Fire Authorities Research Articles

Учёт материальных последствий пожаров при определении категорий риска объектов контроля

Introduction. Based on the provisions of the Federal Law dated of July 31, 2020 № 248-FZ "On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation", the issues of improving the decision-making mechanism by officials of the state fire supervision authorities on attributing objects of control to a certain risk category are considered. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to further develop the methodology for determining the risk categories of control objects, taking into account the various components of harm (damage) to legally protected values caused by fire. The issues of accounting not only for the social consequences of fires, but also for material damages from them are considered. The objective of the study is to improve the mathematical model that describes the decision-making mechanism for the categorization of control objects in the field of fire safety. Methods. To solve the problem, the methods of probability theory, mathematical statistics, the provisions of control theory and the formalization of decision-making procedures were applied. Results and discussion. Directions for improving the mathematical model describing the decision-making mechanism for assigning control objects to a certain risk category are proposed. The proposals are based on the calculation of the probability of fires with material consequences at the objects of control classified as state and municipal property, as well as at the objects of control with more than one right holder carrying out economic activity. Mathematical dependencies are given to determine the acceptable and expected risk of causing material damage from a fire on these types of control objects. The issues of creating a single criterion for categorizing control objects while simultaneously taking into account the social and material consequences of fires are considered. Conclusions. Proposals have been developed to amend the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 2012 No. 290 "On Federal State Fire Supervision". The proposals are related to the improvement of the decision-making mechanism by officials of the state fire supervision bodies to classify control objects as a certain risk category based on taking into account not only the social consequences of fires, but also the potential danger associated with the occurrence of material consequences of fires. Keywords: risk-based approach; object of control; social and material damage; risk category; state and municipal property.

Strong winds drive grassland fires in China

Accounting for 41.7% of China’s total land area, grasslands are linked to the livelihoods of over 20 million people. Although grassland fires cause severe damage in China every year, their spatiotemporal patterns and climate drivers are not well understood. In this study, we used grassland fire record forms provided by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration and grassland fire location data from the Wildfire Atlas of China to examine the spatiotemporal patterns and and seasonality of fires in China for the period from 2008 to 2020. We found that most grassland fires occurred in Inner Mongolia in northern China, specifically in the Hulun Buir and Xilingol grasslands. We found distinct differences in fire seasonality in northern China, which has a major fire season in April, versus southwestern China, where the major fire season occurs in February, March and April. April grassland fires in northern China are the result of strong winds, typically from the west, and spring drought. A secondary fire season in northern China occurs in October and is also driven by strong winds. The fire season in southwestern China seems to be less shaped by climatic factors such as wind speed, precipitation, and drought. This study provides support for decision-making by fire prevention and fire management authorities in China.

Fire risks in electrical installations: the review

In India, fire poses a significant risk to a variety of industries. Media outlets across the nation report on fires virtually every day. Not only these fires result in the loss of numerous lives and injury to a large number of people, but they also caused extensive property damage. During the past two decades, India's construction industry has flourished, notably for highrise structures. As a result of their special character, fires in residential structures, particularly high-rise buildings, become more complicated and salvaging activities more difficult, sometimes resulting in a large number of fatalities and substantial property losses. The scenario has become more complex due to the fast modernization of Indian industry. A fire is a mishap may at times result in loss of life and property. We have strong regulatory measures, standards, good material specifications and national building construction codes. However, we are facing fire accidents on regular basis. After the investigation fire authorities are concluded that 80% of fire accidents happened due to electric short-circuits. Fire safety norms mandated by National Building code (Ref Indian National Building code 2016 part 4) is not given any significance of fire loads related to electrical installation and its components. More over National building code given lesser importance to the quality aspects of materials and components which can play a significance role of origination of fire accidents. The National building code considering only fire load related to cable and insulation failures. During my recent survey and analysis of few fire accidents pointing out that the failure in the electrical components and equipment’s are related to the appliances are the major cause of fire. This review intends to understand the gap in the existing system and extend to further studies to find out a proper solution.

Leveraging a Wildfire Risk Prediction Metric with Spatial Clustering

Fire authorities have started widely using operational fire simulations for effective wildfire management. The aggregation of the simulation outputs on a massive scale creates an opportunity to apply the evolving data-driven approach to closely estimate wildfire risks even without running computationally expensive simulations. In one of our previous works, we validated the application with a probability-based risk metric that gives a series of probability values for a fire starting at a start location under a given weather condition. The probability values indicate how likely it is that a fire will fall into different risk categories. The metric considered each fire start location as a unique entity. Such a provision in the metric could expose the metric to scalability issues when the metric is used for a larger geographic area and consequently make the metric hugely intensive to compute. In this work, in an investigative effort, we investigate whether the spatial clustering of fire start locations based on historical fire areas can address the issue without significantly compromising the accuracy of the metric. Our results show that spatially clustering all fire start locations in Tasmania into three risk clusters could leverage the probability-based risk metric by reducing the computational requirements of the metric by a theoretical factor in thousands with a mere compromise of approximately 5% in accuracy for two risk categories of high and low, thereby validating the possibility of the leverage of the metric with spatial clustering.

Forest Fire Detection and Location Tracker Using NODE MCU (ESP 8266) and GPS Module

Abstract: Continuous fire has a lot of plant and animal species to extinction, the Gov. has brought about little change apart from introducing a few forest mens and conducting a few surveys. But controls the forest fire is an exceptionally difficult task, but without the help of new technology. To remedy this, we are going to make a replica model of smart forest fire detection system that can help Gov. and Fire Authority in the monitoring and surveillance of forests fires. In our project, we have developed a forest fire detection and alert system. Our flame sensor is to detect the fire . The ESP 8266 is coded in a way that it on the GPS after detection of fire . connected Telegram dashboard will display the fire status on screen and alert the authorities. We have used NODE MCU(ESP 8266), GPS module. The NODE MCU gets fire detection input using the flame sensor, then using the GPS module it sends signal output to Telegram account. Next, using Telegram it processes the signal detection and shows respected output on screen. It then shows the result of the fire status of forest. All this information will saves on Telegram database for further analysis. So, in this way, our smart forest fire detection system keeps track on forest , detect fire and alert authorities on time and creates a database with previous fire statistics of the forest.

Интегральная оценка результатов деятельности ГУ МЧС России по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2021 году

The legislation of the Russian Federation established that the criteria for assigning control objects to the risk of harm should be formed based on the results of an assessment of the risk of harm. In the existing literary sources there are no mathematical models for determining the risk of harm (damage) as a result of fires in buildings for an integral assessment of the results of the fire authority activities. A mathematical model was developed and tested to determine the risk of causing harm (damage) as a result of fires in buildings on the territory of the subjects of the Russian Federation. This allows to evaluate the results of the activities of the main departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia by the subjects of the Russian Federation, and to determine the categories of the level of ensuring fire safety depending on the calculated value of the risk of harm. As a criterion for assigning the subjects of the Russian Federation to different categories of the level of ensuring their fire safety, it is proposed to use the risk of causing harm (damage) as a result of fires in buildings located on the territory of the relevant subject of the Russian Federation. The values of the risk of harm for each subject of the Russian Federation are given. It is established that the distribution of the subjects of the Russian Federation by categories of the level of ensuring fire safety significantly depends on the objectivity of statistical information about fires and the number of buildings on the territory of each subject. The assessment of the results of the activities of each of the 86 main departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is given. Their rating is determined depending on the calculated value of the risk of causing harm, as a result of fires on the territory of the relevant subject of the Russian Federation.

Экономические последствия пожаров на объектах промышленности

The issue of formalizing the concept of «risk» is considered taking into account its components in the form of harm (damage) to legally protected values. The problem is studied related to developing the methods for assessing harm (damage) of various scale and severity that can be inflicted on legally protected values. Analysis was carried out concerning fires and their consequences in the buildings (structures) for industrial purposes with division into various industries. In the period from 2015 to 2018, the share of fires without material damage was about 77 %, and since 2019 it has increased to 95 %. Data is provided on the economic damage from fires, and information on the number of damaged and destroyed buildings (structures) in various branches of industry for 2020–2021. It was found that the proportion of fires with unregistered material damage at the industrial facilities is about 80 % of the total number of fires. Such an indicator testifies the urgency of the problem of developing and applying computational methods for assessing economic damage from fires that complement the official departmental statistics. Based on the regulations of the Methodological Recommendations on the organization of the calculation of material damage from fires, the officials of the state fire supervision authorities carried out calculations of the direct material damage from fires in the industrial sector. Use of the calculation methods will allow to improve the accuracy of assessing material damage from fires at the industrial facilities. This helps to reduce the proportion of fires without confirmed damage, and to more correct determination of their economic consequences.

A PROPOSED FIRE DETECTION SURVELLIANCE THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING BASED ON HAAR CASCADE CLASSIFIER

Fire is an unwanted event that could carry a high loss of social wealth and human life. To stop such losses, different alarm systems such as smoke detectors, and temperature sensor-based systems have been developed. Our proposed system is aimed to design and develop a fire detection system that detects fire without any heat or temperature sensor. The primary objective of the fire detection system is to detect a fire early and warn authorities when a fire takes place. The Machine Learning Algorithm has been used to detect the accurate image of fire because it has a prior pattern of fire images already fed into it. On occurring the fire, the camera will send this pattern to Raspberry pi which has already predefined patterns of fire written in the form of an algorithm and afterward will compare it with the new existing fire pattern. When both the pattern matches system will do processing based on the image processing technique. Finally, the system generates a warning message which will be sent on the LCD screen for display, and thereafter the buzzer starts working. The key benefit of this system is it will decrease the risk of losses which occurs mainly due to failure in controlling the fire. The experimental results showed that the designed system can efficiently extract and keep trace of fire pixels in the form of patterns and is worthwhile in providing better output results. This system has compact circuitry and functionality like it is easily implanted in public and commercial places for security and surveillance

Aotearoa New Zealand's 21st‐Century Wildfire Climate

AbstractWildfire is a highly variable natural phenomenon, yet despite this, climate change is already making wildfire conditions measurably worse around the world; however, detailed knowledge about Aotearoa New Zealand's wildfire climate is currently limited. This study blends weather observations with regional climate model projections to assess Aotearoa New Zealand's 21st‐century wildfire climate. We find that in the 21st‐century, the emergence of a new—more severe wildfire climate will occur. Detailed analysis of observed and simulated wildfire weather finds that “very‐extreme” wildfire weather conditions matching the levels observed in Australia's 2019/2020 “Black Summer” bushfires are possible in regions formerly unaffected. While the extent of emergence is dependent on future emissions, the frequency of very‐extreme conditions for the areas affected can occur at any time and is independent of projected 21st‐century climate changes. Our findings have significant implications for many rural fire authorities, forest managers and investors, and climate mitigation and afforestation programs.

Measuring news media frame building during an Australian industrial dispute

News media play a crucial role in supporting liberal democracy by holding the powerful to account and facilitating a diverse, balanced and equal marketplace of ideas. In this marketplace of ideas, groups and interests like unions and employers compete for attention and to have their ideas legitimated by journalists. Although framing theory is used extensively to understand how news media represents different issues, due to its theoretical ambiguity and the methodological challenge of determining how and why frames are built by journalists, it is difficult to quantify how effectively news media delivers equity between competing perspectives. Entman, Matthes and Pellicano’s diachronic process model of political framing helps to overcome these challenges by providing a theoretical model, which is used in this article to investigate a case study of Australian media representation of competing industrial dispute narratives. The article identifies and compares two of the model’s framing junctures: industrial spokespeople’s narratives during the contemporary Australian case of the Victorian Country Fire Authority (CFA) in dispute with firefighter members of the Victorian United Firefighters Union; and their alignment with news media reports about the CFA dispute. The findings reveal inequity between the representation of workers and their union as compared to the employer, and thus present a case of imbalanced or biased frame building in the marketplace of ideas. These findings are applied to discussions of conscious and unconscious bias to theorize why this inequity occurred.

The black summer bushfires: impacts and risk factors for livestock bushfire injury in south-eastern Australia.

BackgroundThe 2019/2020 Australian bushfires were the largest bushfire event in modern Australian history. While actions to mitigate risk to homes from bushfires are well reported, there is very little research reported on the impacts of bushfires on livestock. With an increasing incidence of bushfires predicted, there is an urgent need to identify how farmers can best protect their livestock.ObjectivesCompare bushfire affected farms with and without injured livestock to identify associations between risk factors and bushfire injury. Infer management approaches that can be used to reduce bushfire injury in livestock.MethodA case‐control study using a structured interview questionnaire, delivered in late 2020 to cattle and sheep farmers in south‐eastern Australia (New South Wales and Victoria) whose farmland was burnt in the 2019/2020 Australian bushfires. Case farms were farms with bushfires injured or killed livestock. Control farms were farms that had no bushfire injured livestock but that still had fire present on the farm. Interview responses were summarised and information theoretical approaches were used to identify potential risk factors for livestock bushfire injury and protective actions that could inform future fire‐preparation recommendations.Results and discussionOf 46 farms in the case‐control study, 21 (46%) reported bushfire injured or killed livestock. Apparent protective factors identified included: preparation (having a bushfire plan and more than two farm bushfire fighting units), backburning and receiving assistance from fire authorities. Combined beef and sheep grazing enterprises appeared to have an increased risk of bushfire injury to livestock.

Centralized fire locator system through iot-based fire alarm system in selected barangay in taguig city


 
 
 This project aimed to develop a system that would easily locate the area of a fire in selected barangay Taguig City. The system allows the fire authorities to monitor the real-time status of a fire alarm and will be informed once the sensor devices modify a threat of fire. The system will also provide the information and location needed by the fire authorities to contact the owner of the house and prepare for a quick rescue. Early discovery of a fire may lead to the saving of many lives and properties. The researchers utilized a design method to identify the processes that were used during the project's development in this study. In addition, an ISO 25010 model was applied in this study to help participants in investigating and evaluating the developed system.In this study, the researcher conducted a survey in the form of a questionnaire, which was distributed to the target respondents by personal interaction. In order to develop the Centralized Fire Locator System through IOT-Based Fire Alarm System in Selected Barangay in Taguig City, the researcher used a model Agile methodology in the development of the project.The survey questions focused on the functionality of the created project, such as emergency notification, which is important in the making of this project. The target respondents had a positive interpretation of the system’s efficiency and effectiveness. The three groups, including the IT practitioner, mostly responded with "Very Satisfactory" and "Excellent," indicating that they agreed on functionality, performance, usability, portability, and maintainability as outlined in the checklist instrument.
 
 

Centralized fire locator system through iot-based fire alarm system in selected barangay in taguig city

This project aimed to develop a system that would easily locate the area of a fire in selected barangay Taguig City. The system allows the fire authorities to monitor the real-time status of a fire alarm and will be informed once the sensor devices modify a threat of fire. The system will also provide the information and location needed by the fire authorities to contact the owner of the house and prepare for a quick rescue. Early discovery of a fire may lead to the saving of many lives and properties. The researchers utilized a design method to identify the processes that were used during the project's development in this study. In addition, an ISO 25010 model was applied in this study to help participants in investigating and evaluating the developed system.In this study, the researcher conducted a survey in the form of a questionnaire, which was distributed to the target respondents by personal interaction. In order to develop the Centralized Fire Locator System through IOT-Based Fire Alarm System in Selected Barangay in Taguig City, the researcher used a model Agile methodology in the development of the project.The survey questions focused on the functionality of the created project, such as emergency notification, which is important in the making of this project. The target respondents had a positive interpretation of the system’s efficiency and effectiveness. The three groups, including the IT practitioner, mostly responded with "Very Satisfactory" and "Excellent," indicating that they agreed on functionality, performance, usability, portability, and maintainability as outlined in the checklist instrument.

Improving fire risk communication between authorities and micro-entrepreneurs: A mental models study of Ghanaian central market fires.

This study conceptualizes how fire management authorities can empower nonexpert public to participate in fire risk communication processes and increase their own responsibilities for managing fire preventive, protective and recovery processes effectively. Drawing narratives from 10 disaster management experts working at government institutions and nine micro-entrepreneurs operating self-sustaining businesses in different merchandized lines in Ghana, we analyzed the data thematically and explored new insights on mental models to generate a two-way fire risk communication model. The findings suggest that fire management authorities planned fire disasters at the strategic level, collaborated with multiple stakeholders, disseminated information through many risk communication methods, and utilized their capabilities to manage fire at the various stages of fire risk communication, but the outcomes were poor. The micro-entrepreneurs sought to improve fire management outcomes through attitude change, law enforcement actions, strengthened security and better public trust building. The study has implications for policymakers, governments, and risk communication authorities of developing countries to strengthen their fire disaster policies to minimize commercial fire incidents and address the damaging effects of fire on people's livelihoods, businesses, properties, and environments. Our proposed two-way fire risk communication model is a new theoretical lens for experts and the nonexpert public to assess each other's beliefs about risk information and manage fire risk communication effectively at all stages.

Огнестойкость железобетонных колонн с конструктивной огнезащитой

PURPOSE. One of the significant requirements for buildings and constructions is providing fire safety, which includes standardization of building structures fire resistance. The experience in applying thin-walled elements has shown high efficiency, technological and operational advantages. Bearing significant power loads, reinforced concrete columns often have low fire resistance (R30... R60), which poses certain risks in case of fire and limits their application in construction industry. To increase structures fire resistance, structural fire retardance is applied. The purpose of this work is to set the fire resistance limits of reinforced concrete columns protected by non-combustible Knauf Fireboard gypsum slabs of various thicknesses on a steel frame and obtain the generalized tabular data based on this research. METHODS. Model fire tests of spun reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance have been carried out, as well as simulation of heating a series of hollow and solid section reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance in ANSYS finite element analysis system. FINDINGS. Experimental data have been obtained on heating spun reinforced concrete columns of an annular section with an external diameter of 560 mm with a wall thickness of 55 mm and a protective concrete layer thickness of 20 mm for longitudinal reinforcement (12 mm diameter) protected by non-combustible Knauf Fireboard gypsum slabs with 12.5 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm thickness on a steel frame, and unprotected ones (without applying a power load). ANSYS finite element analysis system design models have been developed and the heating of a series of spun annular sections and vibration-compacted solid sections of reinforced concrete columns protected by structural fire retardance have been simulated. For these structures, fire resistance ratings have been calculated at a load-bearing capacity utilization factor of 0.7. Based on a certain array of values of fire resistance limits of reinforced concrete columns, tabular data have been obtained to assess the fire resistance of these structures with structural fire retardance. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The obtained results can be applied by design bureaus, state fire supervision authorities and state construction expertise in assessing fire resistance ratings of reinforced concrete spun columns of annular section and vibration-compacted solid section protected by structural fire retardance as well as in selecting parameters for these structures that provide specified fire resistance rating without carrying out a series of time-consuming calculations. CONCLUSIONS. Fire tests combined with simulation in ANSYS finite element analysis system make it possible to carry out a lot of calculations and obtain tabular data on assessing fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns with structural fire retardance which significantly reduces labor costs at designing building structures.

Интегральный метод оценки результатов деятельности ГУ МЧС России по субъектам Российской Федерации

Предложена математическая модель и рассчитаны значения риска причинения вреда (ущерба) в результате пожаров в субъекте Российской Федерации. Субъекты Российской Федерации распределены по категориям уровня обеспечения пожарной безопасности в зависимости от расчетного значения риска причинения вреда (ущерба) в результате пожаров в субъекте Российской Федерации. Предложены оценки результатов деятельности ГУ МЧС России в зависимости от риска причинения вреда (ущерба) и категории уровня обеспечения пожарной безопасности, к которому отнесены субъекты Российской Федерации. The regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation establish that the criteria for assigning objects of control to the categories of damage risk should be formed based on the results of the damage risk assessment. In the developed countries of the world, as a rule, the distribution of objects of control by risk categories is used to justify the frequency of their inspections and is carried out depending either on the point risk assessment or on the number and seriousness of violations of mandatory fire safety requirements identified during the inspection of the object of control. In the literature sources there are no mathematical models for determining the damage risk as a result of a fire in buildings for evaluating the activity results of fire authorities (Main offices of EMERCOM of Russia). The purpose of this work was to develop and test a mathematical model for evaluating the activity and rating of the Main offices of EMERCOM of Russia for the subjects of the Russian Federation based on the category of fire safety level. As a criterion for assigning the subjects of the Russian Federation to different categories of fire safety level it is proposed to use the damage risk as a result of a fire in buildings located on the territory of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation. The mathematical model has been developed to determine the damage risk of causing harm (damage) as a result of a fire in a building and there is given its assessment for buildings on the territory of each subject of the Russian Federation. There was carried out the distribution of the subjects of the Russian Federation according to the categories of fire safety based on the calculated value of damage risk. It is shown that such distribution significantly depends on the objectivity of statistical information on fires and the number of buildings on the territory of each subject of the Russian Federation. The assessment of the activity results for each of 86 EMERCOM of Russia Main offices was made and they were rated based on the category of fire safety level of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation.

Reducing fire risk in buildings: the role of fire safety expertise and governance in building and planning approval

Following the Grenfell tower incident, fire safety is being re-examined around the world. One key area is planning and building approval. It has been suggested that expert fire authority advice is being ignored in building and planning control. In this paper, freedom of information requests were submitted to fifty local government authorities (covering approx. one quarter of the England and Wales population), and three fire authorities, to examine their consultation process. No prior study has examined this relationship in detail. This work attempts to identify who is assessing fire safety, what expertise exists in the system, and what guidance is available from central government. The impact of austerity on the ability to effectively manage fire safety is also discussed. Results show local government authorities have a large degree of discretion with no guidance from central government on fire safety expertise needed to assess non-prescriptive building standards, and only limited guidance on how fire authority advice should be used by local government. The result is a dramatically different level of engagement of fire authorities, and implementation of fire safety advice. There does not appear to be any guarantee that fire expertise is being employed for the purpose of fire safety in building/planning processes. This means the building regulatory regime may be one of the many issues contributing to fire safety issues. Stronger legislation is required to prevent a post-code lottery of fire safety implementation.

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) monitoring in industries using arduino uno

The scope of our project is to notify the owner of the premises, the fire department and authority immediately after the detecting any fire and gas leakage by sensor. The notification is sent through Short Message Services (SMS). The issue we are trying to solve here is associated with the emergencies which can occur in any industry or large factories in this case fire. This can also help us to reduce the response time taken by the first responders. As soon as the sensors detect fire or smoke buzzer will go off and SMS will be sent to all the authorities. The path to the development of the automation system at home and in industry is almost the same these days. This paper will help us to understand the measures which we can take to create a fail safe system for fire or gas detection in large areas at low cost. Everyone wants to be safe as much as possible. The easy connection simple to understand will help every user to use the wireless system for security using the sensors-Gas, smoke, and temperature detector at industries.

Protective Decision-Making in Bushfire Part 1: A Rapid Systematic Review of the ‘Wait and See’ Literature

Delaying protective action decision making in wildfire is inconsistent with fire authorities’ advice and is associated with fatalities. A comprehensive understanding of why at-risk residents wait and see whether they will evacuate from a wildfire or remain to shelter or defend can better inform wildfire safety policy and practice. This systematic review reports the findings of 40 papers selected from 255 identified through a search of papers in Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar published between 1995 and December 2020 in English. This review establishes the extent of wait and see behaviour; grounds for concern for such behaviour; reasons protective action is delayed; the influence of information and warnings; relevance of gender and other characteristics; delay by those who defend their property; and policy implications. This review also details 11 seminal studies that capture much of the evidence on the delay of protective action in wildfire.

Study on the Optimal Number and Position of Drones in Fire Prevention in Victoria

During the 2019-2020 fire season, every state in Australia had devastating fires, with the worst impact on eastern Victoria. In order to help Victoria’s Country Fire Authority (CFA) to monitor and rescue the fire in time, we set up an optimized model of the number of drones combinations, which saves the national cost while monitoring the fire occurrence. We first carry on the K-means cluster analysis to the fire dense points according to the fire occurrence situation in Victoria, Australia, which obtains the possible fire area. Then, we calculate the emergency factor to judge the fire grade, according to the area fire occurrence frequency and the fire intensity. By using the improved ant colony algorithm, we find the shortest path through each fire occurrence point. Therefore, the multi-objective optimization model is established with the minimum total cost and the highest safety factor as the optimization target. And we make the signal propagation distance SSA drones, Radio Repeater drones and fireman under different terrain as the constraint conditions. Through the model, we calculate that the Victoria’s Country Fire Authority (CFA) needs 23 SSA drones and 20 Radio Repeater drones, as well as the location of the relays and the combination of DRONESs in different positions. The occurrence of fire is related to climate and season. Through the data of Victorian fire in the past 20 years, we use ARIMA time series to predict the severity and frequency of fire in different areas over the next decade. Then, we determine the annual monitoring range of each area to estimate the probability of fire. In the case of extreme fire events, we update the scale and frequency of volcanic occurrence, using the model of question one, find the optimal number of drones combinations, calculate the increase in equipment costs, and finally get the need to increase the equipment cost price of $500000(AUD). Considering the different terrain conditions in Victoria, we introduce the altitude correction coefficient to obtain the influence of altitude on radio signal propagation, combing the change of altitude. Then, the influence of terrain on the signal propagation of hovering radio-repeater drones is obtained, and the signal propagation distance under different terrain problem one is changed. The position of the optimized relay is obtained. Finally, we get the number of radio-repeater drones increases to 25. Finally, we examine the sensitivity and stability of the model and prove that our model is accurate and stable for the problems.