accurate weather predictions from the government has been able to reduce the impact of disasters from climate change.

Fate of Pollution Emitted During the 2015 Indonesian Fire Season

AbstractThe El Niño‐driven fire season in Indonesia in September–October 2015 produced the largest fire emissions on record since NASA's EOS satellites started making observations of tropospheric pollutants from space. In this study, measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) from the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) on Terra and the Microwave Limb Sounder are used to characterize the anomalously high CO emitted during the 2015 Indonesian fire season transported into the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere. The satellite measurements indicate that CO emitted from wildfires was transported into the upper troposphere with time lags up to ∼2 months and continued to be transported into the stratosphere, which resulted in higher concentrations of CO extending up to ∼20 hPa by the end of 2016. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) measured by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) confirms that anomalously high HCN emitted from the same wildfires was also transported into the tropical stratosphere and persisted throughout 2017. Simulations of CO from the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM‐chem) show a significant increase in CO concentrations in the troposphere in October 2015. However, comparisons between CAM‐chem and MOPITT CO suggest that the model underestimates the amount of CO even with doubled emissions of CO in October 2015. Both the satellite measurements and the model simulations show that the pollution emitted from the wildfires over Indonesia was transported to and persisted in the tropical stratosphere much longer than the previous El‐Niño driven fire events due to unprecedented amount of the fire emissions.

Trends and Situation of Forest Fire in Indonesia 2015-2018, Based on Three Factors: Peatland,Timber Concession, and Forest Area

This research addresses the reoccurrence of forest fires and their size with regional-spatial information. This study is attained to the Sustainable Development Goal in the year 2030 (climate action and life on land) and is consistent with the mission of JISDeP. Probit and tobit regression analyses were applied to the regional-spatial panel data from 2015 to 2018 in Indonesia with the observations of forest-fire events, peatland, forest area, and timber concession on an annual basis. Such analyses would characterize the possible determinants for the forest fire reoccurrence together with their sizes. Comparatively, this study tries to fill the gap by examining the reoccurrence of forest fires. This research tries to fill in the gap on studies about land and forest fires by combining quantitative analysis using probit and tobit regression and using spatial approach of peatland, forest and timber concession area. The regression results reveal the following outcomes. The first outcome is whether forest fire reoccurrence positively (negatively) associated with peatland and forest areas (timber concession). Second, forest fires tend to decrease with the repetition of past forest fires but increase with timber concession, peatland, and forest areas. Overall, these results imply that the reoccurrence of forest fires and their sizes is highly concerned with timber concession and types of areas, suggesting that Indonesia should organize the policies regarding forest timber concession and areas to reduce forest fires and the associated damage.

Quantifying ENSO and IOD impact to hotspot in Indonesia based on Heterogeneous Correlation Map (HCM)

Land and forest fires in Indonesia have a long history. Several major land and forest fires in Indonesia such as in 2002, 2006, 2009, 2015, and 2019 were associated impacts of the ENSO and IOD phenomena. This research aims to find out how much ENSO and IOD impact to land and forest fires in Indonesia. This research used Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the Nino 3.4 index region and DMI region as indicators for ENSO and IOD, while hotspot was used as an indicator of land and forest fires in Indonesia. Heterogeneous Correlation Map (HCM) was used to describe the correlation of hotspots with ENSO variance and IOD variance on spatial patterns. The HCM obtained from Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analysis used to identify the variances. The result showed that anomalies SST in Nino 3.4 index region had greater correlation with hotspot in Provinces of South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, and Central Kalimantan than those of other regions in Indonesia. Anomalies SST in DMI region had greater correlation with hotspot in Provinces of Lampung, South Sumatera, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan, than those of other regions in Indonesia. Temporal analysis showed that the largest variance of hotspot in Indonesia mostly in the mid of the year.

Spatial model of control of fire prone peatlands based on rainfall data (case study: Kepulauaan Meranti Regency, Riau Province)

Peatland fires in Indonesia occur every year, and the impacts are also known to cause many costs. Fires in Indonesia are 99% caused by humans. Fires can occur when the components of the fire are available, namely fuel, oxygen and heat sources. Triangel fire components are in optimal conditions when the land is dry. Dry conditions are mainly caused by weather, and are reinforced by human activities. The main influence of weather is in the form of rainfall, while the human influence is in the form of canalization. Low rainfall causes dry land and plants. Canalization has the potential to cause the surrounding land to become dry. The canalization is made so that the plant roots are in the aerobic zone, so that the plants can grow well. The purpose of this study is to find out how much rainfall there are still fires and their distribution. By knowing this information, it is hoped that efforts to control forest and land fires can be carried out more effectively. The method used is spatial analysis. Materials used: 2005-2016 rainfall data, 2005-2016 hotspots data, 1: 50,000 scale RBI map. The results of this study indicate that thde chance of occurrence of fires on the low rainfall class (0 - 100 mm) has 70,5 % higher than chance of occurrence of fires than medium raifall class (100 - 300 mm) of 24,5 %.

Observed Data of Forest Fire Hotspots effects on Respiratory Disorder by Arc-GIS in Riau Province, Indonesia

The paper shows that air quality aspects rise from forest fires in Indonesia and they have associations with a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including respiratory health problems. Due to the unpredictable nature of forest fires, it is challenging for public health authorities to evaluate the potential exposures before they occur reliably. Using GIS software, zoning was made om Riau Province, Indonesia. The data shows that the highest fire hotspot was in 2015 by 12,854 and the lowest was 527 in 2017 as well as the lowest Respiratory Disorder Cases in 2017 was 371,044. The Finding proves that smoke has a significant negative effect on increasing respiratory problems Therefore, it also indicates that smoke and haze forecastings are effective tools and challenging to be developed that can be used as public health predictions and establish a suitable policy on forest fires. However, their inherent uncertainties limit their widespread adoption. Observed measurements from air quality monitoring networks and remote sensing platforms are more reliable, but they are inherently retrospective.

The Kalimantan Forest Fires: An Actor Analysis Based on Supreme Court Documents in Indonesia

Forest fires in Indonesia are of a local, national, and global concern, which is why the activities of local actors have emerged as a new problem in Indonesia, especially in Kalimantan. The current study employed a network content analysis method to examine the involvement of actors in forest fire cases based on Supreme Court decisions, complemented by several reputable online news sources such as kompas.com, detik.com, and tribun.com. By examining the cases, the actors involved were able to be identified as key actors, contest setters, and subject actors. Key actors, referring to companies and landowners, were found to have high correlations between one another. Moreover, key actors were observed to be involved in providing funds for land clearing or burning, yet they remained legally untouchable. Meanwhile, contest setters—permanent employees—were found to be the most involved in land burning/clearing, and they were often convicted in the Supreme Court rulings as they were merely commoners, farmers, and jobseekers in need of cash. Nevertheless, the subject actors, i.e., jobseekers and farm workers, were seen to have a weak relationship with key actors in the Supreme Court rulings, particularly in terms of forest burning and its operational funding.

Forest Fire News Analysis in Sumatera-Kalimantan in Republika.co.id and Bharian.com.my

Pollution from smoke haze ignited from forest fires in Indonesia has been a recurrent annual problem among neighboring countries of South East Asia. This study discusses news about forest and land fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan, which were published on republika.co.id and bharian.com.my. This calamity received great attention because of its damaging consequences for other countries. Fires are considered a potential threat to the environmental development because of their effects to the ecosystem and the impact of carbon emission on biodiversity. This study aims to describe news frame republika.co.id and bharian.com.my for forest and land fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Using descriptive-qualitative forwarded by Robert Entman's framing analysis model, analyzing the root of the problem, the cause of the problem, moral judgment, and recommendations. Research result revealed differences in attitudes between republika.co.id and bharian.com.my towards this case. On the cause of the problem issue, moral judgment, and recommendations, republika.co.id's judgement are very firm, systematic, and detailed compared to bharian.com.my which appeared to technical and normative ones. On the issue of the root of the problem, the attitude of both of them blamed forest burners and the role of companies as actors.

Biomass burning combustion efficiency observed from space using measurements of CO and NO<sub>2</sub> by the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)

Abstract. The global fire emission inventories depend on ground and airborne measurements of species-specific emission factors (EFs), which translate dry matter losses due to fires to actual trace gas and aerosol emissions. The EFs of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) can function as a proxy for combustion efficiency to distinguish flaming from smoldering combustion. The uncertainties in these EFs remain large as they are limited by the spatial and temporal representativeness of the measurements. The global coverage of satellite observations has the advantage of filling this gap, making these measurements highly complementary to ground-based or airborne data. We present a new analysis of biomass burning pollutants using space-borne data to investigate the spatiotemporal efficiency of fire combustion. Column measurements of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide (XNO2 and XCO) from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) are used to quantify the relative atmospheric enhancements of these species over different fire-prone regions around the world. We find spatial and temporal patterns in the ΔXNO2 ∕ ΔXCO ratio that point to distinct differences in biomass burning behavior. Such differences are induced by the burning phase of the fire (e.g., high-temperature flaming vs. low-temperature smoldering combustion) and burning practice (e.g., the combustion of logs, coarse woody debris and soil organic matter vs. the combustion of fine fuels such as savanna grasses). The sampling techniques and the signal-to-noise ratio of the retrieved ΔXNO2 ∕ ΔXCO signals were quantified with WRF-Chem experiments and showed similar distinct differences in combustion types. The TROPOMI measurements show that the fraction of surface smoldering combustion is much larger for the boreal forest fires in the upper Northern Hemisphere and peatland fires in Indonesia. These types of fires cause a much larger increase (3 to 6 times) in ΔXCO relative to ΔXNO2 than elsewhere in the world. The high spatial and temporal resolution of TROPOMI also enables the detection of spatial gradients in combustion efficiency at smaller regional scales. For instance, in the Amazon, we found higher combustion efficiency (up to 3-fold) for savanna fires than for the nearby tropical deforestation fires. Out of two investigated fire emission products, the TROPOMI measurements support the broad spatial pattern of combustion efficiency rooted in GFED4s. Meanwhile, TROPOMI data also add new insights into regional variability in combustion characteristics that are not well represented in the different emission inventories, which can help the fire modeling community to improve their representation of the spatiotemporal variability in EFs.

<i>Corrigendum to</i>: Spatial correlates of forest and land fires in Indonesia

Biomass fires in Indonesia emit high levels of greenhouse gases and particulate matter, key contributors to global climate change and poor air quality in south-east Asia. In order to better understand the drivers of biomass fires across Indonesia over multiple years, we examined the distribution and probability of fires in Sumatra, Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) and Papua (western New Guinea) over four entire calendar years (2002, 2005, 2011 and 2015). The 4 years of data represent years with El Niño and La Niña conditions and high levels of data availability in the study region. Generalised linear mixed-effects models and zero-inflated negative binomial models were used to relate fire hotspots and a range of spatial predictor data. Geographic differences in occurrences of fire hotspots were evident. Fire probability was greatest in mixed-production agriculture lands and in deeper, degraded peatlands, suggesting anthropogenic activities were strong determinants of burning. Drought conditions in El Niño years were also significant. The results demonstrate the importance of prioritising areas of high fire probability, based on land use and other predisposing conditions, in effective fire management planning.

Involving Community in Peatland Fire Mitigation as the Way of Preserving Economic and Ecological Sustainability

Peatland fires in Indonesia have generated significant losses, both economically and environmentally. But mitigation efforts to reduce these impacts, due to the limitation of sophisticated technology, are still in the process of going or not going. This study aims to analyze the forms of fire disaster mitigation carried out by community groups and identify the constraints of land fire mitigation. This research is a qualitative study with in-depth interviews with fire care community groups, firefighting corps, as well as landowners in areas frequently affected by the fires. The results showed that the community and landowners were committed to protecting peatland from fires in their area. The community simply extinguished flames by using boreholes and firefighting facilities. Landowners commit to maintaining their productive agricultural land, but they ignored the unmanaged or abandoned property. Mitigation is still minimal due to scarcity of water sources and technology limitation, which often fails to overcome peatland fires. Utilizing abandoned land prone to fire into productive land is considered useful for keeping land from burning.

Implications of Ineffective Forest and Land Fire Multi-Regulatory Disaster Management Policies in Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the legislative and executive public officials' actions in establishing multi-regulatory policies regarding forest and land fire disaster management in Indonesia. The present study represents descriptive qualitative research. The theory of power and authority, public policy theory, and collaborative governance theory were utilized to sharpen the research results. The data was analyzed using an interactive analysis. The results of the analysis were based on ontology, epistemology, and sociology research. To empower the prevention of forest and land fires in Indonesia, a vision and mission of public policies related to forest and land fires are needed; building prevention and suppression facilties; providing information to companies and the community regarding regulations and sanctions if forest fires are carried out deliberately; and a balanced provision of good land management. Forest and land fires can also be reduced by proper forest management focused on reducing trees, bushes, and grass that are too dense in fire-prone areas because they are flammable and can facilitate bigger and longer fires. A forest with trees that are spaced out is a good preventive measure in fire management. The research result shows that public officials have made multi-regulations so that the implementation is not effective. The results of this research are to be able to revise regulations that public officials have made. The researchers suggest that relevant state institutions as public officials in making regulations on forest and land fire management in Indonesia should conduct it in the form of one regulation and one institution, covering the holistic governance of disaster reduction.

Hotspot Prediction Using 1D Convolutional Neural Network

Abstract Every year, there are always forest and land fires in Indonesia. Riau Province is one area that often experiences forest and land fires. One of the factors causing forest fires is the emergence of hotspots. The hotspot is an indicator of forest fires that indicates a location has a relatively higher temperature than its surroundings is ≥42°. This research studies about hotspot prediction using a 1d convolutional neural network to give some information about the number of hotspots for early treatment of forest fires. Experiments carried out by changing the amount of output that is daily, monthly, and 12 months. It also experimented on the learning rate and number of nodes used on neural networks. The results of this research are using 20 nodes and a learning rate of 0.2 on daily predictions with a MAAPE of 0.9386, 40 nodes and a learning rate of 0.5 on a monthly prediction with a MAAPE of 0.4139, 40 nodes and a learning rate of 0.5 on a prediction of 12 months with a MAAPE of 0.4397.

Bureaucratic inertia in dealing with annual forest fires in Indonesia

Indonesia has sustained annual forest fires since the 1990s related to land clearing activities for agriculture. The Indonesian Government has made substantial efforts to resolve annual fires by improving intergovernmental coordination at national and local levels. Overall, 96 government agencies are liable for controlling forest fire. This study explores local to central government’s bureaucratic reluctance in addressing forest fires, focusing on Riau Province, the most forest fire-prone region in Indonesia. Data were collected from 2015 to 2019 using participatory observation, engaging in meetings of key players; in-depth interviews with key heads of relevant agencies, officials, and NGOs; and a questionnaire for Social Network Analysis. The results show that there are seven influential institutions for addressing land and forest fires in Riau. However, the power of the decision-making process is concentrated at the level of the President and the Governor as the regional leader, which implies that large institutions involved in fire response have less power and responsibility owing in part to bureaucratic inertia as bureaucracy is overly centralised and less responsive. In the long term, devolution of government authority from the central to the local level is required to furnish front-line institutions with the power to deal with the fires.

The vulnerability level and employee preparedness index in responding to fire in mills division at pt. eastern pearl flour mills of Makassar city

BNPB (The National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure) suggested that there were 3,193 cases of fires in Indonesia from 1815 to 2018. There were 6 cases of fires at PT. Eastern Pearl Flour Mills during the period of 2016 to 2019 which resulted in material loss. The main objective of this study was to investigate and determine the level of fire vulnerability and employee preparedness index at Mills division at PT. Eastern Pearl Flour Mills of Makassar. The methodological approach taken was descriptive by using a survey method. The population were all 38 employees. The sampling technique was total sampling. The samples used in this study were 38 samples. The results indicated that in the aspect knowledge, 38 respondents high category (100%). Attitude, 38 respondents (100%) high category. Disaster preparedness policy, 35 respondents (92.1%) high category, and 3 respondents (7.9%) low category. Resource mobilization, 36 respondents (94.7%) high category, and 2 respondents (5.3%) low category. Disaster warning, 38 respondents (100%) high category.Preparedness plan, 33 respondents (86.8%) high category, and 5 respondents (13.2%) low category. This research concludes that the level of fire vulnerability at the Mills division at PT. Eastern Pearl Flour Mills Makassar City was considered the medium category, while the employee preparedness index was considered in the fair category. The researchers suggest the company to continous socialization related to fire prevention SOPs to all employees. The employees must be able to distinguish signs of the fire warning and increase their knowledge related to fire disasters in the workplace.

The Implementation of the Strict-Liability Principle to the Perpetrators of Forest and Land Burning

The massive forest and land fires in Indonesia have been raging and caused haze disaster. The haze disaster is not suffered only in Indonesian territory, but it has become a transnational disaster resulting in extensive economic and health quality losses. In addition, the disaster has led damage to agricultural land and disruption of diplomatic relations among affected states. The number of perpetrators of forest and land fires that increase annually shows that the enforcement of criminal law is relatively ineffective. This article covers the problem whether the principle of strict liability can be applied to the perpetrators of forest burning. In 2019, forest fires in the Jambi Province had took placed in estimated 165.86.58 hectares. The forest fire is the main source of transnational haze disaster. Law enforcement on forest fires in Jambi has not provided a deterrent effect yet. There are forty-six companies acquiring fires in their concession land areas. Unfortunately, only four of them reached court proceedings and only two companies were declared guilty by the court. Therefore, as a deterrent effort, the principle of strict liability can be applied as the main principle to handle perpetrators of forest burning.

Identification before-after Forest Fire and Prediction of Mangrove Forest Based on Markov-Cellular Automata in Part of Sembilang National Park, Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

In 1997, the worst forest fire in Indonesia occurred and hit mangrove forest areas including in Sembilang National Park Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra. Therefore, the Indonesian government keeps in trying to rehabilitate the mangrove forest in Sembilang National Park. This study aimed to identify the mangrove forest changing and to predict on the future year. The situations before and after forest fire were analyzed. This study applied an integrated Markov Chain and Cellular Automata model to identify mangrove forest change in the interval years of 1989–2015 and predict it in 2028. Remote sensing technology is used based on Landsat satellite imagery (1989, 1998, 2002, and 2015). The results showed mangrove forest has decreased around 9.6% from 1989 to 1998 due to forest fire, and has increased by 8.4% between 1998 and 2002, and 2.3% in 2002–2015. Other results show that mangroves area has continued to increase from 2015 to 2028 by 27.4% to 31% (7974.8 ha). It shows that the mangrove ecosystem is periodically changing due to good management by the Indonesian government.

A ‘middle way’ for Indonesian fires

Planetary health solutions that protect the environment and promote development have been hard to find. Eco-certification of palm oil that restricts fires also reduces local poverty in Indonesia, but only in communities integrated into the market.

Disaster Management of Forest and Peatland Fire Through The Berdikari Gambut Village Program in Pakning River, Bengkalis District

<p><em>Riau is one of the areas that often occurs due to haze disasters due to forest and land fires in Indonesia. One of the causes of fire is difficult to extinguish because most of the burned area is peatland. Several attempts have been made to deal with this forest and land fire disaster, both from the government, community and private sector. In this paper, we will discuss how to overcoming land and forest fire disasters in the Sungai Pakning, Bengkalis Regency through the PT Pertamina RU II Sungai Pakning Kampung Gambut Berdikari CSR program. The research method used descriptive qualitative research. The result is that the Kampung Gambut Berdikari Program is able to overcome the problem of land and forest fires in the Sungai Pakning, as evidenced in 2018 to 2020 in the Sungai Pakning region there has been no forest and land fires again (zero fire).</em></p>