Figurative Meaning Research Articles

Stylistics and Pragmatics of Artistic Ironic Discourse (English and French Languages)

The article is devoted to the display of the stylistic peculiarities of literary ironic discourse in modern English and French prose. The empirical basis of the research is built on the corpus of text fragments containing ironic statements selected from literary works in English and French. The relevance of the study is accounted for by the insufficient study of the interconnections between verbal components and conceptual background of irony — the mental mechanism of second-order empathy — as well as the need to confirm the status of irony as a speech strategy of encouragement, incentive, self-defense, censure, ridicule, discredit, self-justification, self-representation or self-abasement, which is verbalized in fiction literature, thanks to the involvement of a number of stylistic devices of a semantic and syntactic sense. It is shown that in addition to linguistic means that objectify the conceptual structure of an ironic utterance and deictic units that reveal the order and logic of organizing information at the level of second-order empathy, fictional ironic discourse (both English and French) is brightly colored with figurative and expressive means of language, which actualize through ambiguous, voluminous, image-forming semantics and expressive syntax. In the course of comparative analysis, it has also been found out that the French-language fictional ironic discourse has a higher density of stylistic devices and is more expressive than the English-language one.

A Sociolinguistics Study on Gender in Egyptian Arabic Proverbs

This study discusses gender in Egyptian Arabic proverbs from a sociolinguistic point of view to see the correlation between language and socio-cultural Egyptian society. The research method used in this study is a combination of intralingual, extra lingual, hermeneutic, and correlational methods. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that gender disclosure in Egyptian Arabic proverbs uses lingual units in the form of words and phrases. As for the meaning, the expression of gender in Egyptian Arabic uses a literal or actual meaning and a figurative meaning or a non-true meaning. The gender gap that appears in Egyptian Arabic proverbs is in the form of relationship gaps, roles in the family, and the construction of stereotypes of women as inferior and dependent figures. The gender gap reflected in the proverb is in accordance with the reality of the high level of gender inequality in Egypt. This reveals that there is a correlation between language and socio-cultural Egyptian society.

The Translation of Polysemous Qur'anic Terms with Figurative Senses

Qur’anic terms are very important for understanding the meaning of the Qur’an. These terms are highly specific, i.e., bound to the place and time of the revelation of the text. Some of these terms are polysemous that have more than a sense. Understanding Qur’an-bound terms that are polysemous with figurative senses depends on understanding the context, and this can be particularly complex when translating cultural elements between two different cultures. This paper examines the translation of Qur’an-bound terms with figurative senses, which encounter problematic issues when translated into English. Twelve translations of six figurative terms of sūrat an-Nisā’ were chosen for this study to investigate the figurative components based on the adopted model of Dickins (2005) and how the translators and what method translators employ to render these terms. The comparative analysis shows that in the translation of polysemous Qur’an-bound terms, where figurative meaning is intended in context, translators who opted for the basic-sense failed to convey the ST sense in context. While those who opted for using explanation, the figurative sense managed to some extent to convey their senses. This signifies that the translators were aware of both the contextual meaning and figurative components – although they could not render a similar figurative image in TT.

Analisis Pemajasan Pada Lirik Lagu Band Nidji dan Penerapannya pada Pembelajaran Mengidentifikasi Unsur-unsur Puisi di SMA Kelas X

The purpose of this study is to describe: (1) the figurative meanings contained in the lyrics of Nidji's song; (2) the imagery contained in the lyrics of the song Nidji; and (3) the application of Nidji's song lyrics in learning to identify the elements of poetry in class X SMA. The data collection of this research was carried out using the observation method. The data analysis of this research is content analysis. The results of data analysis are presented with informal techniques. Based on the data and discussion, it is concluded that (1) the figurative meanings contained in the lyrics of the Nidji song include (a) hyperbole figure of speech which serves to exaggerate the situation when someone is in love. His heart blossomed and everything became beautiful; (b) association figure of speech serves to describe different vibrations when falling in love with millions of feelings; (2) The types of imagery in Nidji's song lyrics consist of (a) auditory images found in the lyrics "I hear the singing of a thousand gods and goddesses of love" and "Echoing the world", (b) visual images found in the lyrics "I see the sun will come to me” and “I see the moon will come to me”, (c) the motion images found in the lyrics “Come to me, hug me dearly” and “The moon will come to me”. (3) The application of learning using Nidji's song lyrics is in accordance with basic competencies 3.17 Analyzing the elements of poetry building. The method used is Discovery Based Learning with learning steps which include the following: greeting and motivation, apperception, division of study groups, analyzing Nidji's song When I Fall in Love based on figurative and imagery elements, presentations, and concluding learning activities.

AL-MA’NA AL-MAFHŪMIY WA AT- TARĀBUṬIY FI SYI’RI “AKHBIRNĀ NUKHBIRUKA” LI ṢIRĀJUDDIN MUHAMMAD: DIRĀSAH DILĀLIYYAH ‘INDA GEOFFREY LEECH

This research aims to: (1) describe the conceptual meaning of Jeffrey Leech in Sirajuddin Muhammad's poetry "أخبرنا نخبرك", (2) describe the associative meaning of Siraj Al-Din Muhammad in the poetry "أخبرنا نخبرك" by Siraj Al-Din Muhammad. The type of research in this research is qualitative research. The main data in this research is the poetry "أخبرنا نخبرك" by Sirajuddin Muhammad. The secondary data sources that the researcher used in this research are books, scientific journals and articles that discussed the conceptual and associative meanings of Jeffrey Leech. The method of data collection in this research is the method of reading and recording. The data analysis method was used in this research by data enrichment, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of this research indicate that (1) the conceptual meaning of poetry "أخبرنا نخبرك" in three words, (2) the associative meaning of poetry "أخبرنا نخبرك" in twenty-four words and sentences that are divided into five types: six figurative meanings, four stylistic meanings, and ten emotional meanings, the meditative meanings, and the traditional meanings.

Movies in the Metaverse Perspective

The year 2021 is the year of metaverse. Ever since mankind moved towards the digital information age, people have been living, playing and working in the digital world. More than twenty years have passed since the movies "The Matrix" and "Avatar" unknowingly. Watching these two movies again today, there is no lack of seeing the metaverse, and the world envisioned by the metaverse can find traces in the movies. In addition to the human and mechanical, real world and virtual reality that the movies themselves are about, the metaverse movies to a certain extent give the meta-universe a figurative and deeper meaning.

Movies in the Metaverse Perspective

The year 2021 is the year of metaverse. Ever since mankind moved towards the digital information age, people have been living, playing and working in the digital world. More than twenty years have passed since the movies "The Matrix" and "Avatar" unknowingly. Watching these two movies again today, there is no lack of seeing the metaverse, and the world envisioned by the metaverse can find traces in the movies. In addition to the human and mechanical, real world and virtual reality that the movies themselves are about, the metaverse movies to a certain extent give the meta-universe a figurative and deeper meaning.

Imperial Patchwork “Flickenteppiche” as a Historical Metaphor for Chaos, Federalism and Diversity

With the recent research on the importance of the Estates, whose function often went far beyond questions of taxation, the Imperial Circles and the simultaneous deconstruction of European state formation as an absolutist top-down process the view of the “co-organizing intermediate levels” changed. This is how Johannes Burkhardt described these regional images in 2006 in “Gebhardt. Handbuch der Deutschen Geschichte.” The new view of the Old Empire has been well received by research in regional history, especially since differentiations on small-scale rule and organization in Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia, Saxony and other federal states have traditionally been and still are part of the core business of this discipline. “Flickenteppiche” as colourfully woven objects of diversity are certainly still products in demand in the textile industry and consumer society, but they are just as unsuitable as an explanatory model for the coherence of the Empire and its Imperial Circles as they are for analyzing power and rule in the early modern period. In their figurative meaning of the word, patchwork carpets ignore communicative processes for decision-making just as much as they register cross-border action and design as a quantité négligeable.

A Semantic Analysis of Rhetorical Figures in Jordanian Proverbs

To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, no study thus, far has attempted to identify nor classify the standard types of rhetorical figures (tropes). Arabic proverbs commonly contain, not to mention Jordanian proverbs. This gap is what triggered the researchers to conduct the present study with the hope that it would motivate further research, and ultimately fill such a gap in the literature of Arabic paremiology. The present study attempts to provide a semantic analysis of the rhetorical figures found in Jordanian proverbs. The sample of the study consists of 345 proverbs (all with themes relating to women) retrieved from two large national proverb compendia, namely, al-Uzayzi’s (2012). The Jordan Heritage Encyclopedia, and al-Amad’s (2008) Jordanian Popular Proverbs. Norrick’s (1985) framework has been applied in the analysis of rhetorical figures, as well as in finding a correlation between the proverbs’ literal and figurative meanings vis á vis their standard proverbial interpretation (SPI). The results of the study reveal that of all the rhetorical figures found in the Arabic language, Jordanian proverbs seem to employ only a relatively limited number. Jordanian proverbs exhibit figures, such as, synecdoche, metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, paradox and allusion; however, species-genus synecdoche turns out to be the most frequently used figure in Jordanian proverbs. The study also concludes that figuration (or metaphoricity) renders proverbs more generic, allowing them to be applicable to a wide variety of situations.

LEXEME PYRIH (PIE): POLISH AND ALL-UKRAINIAN CONTEXTS

The article outlines the functioning of the semantic field of the token pyrih in Polissya and all-Ukrainian contexts. In the study, we used a functional method to determine the role of seeds in shaping the structure of the field. The structure of the semantic field of the lexeme pyrih was formed over the centuries, today it unites two dominant groups of seeds: to refer to products from flour of the highest grade and flour products as elements of rituals. The periphery of the semantic field is represented in the lexical-semantic group of phraseological units with the pyrih component, it correlates with the figurative meanings of the lexeme, in particular, 'wealth', 'well-being'. The studied field demonstrates the primary influence of ethnological factors on the formation of lexeme semantics. Our observations showed that a separate sememe within the lexeme, which is nuclear for a group of names of products made of flour of the highest grade, namely a 'flour product with filling' is inherent in the dialect system of both the Polissya region and the Ukrainian dialect continuum as a whole. The lexeme belongs to the oldest Pra-slavonic and Proto-Indo-European layers of vocabulary and operates throughout Slavia and beyond. The realities covered by the name are an important part of the national cuisine of Polissya and Ukraine as a whole. In Polissya, the lexeme pyrih covers seeds to denote a pie, dumpling, prosperity, ritual and ceremonial bread, wedding bread. The realities covered by the name are an important part of the national cuisine of Polissya and Ukraine as a whole. It should be noted that the oldest meaning of the word pyrih is ‘boiled dough product with filling’, and today for Western Ukraine, Poland this semantics is dominant, it is preserved in the settlements of Polissya, including the name boiled pies. The lexeme pyrih in Polissya is characterized by specificity and at the same time linguistic and cultural community within the all-Ukrainian language continuum. The tradition of baking in Polissya showed the stability of archaic elements, which in many respects reveal the syncretism of the original and Christian ideas and beliefs of Polissya residents.

Didactically Relevant Mechanisms of Onym Formation in the Ukrainian Language Today: A Neuropsychological Approach

The article deals with the multifaceted mechanisms of onym formation in the Ukrainian language today and analyzes them in the context of studying linguistic courses and acquiring practical skills in their use. It proves that motivational connections in the language system are found to be typical, regular, regular, which allows us to distinguish several model varieties of lexical and semantic word formation (hereinafter “LSWF”). Only the transfer of the name, in our opinion, should be discussed in the creation of motivated models of onyms. It is simply impossible to talk about any figurative meaning. If we can talk about any transfer, then only about the transfer of a lexical unit from one denotation to another in the presence of speakers permanent (temporary) ideas, ideas about external, functional, spatial or other similarities and proximity of objects - ideas that reflect the real, desired or completely fantasy state of the sphere of the material and spiritual world to which this object belongs. These mechanisms can be analyzed from both linguistic and psycholinguistic (neurolinguistic) points of view. They also objectify universal ways of comprehending and representing a rapidly changing world verbally. Furthemore, the article confirms that the main and most productive models of LSWF at the present stage are derivational metaphor (hereinafter DMF) and derivational metonymy (hereinafter DMT). We consider it possible to use these terms because with the help of DMF and DMT new words are created, not new meanings of words. The use of phrases as a function of proper names (PN) is one of the traditional ways of nomination. Their activation is due to two intralinguistic factors: the tendency to expressiveness and the tendency to maximum motivation of language units.

The phenomenon of meaning displacement in stereotypical units

This article discusses the semantic features of stereotypical units in old turkic text’s. The activity of these units depends on the meaning they carry. The phenomenon of meaning shift occurs in stereotypical units. The figurative meaning does not occur on the basis of certain words. These units as a whole composition of the whole words, come together and serve a figurative meaning. Polysemy is also observed in some stereotypical units. This feature of stereotypical units resembles phraseological units as linguistic material. The nominative and connotative meanings of lexemes are studied within the stereotypical units.

ANALISIS MAKNA KIAS KUMPULAN PUISI LILIN KARYA WIWIK WINARSIH SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF BAHAN AJAR

Analyzing the meaning of figurative is dif icult for students to learn. Many students still cannotinterpret words that have the connotation of a literary work, especially poetry in the form of song lyrics. So this study aims to describe the meaning of figurative and the types of figurative meanings in dictionthrough semantic analysis on 46 Wiwik Winarsih poetry and to increase understanding in literarylearning which is closely related to the preparation of LKPD used as an alternative material for teachingliterature for class X in high school. This research is descriptive qualitative research, meaning that thewriter analyzes the data and then describes it narratively. The results of the study indicate that thefigurative personification meaning contained is often using the figure of personification which comparesinanimate objects to life like humans. The types of figurative meanings found in figurative languageinclude metaphor as many as 15 data, simile figurative as many as 4 data, personification figurative asmany as 51 data, hyperbole figurative as many as 28 data, and irony figurative as many as 16 data withatotal of the type of figurative meaning in figurative language is 114 data. Based on the results of theLKPD trial for two certified educators at SMAN 1 Margaasih with good category value validation andtested on ten students, one student received a suf icient category score, four students received a goodcategory score, and five students got a very good category scores. Therefore, the analysis results can beused as an alternative literature teaching material in the form of LKPD class X in high school. Keywords: figurative meaning, poetry, teaching materials

Bodily Semelfactives in Turkish: Aspectual and Pragmatic Analysis of Öksür- and Göz Kırp-

The study covers aspectual potentials of the Turkish Semelfactive verbs öksür- (cough) and göz kırp- (wink) comprehensively through their concordances in the Turkish National Corpus TNCv3.0. Their common feature in their Semelfactive meanings is that the bodily events expressed with them may be both physiologically and pragmatically motivated, which determines Turkish speakers’ aspectual choices. For öksür-, self-induced coughs are called fake coughs in the study, conveying pragmatic messages with corresponding aspectual shifts. Likewise, göz kırp-, when agent-controlled, conveys certain pragmatic messages. It also has figurative meanings, which causes aspectual shifts. The present article revealed the interactions between aspectual construals of the two verbs and their pragmatic functions and figurative meanings. Corpus data indicated that figurative meanings of göz kırp- are either inadequately defined or missing in the most comprehensive Turkish dictionary of Turkish Language Association (TDK dictionary). The study has lexicographic implications that some improvements and modifications should be made for the entry göz kırp- in the dictionary because aspectual construals are sensitive to different meanings and pragmatic functions. The study demonstrated that accurate aspectual assessments depend on not only sentential levels but also supra-sentential contexts. It was also found that for pragmatic reasons öksür- tends to select preponderantly male subjects.

THE NAMES OF COLORS IN THE SYSTEM OF VALUES OF THE SOVIET SOCIETY (in the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language in 11 volumes)

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the study of semantic innovations and peculiarities of the lexicographic interpretation of lexical units used to designate colors in Soviet times based on the analysis of the materials of the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” in 11 volumes(1970–1980). The importance of this research is caused by the need of a thorough study of the influence of Soviet ideology on the semantics of words from various thematic groups, including those perceived as non-politically significant having initially neutral meanings.Purpose. The aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of Soviet ideology on the lexicographic description of the names of colors, to study the functional-semantic transformationsof the lexemes denoting the names of colors, that was induced by socio-political factors of the Soviet period.Methods. The investigation is grounded on the methods of descriptive and componential analysis, as well as contextual analysis.Results. It has been found out that the names of colors became ideologically connoted under the conditions of functioning in the Soviet totalitarian discourse. First of all, the changes were found in the semantics of archetypal color names such as red, white and black, as well as golden. Expansion of the compatibility of analyzed lexemes and formation of new figurative and symbolic meanings in them have been revealed. Changes in the antonymic relationshipsbetween the words used to designate colors as compared to their traditional semantic relationships in the national world view have been established.Analysis of vocabulary items aimed at revealing the semantic content of color names enabled to determine the lexicographic methods of their ideologization, namely, their use in the definitions and illustrative material of ideological-evaluative adjectives, pejorative components, illustrations from authoritative in the Soviet society sources characterized by an expressive valuation from the communist ideology point of view, use of contradistinction.Conclusion. Consequently, the names of colors in the Soviet period became the bearers of a distinct positive or negative valuation conditioned by ideological factors. They were verbal expressions of the value priorities of society and contributed significantly to the dissemination of mental stereotypes and the formation of the official linguistic picture of the world.

PECULIARITIES OF THE RUSSIAN - ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OF NATURE IN A LITERARY TEXT (BASED ON A.P. CHEKHOV’s STORIES)

The article discusses the features of the transfer of elements of nature descriptions in the texts of A.P. Chekhov when translated into English. In the course of study, the ways of translating nouns that make up the thematic group of words “nature” are analysed. The choice of the translation option is explained by the coincidence or non-coincidence of the features of the meaning of the nature description elements in both languages. In case of coincidence of meanings of the analysed lexical units in the Russian and English languages, the equivalent is used in the translation, and if the features of the meanings don’t coincide, variant correspondences are used. The article analyses personification as a leading figurative means, and concludes that the use of verbal elements in it is more frequent, and the strengthening of the personifying potential of the trope in translation occurs due to attributing the images nature, moon, earth to the feminine gender through the use of personal and possessive pronouns.

The Whiteness of the White

The Whiteness of the White

Іmages in the context of diachronic translation plurality of the time-remote original text (case study of W. Shakespeare's “The Tragedy of Hamlet” retranslations)

The article focuses on the plurality in translation of the dramatic work as a factor of the varieties in reproductionof genre and stylistic features of the original text. The problem of transfer in translation of stylistic features ofthe original text, in particular modification of figurative means of the target language on the example of epithetconstructions in translations as a result of diachronic plurality of translations is highlighted. Epithet constructionsare systematized in terms of their subject matter. The analysis of epithet constructions according to the semanticcharacteristics of associative relations is carried out taking into account their place in the field system of tropes.The correlation of semantic groups showed a predominant number of occasional-associative epithets in comparisonwith usual-associative ones. Among the occasional-associative epithets the most common are metaphorical epithets,among the usual-associative are descriptive-evaluative ones. The translation strategies and tactics of achievingthe conceptual invariance of figurative means, in particular epithets, in the temporarily distant original andits retranslations in Ukrainian (translated by Yu. Andrukhovych) and Russian (translated by B. Pasternak)are determined. The analysis of lexical-semantic, grammatical and lexical-grammatical ways of transformationalreproduction of the figurative means under study in different-time retranslations in Ukrainian and Russianis carried out. The main factors of conceptual invariance of retranslation of figurative means are summarized.

Language, Literature, and Cultural Codes in the Puya Ke Puya Novel by Faisal Oddang: A Study of Semiotics

This study aims to examine the form of language code, literary code, cultural code in the novel Puya Ke Puya by Faisal Oddang as teaching materials for prose fiction literature study programs in universities. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques are documentation with reading and listening techniques, and recording techniques. Data analysis was carried out through several stages, namely data identification, data classification, description, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the language codes used in the Puya Ke Puya novel were the use of regional languages in the form of greetings, kinship elements, everyday vocabulary and the use of foreign languages, literary codes depicted in words with connotations and figurative meanings, cultural codes in the novels concerned the system. The culture that exists among the Toraja people such as social organization systems, living equipment systems and technology, and religious systems.

Формулы женской красоты (на материале эвенской и якутской эпической традиции)

The purpose of the research is to systematise and characterise the categories of attributive and figurative female beauty formulas in epic texts of the Evens and the Yakuts. The paper considers the formula of female characters’ beauty in the Even and the Yakut epic heritage in a comparative aspect. The authors studied eight categories of attributive female beauty formulas and one category of a figurative formula (the comparison formula). The functional features of figurative means in these categories were characterised. The work is novel in that it is the first to identify the main functions of figurative means of the category of the female beauty formula in Even and Yakut epic texts. This issue has not yet been the object of special study in Siberian folkloristics. The main research findings are as follows: 1) the “«body’s own» light emission” category of the attributive beauty formula is present in all epic genres of Even and Yakut folklore; 2) the “celestial bodies as «body parts»” category is found only in the Even epic; 3) the largest number of categories (7) are found in the Even epic; 4) in addition to the main categories identified by scholars, the authors also considered two more categories emphasising female beauty (“long braid” and “name of a female character”); 5) the research shows that there are no female beauty formulas in Even and Yakut fairy tales about animals. As the material under study has demonstrated, the identified categories of the female beauty formula are presented in a peculiar way in all the epic traditions of the Evens and the Yakuts. There are figurative means (epithet, simile, parallelism, hyperbole) found in all the studied epic genres. Their functional role in the text is to emphasise, enhance, colourfully embellish the image of an epic beauty.