Female Boxers Research Articles

Сharacteristics of manifestation of psychophysiological features of qualified women-boxers in the preparatory period

Characteristics of the psychophysiological state of qualified female boxers in the preparatory period. Purpose: to study the level of manifestation of psychophysiological properties of women boxers in the preparatory period. Methods. The following methods were used in the study: psychophysiological research methods; methods of mathematical statistics. Using the complex computer system "Multipsychometer-05", sensorimotor reactions, endurance of the nervous system, balance of nervous processes, functional mobility of nervous processes were determined. Results. The analysis of the results obtained indicates a significant variability in terms of the psychophysical state, the coefficients of variation V, % are in the range from V=778.87% to V=25.63%, which indicates the heterogeneity of the sample and the need to individualize the training process. An analysis of the psychophysiological state of female boxers, including mental, physiological and behavioral levels, is characterized by a low average group indicator of reaction latency based on the results of a sensorimotor reaction, an average level of stability indicating the balance of the nervous system, and an average level of endurance of the nervous system. In the vast majority of 89.5% (n=17) of the studied female boxers, the results of the duty cycle indicate an irrational organization of motor activity. According to the results of the balance of nervous processes, 42.1% (n=8) of female boxers have high own values of the accuracy and stability index, have high abilities to perform cognitive tasks, for the solution of which it is necessary to involve the function of thinking and concentrate attention. The obtained results of the study can serve to individualize and correct the training activities of female boxers in the preparatory period. Conclusion. Manifestation of psychophysiological properties in skilled women boxers has considerable variability, which indicates the need for an individual approach to training.

Features of Group Identity and Its Relationship with the Level of Sports Achievements among Adolescents and Juniors Who Practice Boxing

The present study is focused on identifying the features of group identity as well as the relationship between its components and the level of sports achievements in adolescents and juniors who practice boxing. The paper presents the results of an empirical study obtained on a sample of 360 young boxers (180 teenagers and 180 juniors). The respondents were divided into four groups by gender and age (15-16 years and 17-18 years), equal in number. The study used the Questionnaire of Social (Group) Identity by A.R. Graziani, M. Rubini, A. Palmonari, S. Costarelli, and R.M. Calla (adapted by O.V. Vaskova) and the technique for measuring the effectiveness of sports activities. Statistically significant differences in the parameters of group identity were identified, correlated with the gender and age categories of respondents. Higher indicators of group identity were found in female adolescents and juniors in comparison with male adolescents and juniors. The peculiarity of the age dynamics is that the components of identity increase in adolescent male boxers, while they may tend to decrease in adolescent female boxers. The hypothesis was confirmed that there exists a relationship between the indicators of group identity and the level of sports achievements in adolescent and junior boxers, but it was not only direct and positive. The article presents the prospects for future research on the meaning and role of social identity in the field of sports achievements.

Development of a Sensitive Quality Evaluation System for Chinese Outstanding Female Boxers.

Objective To construct an evaluation system for the sensitivity quality of outstanding Chinese female boxers and to develop comprehensive evaluation criteria for the sensitivity quality of outstanding female boxers. Methods Using literature method, Telfer method, expert interview method, and experimental test method to analyze the special sensitivity quality structural elements of female boxers. Results The evaluation indexes of female boxers' sensitivity quality consisted of three structural elements: ability to change movements, ability to change direction, and balance ability; the evaluation index system of female boxers' sensitivity quality, including 3 primary indexes and 11 measurement indexes, in which the weights of the primary indexes of female boxers' special sensitivity quality were 0.44 for the ability to change movements (0.22 for 1 min dodge defense, 0.22 for 1 min combination punching sandbag 0.21, 30 s standing push-up 0.21, and 30 s leg change jumping punch 0.19), the ability to change direction 0.39 (30 s continuous head hold squat 0.16, 1 min 3 m sides slide touch 0.29, 20 s repeated side slide 0.28, 10 m ∗ 4 round trip run 0.24, and 1 min quadrant jump 0.19), and balance ability 0.17 (15 s rotating and then walking forward 5 m 0.51, carrying legs to support balance 0.49), the ability to change movements has the largest proportion in the sensitivity quality of female boxers, followed by the ability to change direction and balance ability. Conclusion Based on the constructed evaluation index system, 11 individual indexes' evaluation criteria and four levels of comprehensive evaluation criteria for the sensitivity quality of female boxers were established by using the deviation method and percentile method.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Speed Strength Training on the Special Strikes of Chinese Female Boxers.

The aim of this study was to design a 12-week intervention experiment with a speed strength training program and conventional training to test and analyze the effects of speed strength training on punching speed, punching power, and punching effectiveness of female boxers and to provide empirical support for the targeted improvement of special striking effectiveness of female boxers. By using the experimental method, a controlled experiment was conducted with 20 athletes from the Chinese women's boxing team as the study subjects, and the targeted experimental intervention was conducted. Through experiment, speed power training had no significant effect on the improvement of basic movement ability of female boxers. In addition, speed power training could effectively improve the speed power level of athletes in the experimental group, and the speed power level of the control group was not significantly improved. Lastly, speed power training improved the punching effect of the experimental group, and the effect of the control group was not significant. Conclusion of this study includes the following: (1) speed strength training improved the speed strength level of the athletes, but it did not have a significant effect on improving basic movement ability. (2) The improvement of speed strength could improve the striking speed of female boxers, and the speed strength training also achieved good results. (3) The improvement of speed strength had a positive effect on the special striking power of female boxers. (4) Speed strength training improved the special striking effect of female boxers athletes' special hitting effect.

TRAINER'S PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE IN IMPROVING THE TACTICAL TRAINING OF BOXING GIRLS

This article discusses the tools and techniques used in special training to improve the tactical training of female boxers and the professional competencies of boxing coaches.

THE STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HAND MOVEMENTS OF FEMALE BOXERS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL ASYMMETRY

Purpose: determining peculiarities of speed characteristics of hand movements of female boxers with different functional asymmetry types during dynamic work performance. Material: 50 highly skilled female boxers (masters of sports of international class, masters of sports). The study of female boxer psychomotor functions was designed according to a certain scheme. The motor component of motor response was examined by means of tapping test. The time of a simple and two complex visual-motor responses was determined. The study was completed by determining the identification time for visual stimuli of various degrees of complexity without a motor response. It was assumed that this will allow to consider the visual-gnostic component in a "pure" form. Such a design of the study permitted to evaluate the contribution of each component of psychomotor response to the response speed of female boxers with different types of functional hemispheric asymmetry (FHA) profile. Results: For the first time, the psychophysiological indices of female boxers were obtained. Female boxers were conditionally divided into right-handers, left-handers and ambidexters. The differences of these groups of female athletes in psychophysiological indices were established. Conclusions: In convenient mode, ambidexters perform work at a high rate than right-handers. At that, their right hand is faster than the left. The total number of movements performed by left-handers is greater than that of right-handers and ambidexters (it concerns both hands). The speed characteristics of female boxers with different types of functional asymmetry in accelerated mode are the same. The pace stability of right-handers and left-handers is high, but less than that of ambidexters. Ambidexters who use the right-handed stance are at advantage than right-handers with right-handed stance. Left-handed female athletes perform movements with greater speed than right-handed ones. For right-handed and left-handed female athletes it is more difficult to maintain the optimal pace of the right than the left hand, whereas ambidexters have problems with maintaining the optimal pace of the left hand. Left-handed female athletes are faster than right-handed ones.

Music listening reduces biochemical and perceptual responses to a single intensified interval training

Background. Music listening is a helpful way for reduction of psychological tension state anxiety, and improvement of mood state in humans, who often experience worries, threats or anticipating stressful events. Few is known about effect of music listening on both biochemical and perceptual responses to high intensity interval training session among females practicing combat sports. The purpose of this study was to verify hypothesis that listening music during training lowers psycho-physiological stress markers. Material and methods. 16 female boxers took part in two 1-hour high intensive interval training separated 3 day apart. These sessions were of the same structures, loads, in­ten­sities. Athletes were assigned into two equal sub-groups and performed sessions with special selected dance music (MS) and without it (non-MS) Capillary blood samples were taken directly before and after training. Plasma cortisol (C), glucose (Glu) and blood lactate (LA) were determined in the samples.10-point scale was used for self-reported Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Results. When the training session was accompanied music, the post-session increments of C and Glu and post-session RPE were significantly lower. The impact of music on LA was not statistically significant. Conclusions. The lowered reactivity of markers of exercise stress such as C, Glu levels and RPE scores in response to training with preferred music confirmed beneficial effect of music use in female athletes performing an intensive workout. This reduction of psychological component of exercise stress may improve a training tolerance.

Injury surveillance during elite women's national boxing championship in India

BackgroundInjury surveillance is the cornerstone of any prevention program. However the same pertaining to women’s boxing is meager. We hence intended to analyse the incidence, pattern and characteristics of injuries in female boxers during the 4th Elite Women’s National Boxing Championship, 2019, in India. MethodsA total of 235 female Indian boxers participated in the tournament. Injuries from the competition injury database maintained in accordance with the injury code proposed by the Australian Sports Injury Data Dictionary were compiled to observe the pattern and analysed. The outcomes measured were incidence in terms of injury rate and injury risk and injury pattern in terms of site, nature, mechanism, severity and time of injury. ResultsThe injury rate was observed to be 43.98 injuries per 1000 athlete bouts of exposure (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.71-54.07) and 293.21 injuries per 1000 athlete hours of competition (95% CI: 225.94-360.47). The most commonly injured site was head, face and neck regions. Most injuries were bruises/contusions followed by cuts and epistaxis. No concussions were reported. ConclusionThis study observed that women are less prone to injuries than their male counterparts, even though a logical comparison is difficult because of the lack of data and standardization in women's boxing.

‘No-one wants to be a Kardashian anymore’: female participation in recreational combat sport

This research study utilised ethnographic methods to explore the lived experiences of women participating in recreational boxing in a gym in inner-suburban Melbourne, Australia. Women were caught between two narratives; on the one hand women were welcomed into the gym and there was a sense of growing female participation. On the other hand, the gym remained a masculine space in which women existed on the periphery and were required to prove their skills through the lens of male norms and from a position of assumed incompetence. In spite of this, female boxers increased their strength, skills and self-confidence, and perhaps due to their experience overcoming gendered expectations, some women increased their sense of power in relation to men. This study demonstrates the rewarding but precarious nature of female participation in boxing and begins to explore the way gender plays out in this space.

A comparative study on the macronutrient intake of elite Indian female weightlifters and boxers

Weightlifting & Boxing are weight specific power events which involves high intensity training. Nutrient supply for fueling body stores as well as maintenance of body weight for the desired category is of utmost importance. This study is aimed to assess the energy and macro nutrient intake of elite female Weightlifters & Boxers of SAI and to compare with recommendation of NIN (National Institute of Nutrition) & SAI (Sports Authority of India). Out of a total of 45 sports persons, 22 were weightlifters & 23 were boxers. The compression between sports has been made based on weight category of heavy, middle & light. A questionnaire and 24 hr dietary recall were used to collect data. The mean energy intake was 2835 + 532.91, 2834.66 + 417.18, 2595.33 + 444.93 kcal in boxers of heavy, middle & light weight categories respectively. The mean energy intake was 4789.82 + 787.36, 4335.3 + 836.70 & 3372.18 + 826.13k.cal in weightlifters of heavy middle & light weight categories respectively. The comparison of percentage adequacy with NIN recommendations showed fairly adequate among all weight categories of weightlifters and inadequate among all weight categories of boxers. The mean percentage carbohydrate intake of total energy was 56%, 55% and 51% in heavy, middle and light respectively in boxers and 37%, 47% and 50% in heavy, middle and light respectively in weightlifters. The carbohydrate intake was low in weightlifters of all categories in comparison with boxers against recommendation. On the contrary, in boxing the carbohydrate intake was low only in light weight category. The protein intake was high in all categories of weightlifters compared to boxers and the recommended value. The protein intake was adequate in middle weight category boxers and moderate in high & light weight category boxers. Mean percentage fat intake of total energy was 26%, 24% & 28% in heavy, middle and light weight categories respectively among weightlifters and 31%, 30% & 26% in heavy, middle and light weight categories respectively among boxers. The intake of fat was high in weightlifting in all weight categories and in boxers it was high in middle & light weight categories. Adequate nutritional counselling is required to address the nutrient intake to the players for optimizing their performance.

HISTORICAL PRECONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION AND PLACE OF FEMALE BOXING IN THE MODERN SYSTEM OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPORTS MOVEMENT

Introduction. The article examines the historical preconditions for the formation of female sports in the modern system of the international sports movement. Important historical events are analyzed and the key factors that have determined the development of female sports in the world and in Ukraine are identified. Aim is to determine the historical preconditions of formation and the place of female boxing in the modern conditions of the international sports movement. Material and methods: analysis of literature sources and Internet sites, expert surveys, pedagogical observation, content analysis, methods of mathematical statistics. The study is based on the analysis of literature sources, archival materials and opinions of experts on the problems of formation and development of female boxing in the world and in Ukraine. Results. It points to the long-term negative attitude of leading international sports organizations and the public to the idea of ​​developing and popularizing female boxing, including these competitions in the program of the Olympic Games of our time. The dynamics of an increase in the number of athletes and participating countries in international competitions in female boxing, a tendency to an increase in the number of weight categories in female boxing competitions at the Olympic Games are presented. The important problems that arise today in the process of female boxers’ training are analyzed and the key differences in the structure of their competitive activity in comparison with men are characterized. It is indicated that there is no need for scientific substantiation and development of a conceptual model for the development of female sports in the modern conditions of the international sports movement.

“The New Woman and the Manly Art”: Women and Boxing in Nineteenth-Century Canada

On July 27, 1859, “Canada” Kate Clark met two Americans, Nellie Stem and Mary Dwyer, for a pair of prize fights in Fort Erie, Canada West. Beginning their adventure in Buffalo, New York, they rowed their way across the Niagara River to the fighting grounds in the British colony. Like pugilists before them, they stripped to the waist to limit potential grappling in battle. Both the journey and pre-fight fight preparations were tried and true components of mid-nineteenth century prize fighting. Although the press, and later historians, overwhelmingly associated such performances with male combatants, women were indeed active in Canadian pugilistic circles, settling scores, testing their mettle, and displaying their fistic abilities both pre- and post-Confederation. In this article, we begin to untangle the various threads of female pugilism, situating these athletes and performers within the broader literature on both boxing and women's sport in Canada. By examining media reports of female boxers—both in sparring and prize fighting—we hope to provide a historiographic foundation for further discussions of early female pugilism, highlighting the various ways these women upheld and challenged the notion of the “new woman” in Canada.

Sparring with patriarchy: the rise of female boxers in the Global South

ABSTRACT Over the last 50 years the participation rates of women and girls in sport have soared, challenging sport as a male preserve. Participation rates of female athletes in most low to middle-income countries have lagged behind their higher income counterparts, but this too appears to be changing even in male-dominated sports such as boxing. Female boxers transgress gender norms, and threaten conceptions of masculinity and femininity that position women and girls as vulnerable, and male physical superiority as a justification for male dominance. Data drawn from the archives of the Association Internationale de Boxe (AIBA) and other sources document the increasing representation of women from lower income countries in the sport of boxing. Informed by the narratives of women from a cross-section of countries, I argue that increasing numbers of women boxers disrupt normative gender scripts in often highly patriarchal communities, and contests gendered hierarchies in sport.

‘Will God condemn me because I love boxing?’ Narratives of young female immigrant Muslim boxers in Norway

This article examines the religious and gendered identities of female immigrant Muslim boxers. We aim to investigate the power relations, dominant ideologies and prejudices that are underpinning the life stories of these women boxers, as well as the moments of joy, freedom and transformation that their sport participation may include. The data are derived from life story interviews with two young female immigrant Muslim boxers in Norway. The theoretical framework is based on intersectionality and sociological theories of sport as a space for joy, self-determination and excitement. The narrative analysis shows how the interviewees endure conflict-filled relationships with their families as a result of their choice to compete in boxing. Simultaneously, they are subjected to discrimination and marginalization in the boxing environment. Strict dress codes for competitions and training, as well as a lack of understanding and respect from male leaders in the boxing community are highlighted as a main barrier for the interviewees when they describe their boxing careers. Nevertheless, the narratives express that they love boxing, because boxing represents a space for time-out, mastery and freedom and has become an all-encompassing part of their identity.

Some features of the development and battle tactics in women's boxing

Purpose: to reveal the features of the use of tactical actions by boxers of highly qualified women. Materials and methods: Theoretical analysis of information from the scientific and methodological literature and communication with the leading trainers of women in boxing made it possible to analyze the history of the development of women's boxing in the World, to determine the importance of tactical training for boxers and its content. Also during this research, we watched videos of the competitive activity of highly qualified female boxers in weight categories up to 51 kg. and up to 75 kg. Using the methods of pedagogical observation, chronometric observation and mathematical statistics made it possible to identify the peculiarities of tactics of competitive battle tactics in women boxers of high qualification. Results: At the present stage of the development of women's boxing, the world leader is the Russian team, the second is China, the third is India. Ukraine is not one of the top ten women's boxing teams in the World. Tactical training in women's boxing should be significantly different from the tactical training of male boxers. Women boxers of high qualification of lightweights can be related to tempo men, and women boxers of high qualification of heavyweights to gamers. However, it is difficult to related some women boxers of high qualification to any one of the listed types, since they are able to rearrange tactics during the match itself, if necessary. Conclusions: Modern tactical training in women's boxing is aimed at universalization, which is characterized by a variety of applied techniques and their frequent change. This fact makes increased demands on the quality of the technical training process in women's boxing.

A Good Fight: How Indigenous Women Approach Boxing as a Mechanism for Social Change

This article examines the experiences of select Indigenous female boxers from Canada and the United States to explore and appreciate the diverse meanings they attach to amateur and professional boxing and to write these athletes into history by constructing short case studies of fighters active from the 1970s through the 2010s. We augment each fighter’s story with context from scholarly and secondary source materials, such as newspapers, to round out each woman’s story and to illustrate the multiple overlapping conditions that shaped their boxing experiences. We embrace the work of van Ingen on the importance of understanding female boxers at the intersection of race and gender. In doing so, our work emphasizes the ideological foundations embedded in narratives, so that each narrative presents a certain point of view that results in real practical effects, whether it be supporting White liberal feminism or Indigenous self-determination. Following van Ingen, this article views all writing, whether by journalists or professional historians, as ideological acts, capable of exalting select athletes while marginalizing others.

Navigating the Rocky Road: Elite Female Boxers’ Perceptions of Their Boxing Journey

Martial Arts Studies publishes the highest quality academic work on any aspect of martial arts studies. It aspires to stimulate and enrich the development of research and scholarship in martial arts studies by publishing the highest quality interdisciplinary work in the emergent field.

Purine metabolism in the light of aerobic and anaerobic capacity of female boxers

The aim of the work was to assess the intensity of purine nucleotide degradation during maximum physical exercise. 5 elite female boxers were the subject of the study. Each of them underwent two exercise stress tests in order to evaluate the level of VO2peak and the level of anaerobic capacity during a Wingate test. The study involved collecting capillary and venous blood samples at rest and after the exercise test to determine the Acid-Base Balance (ABB), concentration of lactic acid (LA) and purine metabolism nucleotides. The average value of VO2peak was 40.92 (SD = 4.087) ml/kg/min, the average anaerobic capacity Ppeak was 7.57 (SD = 0.380) Watt/kg. The workload resulted in significant changes in the level of ABB and LA after both of the exercise stress tests (p < 0.001). Concentrations of hypoxanthine (Hx), xanthine (X) and uric acid (UA) in the blood increased significantly after the Wingate test (p < 0.05). The level of plasma purine nucleotides at rest and after standard exercise may be a useful tool for monitoring the adaptation of energetic processes in different training phases and support the overload diagnosis.

PECULIARITIES OF MOTION TECHNIQUE IN FEMALE BOXERS WITH DIFFERENT STYLE OF A DUEL

The peculiarities of technique of female boxers with a different style of a duel were studied as a result of conducted researches. Objective. To determine the level of the technique of moving in the ring of female boxers with different style of a duel. Methods. To study the kinematic characteristics of the technique of hits in training and competitive conditions, an instrumental method of research was used: video recording and computer analysis of motor activity of athletes. It has allowed to study the competitive activities of boxers at more qualitative level and to make quantitative and qualitative analysis of their motor activities. This made it possible to identify the peculiarities of the technique of performing effective hits in competitive conditions. 50 elite female boxers (masters of sports of the international class, masters of sports and candidates for the master of sports) were surveyed. Results. It was found that attacking boxers differ from counterattacking ones in four characteristics: angular displacement in the left and right ankle joints, right knee and force of hits. It was found that the strength of the hit with the left hand increases with the increase of angles in the ankle joints and the decrease of the angle in the right knee. For boxers of attacking style the general tactical task related with approaching the opponent for a strike and long distance maneuvering. The results of the study found that for women-boxers of counter-attacking style the most economical way to move around the ring is to make stepwise steps. At the same time, for boxers of attacking style, the most economical way of moving around the ring are the jumps. In addition, it has been discovered that athletes of a counterattacking style have lower energy costs compared to attacking style boxers. It is suggested to use informative psychophysiological parameters which allow fast and efficient estimating the disposition toward a certain style of a duel in boxing. This algorithm gives possibilities to designing individual and adequate programs for preparation of boxers.

Effects of different recovery methods on postboxing sparring fatigue substances and stress hormones.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of static rest, massage, aromatherapy, and acupoint acupressure on the levels of fatigue substances and stress hormones produced after a session of boxing sparring. The study was conducted on female adolescent boxers (n=12) who underwent four recovery methods with a 7-day rest period between each session. The order of these methods was decided randomly. Prior to each method, the participants performed five rounds of 4-min boxing sparring, and the maximal intensity was set as 70%–80% of the maximal heart rate. The effects of the four recovery methods on the blood levels of fatigue substances and stress hormones after boxing sparring were investigated. Static rest, massage, aromatherapy, and acupoint acupressure significantly decreased the lactic acid levels. The creatine phosphokinase levels decreased in the aromatherapy and acupoint acupressure groups, while the lactate dehydrogenase levels significantly decreased in the massage, aromatherapy, and acupoint acupressure groups. Further, the levels of stress hormones, cortisol, and epinephrine, showed no significant changes after massage and acupoint acupressure. However, a significant decrease in the cortisol level was observed in the aromatherapy group and an increasing trend was observed in the cortisol level in the static rest group. The adrenocorticotropic hormone level significantly decreased in the aromatherapy group and showed a decreasing trend after the participants received massage or acupoint acupressure. High-intensity exercise results in not only physical, but also psychological fatigue. Massage and aromatherapy can improve the physical and psychological stabilities and performances of athletes.