Female Boxers Research Articles

The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Aggressive Behavior in Boxers: The Mediating Role of Self-Control.

Aggressive behavior has been one of the core issues in sports psychology, whereas boxers’ aggressive behavior has received limited attention. Although some literature reported that self-efficacy is related to aggressive behavior, the mechanism whereby self-efficacy affects aggressive behavior remains unclear. The present study investigated the relationship between self-efficacy and aggressive behavior, as well as the effect of self-control as a mediating factor. This study uses the Self-efficacy Scale for Athletes, the Self-control Questionnaire for Athletes, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. This relationship is explored through self-reported measures from N = 414 Chinese professional boxers, n = 243 were male and n = 171 were female, the average age was M = 17.72 years (SD = 3.147), the participants, the average number of years of exercise was M = 3.89 years (SD = 2.734); Results showed that male boxers reported greater aggression than female boxers; It was found that the self-efficacy and self-control improved as age of the participants increased; The higher the level of competition, the higher levels of self-efficacy and self-control; Self-efficacy was negatively related with aggressive behavior and positively correlated with self-control. Self-control was also negatively correlated with aggressive behavior among boxers. Self-control had a full mediating effect on the relationship between self-efficacy and aggressive behavior.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТРУКТУРИ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ПІДГОТОВЛЕНОСТІ СПОРТСМЕНОК-ЛІДЕРІВ В ЖІНОЧОМУ БОКСІ

The article considers particularities of the functional and energy supply of the general physical working capacity of female boxers, which underlies in the basis of the high efficiency of the competitive activity. The objective – to establish peculiarities of the functional training degree of high-qualified athletes-leaders in female boxing. Methods. The manifestation of the working capacity and the reaction of the cardiorespiratory system to the test exertions, which allow to establish aerobic and anaerobic capabilities of the organism of female athletes, has been studied with the help of the ergospirometrical complex «Oxycon Pro». Results. In boxing the longer the duration of a combat the greater the values of the aerobic processes in its energy supply. Female athletes-leaders in female boxing are distinguished by the high level of the realization of their aerobic potential both under conditions of a continuous exertion and under conditions of short-term physical exertions, as well as by a higher speed of expanding of metabolic and functional reactions in transitional conditions of exertion. Conclusions. Aerobic and anaerobic capacity, mobility factor in the structure of the functional training degree of the female athletes-leaders in boxing allow adequately and quickly react to changes of the action intensity in a boxing combat, which facilitates the increase in the efficiency of the competitive activity.

Building a national team context based upon the identity challenges and intervention strategies of elite female boxers in their home training environments

In this article, we discuss some of the identity challenges presented by Canadian National Team Female Boxers, and their possible implications to the athletes’ well-being and sport performance. Three identity challenges identified by the athletes included: (a) being a female boxer in a masculine sport context, (b) acceptance and tensions surrounding queer identities, and (c) feeling “different” as racial/ethnic minorities. Corresponding to these challenges, intervention strategies are proposed for sport practitioners, comprised of sport psychologists, coaches, and organizational staff seeking to build a culturally inclusive sport environment and support elite female athletes as holistic persons in combative sports through both policies and interventions. This submission is also intended as a catalyst to context-driven explorations and subsequent practical interventions within further elite sport contexts.

A Comparative Study of Aggression Between Male and Female Boxers of Amroha District

A Comparative Study of Aggression Between Male and Female Boxers of Amroha District

Nutrition and Boxing Performance

Boxing is a contact sport in which the athletes compete in weight categories. The athletes use different strategies to achieve their desired weight, some of which may affect their sports performance. This systematic review assesses the scientific literature regarding the nutritional and dietetic strategies used by boxers and their effects on performance. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to evaluate the quality of the articles; the maximum score was 10 points, because item 1 on the scale was not evaluated. Of a total 1549 articles obtained, only 14 remained after applying the inclusion criteria. Of these, only 2 articles scored more than 7 points on the PEDro scale and were considered to be high-quality scientific evidence. The remaining 12 articles, with scores less than 7 points, were of low quality due mainly to their small sample size (N’s for boxers range from 1–32), poor methodology, and short duration (1–12 weeks). The article included boxers of various ages, adolescents, and adults and 2 very-low-quality articles on female boxers (2 and 3 on the PEDro scale). The boxers used many unhealthy strategies to lose weight in the days prior to competition, including dehydration, energy restriction, diuretics, laxatives, and increased energy expenditure by strenuous physical activity.

Peculiarities of special work capacity manifestation in highly skilled female boxers

Peculiarities of special work capacity manifestation in highly skilled female boxers

Women and the Advent of American Sport Tourism: The Feminine Invasion of Male Space

At the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago, history professor Frederick Jackson Turner proposed the frontier theory, which claimed that as the Americans moved ever westward they acquired particular characteristics that made them a unique and exceptional people, different from their European ancestors. This study examines the frontier theory in a different light, addressing not only geographical boundaries, but psychological and gender obstacles in the evolution of society. It will detail the role of a select group of women who used sport as a vehicle to challenge not only geographical frontiers in their travels, but gender restraints in their sport experiences as well. In the process, the study will analyze the variables of social class, race, and ethnicity of a variety of females who challenged the gender norms and expectations of the era in which they lived. Among the athletes who contributed to the burgeoning sport tourism market during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, thus contributing to a transnational movement, I will examine mountaineers, cyclists, global adventurers, and female boxers; all of whom employed sport as a means to travel and attain a greater measure of personal freedom and societal transition in prescribed gender roles.

THE EFFECT OF RESISTANCE BAND TRAINING ON THE MAXIMUM FORCE AND ANAEROBIC POWER OF BOXERS

Study was carried out to examine the effect of application of resistance band in the female boxers on the levels of the anaerobic power and Maximal Bench Press force (MBP). The study was carried out on 12 female subjects, in ages between 19 and 23yo, who are actively engaged in the boxing branch. The subjects were divided into two groups, each consisting of 6 people, as Constant Resistance (CR) and Wavy Resistance (WR). The average age of CR group was 21.33±0.81 years, the average height 169.67±2.06 cm, and the average body weight 65.28±8.95 kg. The average age of WR group was 21.16±0.75 years, the average height 173.50±3.27 cm, and the average body weight 65.56±3.19 kg. In the study, the exercise of resistance band was made by all subjects four days a week for 6 weeks between the hours 9.00-10.00, boxing training for competition period between the hours 18:00–20:00 in evenings. In CR group, the bands in the same color and resistance were used by the method of the black band constant, resistance, in WR group, the bands in different color (red, blue, black) and resistance by the wavy method. Before training, the body weights, and the levels of anaerobic power and MBP levels of both groups were determined. The same measurements were repeated six weeks later. In the statistical analyses of the data obtained, in determining the differences between in-group test and the final test, Paired-sample t-test was used. In determining the difference between two groups, pre-test and final test, independent samples t-test was used. The significance between differences was determined at the level of P<0,05. As a result; as a matter of fact, it can be said that the constant resistance method of CR group is more effective than the wavy resistance method of WR group. Hence, conducting the studies of resistance band that will be conducted specific to branch, using the method of constant resistance, can be more effective. Article visualizations:

Researching boxing bodies in Scotland: Using apprenticeship to study the embodied construction of gender in hyper masculine space

This article presents apprenticeship as an ethnographic method suitable for researching topics concerning gender and space. To use this method, the researcher takes up a practice, such as a sport. Emphasis lies in understanding one’s topic ‘by body’, and the article argues that such an embodied perspective sheds a new light on gender construction in the boxing gym. An empirical study of female amateur boxers in Scotland, conducted by the author, herself a competitive female boxer, reinforces the argument. The position of an embodied insider offers the researcher a unique vantage point with regard to various contrasting processes of gender construction on different scales, such as the body, embodied encounters and the gym. By giving attention to the transformative power of bodily practice, apprenticeship focuses on possibilities for, resistance to, and transformation of, gender norms in hyper masculine spaces. The apprenticeship method can therefore enrich geography’s understanding of the role of physical practices for gender construction in different spaces.

The gendering of coaching from an athlete perspective: The case of Norwegian boxing

Coaching is a male dominated area of sport. Globally, women coaches represent a small minority and only a few women coach male athletes. In Norway it is estimated that only about 19% of all coaches are women. In this article we engage in issues regarding the gendering of coaching from an athlete perspective. The concerns are how meanings of gender mirror the athletes’ perceptions and experiences of coaching practices. The theoretical framework develops our understanding of gender and how leadership ideals and practices are structured by and through gender. The data material consists of qualitative interviews with Norwegian boxers. The analysis demonstrates that male coaches earn the respect of their boxers more easily than female coaches do. Furthermore, female boxers experience a more open and socially supportive coach–athlete relationship with female coaches. The coach–athlete relationship with male coaches is often shaped by paternalism, which particularly seems to represent a challenge for young female athletes. The interviewees describe sound coaching as consisting of leadership forms associated with both masculine and feminine skills.

‘I don’t think they realise how good we are’: Innovation, inclusion and exclusion in women’s Olympic boxing

Marginalisation and exclusion of women in elite boxing has emerged as a substantial international problem, threatening women’s democratic right to equal participation in sport. Since the London 2012 Olympic Games women’s boxing has been an Olympic event. However, only 3 of the 10 weight categories were included in the Olympic programme for women. Today, male boxers compete in 10 out of 10 possible weight categories. While female boxers have gained accessed to a previously closed realm, discrimination, exclusion and unequal treatment of female athletes remains a widespread problem in international elite boxing. This article explores how the introduction of women’s boxing into the Olympic Games involves practices of inclusion and exclusion in elite boxing. In particular, this analysis focuses on the following two research questions: (a) how practices of social exclusion and inclusion affect the involvement and engagement of women in boxing; and (b) how, and in what ways, female boxers have experienced recognition and acceptance in elite boxing after the introduction of women’s boxing into the Olympic Games. Using a qualitative approach including document analysis of official press releases from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Boxing Association (AIBA), as well as interviews with athletes and coaches, this study reveals that although women’s boxing has gained access to the Olympics, the structural and cultural changes that comprise the social inclusion of women in boxing are yet to be implemented.

Intersecting identities of elite female boxers: Stories of cultural difference and marginalization in sport

ObjectivesThe project responds to calls for research that attends to issues of cultural diversity within sport and that facilitates expanded understandings of socially constructed identities. The intersecting identities of elite female boxers are explored in terms of how they shape experiences of marginalization and well-being within sport. Focus is on constructions of race and ethnicity, language, and religion. DesignAn intersectional lens grounded in social constructionism was integrated with a cultural sport psychology approach to espouse the complexity, fluidity, and multi-dimensionality of the athletes’ identities as the product of intersecting narratives. MethodsMandala drawings and conversational interviews were employed as open-ended data collection processes that enabled the participants to share their identities. Portrait vignettes were then developed as creative nonfiction to elucidate how identities dynamically intersect and shape sport experiences. ResultsFive portrait vignettes layer together to show issues of identity expression, oppression and White privilege within the boxing context. The stories provide contextual insight into the ways in which athletes continually construct and negotiate identities in relation to dynamics of difference and sameness. They move fluidly between identities that are valued and identities that are marginalized, moments of open expression and moments of concealment. ConclusionsThe research contributes to social justice missions within sport by illuminating how certain identities result in individuals being dis/advantaged, socially excluded, and discriminated against. Possibilities are revealed for challenging social inequalities and facilitating more inclusive sport spaces that resonate with who athletes are as holistic, multifaceted people.

Neurological tests improve after Olympic-style boxing bouts: a pretournament and post-tournament study in the 2016 Women’s World Boxing Championships

AimTo prospectively examine the neurocognitive, postural, dual-task and visual abilities of female Olympic-style boxers before and after participation in a tournament.MethodsSixty-one females completed the modified Balance Error Scoring System (mBESS),...

Canine leishmaniosis in three consecutive generations of dogs in Czech Republic

Transmission of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is described in three consecutive generations of female Boxers living in a non-endemic environment in the Czech Republic. Infection of the first generation female likely occurred during a breeding visit to Italy and the dog died with typical clinical signs of the disease but without definitive laboratory diagnosis. The second and third generation offsprings never left the Czech Republic, suffered from clinical CanL confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and serology, and were apparently infected by transplacental transmission.Persistence of CanL in the Czech Republic over 7 years with a suspected origin in an endemic region and progression of infection through subsequent generations in a non-endemic country exemplifies that this disease may establish itself also in areas where no obvious vectors are present.

A Comparative Study of Anthropometric and Psycho-Motor Abilities of Sub-Junior National Level Boxers

&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The aim of this study is to identify the Anthropometric and profiles of sub-Junior National level Boxers and also to find out the relationship of Anthropometric profiles and psychomotor abilities of the sub-Junior National level Boxers.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;A total 22 female Boxers (11 medalists and 11 non-medalists) age range between 12&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; to 16&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; years will be select from SAI, SAG, Imphal centers. Selected Anthropometric variables (Body composition) will be taken on each Boxer. Total Psychomotor ability scores (Speed, Agility, Differentiation, Orientation, Balance, Rhythm Ability) will be taken. For interpretation of data a comparative analysis of the selected variable, the “t” test was applied. The data of both groups were collected separately for all the variables. Statistic such as mean and standard deviation was computed. The level of significance was set at 0.05. It was found that in BMI, BMR do not have significant deference between the Manipur and West Bengal female Boxers and significant deference was found on Speed, Agility, Differentiation, Orientation, Balance, Rhythm Ability.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

The Inclusion of Women’s Boxing in the Olympic Games: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Gender and Power in Boxing

This article utilizes Foucault’s theoretical perspective of modern power and constructivist perspectives of gender to examine relations of power and gender in boxing. The aim of this paper is to explore how and in what ways constructions of gender are linked to relations of power in international amateur boxing. Further, what implications the interplay between gender and power might have for female boxers. In order to identify relations of power between men and women in boxing, a series of online texts depicting the process of including women’s boxing in the Olympic Games (2009-2012) is analyzed and discussed. To investigate what implications these gendered power relations might have for female boxers today, AIBA’s recent provisional suspension of the Norwegian Boxing Federation is examined. A content analysis strategy was chosen as my analytical approach (Titscher et al. 2000), where the data material consisted of 67 online texts of which 23 were analyzed in-depth. The analysis of the material illustrates how an attempt to implement feminine outfits for female boxers in the Olympic Games was used as a gender-marking strategy in international boxing. This is further related to power by arguing that AIBA’s need to distinguish female boxers from male boxers was an attempt to make the women adhere to traditional norms of femininity (Hovden 2000; van Ingen and Kovacs 2012). Furthermore, the analysis of the material indicates that men’s boxing is valued as superior to women’s boxing and that these gendered power relations in boxing manifest themselves through their effects on women’s boxing.

The shady past of female boxers – what case studies in the USA reveal

This study attempts to rectify the invisibility of female boxers and to narrow a research gap by examining the careers of four prominent female champions who managed to excel in the sport despite the social, psychological and physical restrictions imposed by the gender order of American society in the nineteenth century. The little studied roles of female boxers present some historiographical issues detailed in the study, which examines and analyses the social construction of gender, and the rejection of prescribed roles by the female boxers, who used the vaudeville and theatrical stages to negotiate a transition in gender roles, particularly the notion of females as a ‘weaker sex’. The lives of such courageous women presented an incremental change in the restrictive practices of society, leading to a greater measure of female liberation in succeeding years.

Measuring the force of punches and kicks among combat sport athletes using a modified punching bag with an embedded accelerometer.

The main aim of the study was to design a new system to measure punching and kicking forces as well as reaction times in combat sport athletes. In addition, the study examined whether there were any intergender differences in the force of punches thrown by boxers and kicking forces delivered by taekwondo athletes. Boxers (male, n = 13; female, n = 7) were examined for the force of single straight punches and taekwondo athletes (male, n = 14; female, n = 14) for force of single Apdolio and Dwit Chagi kicks. The punching bag was equipped with acceleration transducers and gyroscopes embedded in a cylinder covered with a layer to absorb shock as well as a set of colour signal diodes. Value of the punching bag's acceleration was used for calculating: strike force; the punching location on the bag; and time of a strike. The relative error of force calculation was 3%; the relative error in acceleration measurement was less than 1%. The force of a straight rear-hand punch was greater than the force of a lead-hand punch among male and female boxers. The force of Apdolio kick delivered with a rear leg was greater compared to a lead leg among female and male taekwondo athletes. Significant gender differences were noticed in the force in both types of kicks. In boxers, intergender differences were reported only for the force of a punch thrown with the rear hand. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the modified punching bag is a good diagnostic tool for combat sports.

DIMENSÕES SOCIOCULTURAIS DO BOXE: PERCEPÇÃO E TRAJETÓRIA DE MULHERES ATLETAS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a trajetória e percepção de atletas do boxe feminino sobre o esporte escolhido como profissão quanto a dimensões socioculturais. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com sete boxeadoras profissionais do Brasil. Metodologicamente, combinou-se o programa ALCESTE (Analyse Lexicale par Contexte d’un Ensemble de Segments de Texte) e a Análise de Conteúdo. A partir da análise em classes temáticas, discutiu-se o relato de que o boxe feminino capitaliza poucos incentivos financeiros e pouca divulgação. Constatou-se também que, ao longo de sua trajetória, as entrevistadas se depararam com dificuldades quanto ao apoio da família e preconceitos.

Gender difference in relation to emotional intelligence and conflict among Elite boxing players

Objective: The present study is an attempt to investigate the gender difference in relation to emotional intelligence and conflict among boxing players and extending researches that found a strong relationship between these two constructs. Methods: The total 50 Elite boxers participated in the study, out of which 25 are Elite male boxers and 25 Elite female boxers of age 18 and above. Who completed the Emotional Intelligence Test by Anjum and Roqiya and Thomas Killman Conflict Mode Instrument by Kilmann and Thomas. Results: Comparison of means reveals significant gender difference on emotional intelligence, male boxing players have significantly scored higher on emotional intelligence than female boxers. The pattern of handling interpersonal conflict also differ significantly for male and female boxers. Male boxers emphasis more on competing, collaborating and avoiding, whereas female boxers use accommodating and compromising as a mode of handling interpersonal conflict. The correlation analysis reveals insignificant relationship between emotional intelligence and conflict mode for males, however significant but negative relation found between emotional intelligence and avoiding for female boxers, which implies that female boxers who are high in emotional intelligence are less in avoidance.