Female Anopheles Mosquitoes Research Articles

Species Composition, Parous Rate, and Infection Rate of Anopheles Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Bahir Dar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia.

Anopheles mosquitoes are the main vectors of malaria. There is little information on the current entomological aspects of Anopheles mosquitoes in Amhara region of northwestern Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevailing species composition, parous rate, and infection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Bahir Dar city administration. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January through July 2020. For this, six Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps (three traps indoor and three traps outdoor) were used to collect adult female Anopheles mosquitoes. The species were morphologically identified, and the parous and infection rates were determined via dissection of ovaries and salivary gland, respectively. A total of 378 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes comprised of three species (Anopheles d'thali, Anopheles rhodesiensis, and Anopheles gambiae complex) were collected and identified at the study sites. Anopheles rhodesiensis was the predominant species accounting for 90% of all collections at the Zenzelima site, followed by An. gambiae complex (6.5%). In contrast, An. gambiae complex was the predominant species at the Tis Abay site, comprising 94% of captures. The overall parous and infection rates were 35 (62.5%) and 1 (2.9%), respectively.

Literature Review: Impact Of Temperature And Rainfall On Incident Malaria

Malaria is a dangerous infectious disease that is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria transmission is closely related to climatic conditions including temperature and rainfall. This article aims to review the impact of temperature and rainfall on the incidence of malaria. The method of this article is a systematic review. The search strategy was developed using the Pubmed, Google, and Google Scholar databases through the combination, terms and keywords “Temperature and malaria” and “Rainfall and malaria”. The results obtained 14 articles that were reviewed. It can be conclude that high temperature and rainfall have an effect on the increase in malaria cases within a certain period of time. The results of the study support the need for an early warning system designed as a form of malaria prevention preparedness. Environmental factors, geographic conditions and regional spatial stratification, socio-economic factors and public health interventions related to incidents of malaria need to be investigated further.

POS-175 HAEMOPERFUSION IN SEVERE MALARIA WITH CYTOKINE STORM

Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium group and it’s transmitted to humans via bites from the infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease burden of malaria is staggering particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa followed by South-East Asia. Initial manifestations of malaria include fever and flu-like symptoms. Severe malaria is characterized by the presence of hyperparasitemia, metabolic acidosis, severe anemia, hypoglycemia and organs involvement (cerebral and renal). Traditionally, we had hypothesized that the sequestered parasitized erythrocytes in the micro-circulation causing tissue hypoxia underlying severe malaria.

Assessment of the Prevalence of Malaria and Typhoid Fever among Apparently Healthy Undergraduates

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person’s circulatory system. In the blood, the protists travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broadband around the equator, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americans Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, while Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae cause a generally milder form of malaria that is rarely fatal. The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 9 (%) and 21 (21%) respectively. The distribution of this result was statistically significant (p<0.05; X2=4.745). The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 6 (6%) and 4 (4%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.105). The result showed that prevalence of the co-infection in both male and female are 3 (3%) and 2 (2%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.205). The result showed that co-infection was negatively correlated with typhoid fever in both male (r=-0.055) and female (r=-0.074) subjects. Also co infection was negatively correlated with malaria for male subjects (r=-0.044) while it is positively correlated with the female subjects (r=0.335). Similarly typhoid fever was negatively correlated with malaria in both male (r=-0.079) and females (r=-0.105) subjects. Conclusively, the results in this study showed that the prevalence of malaria and typhoid co-infections are low which means the no association was found between malaria and typhoid fever infections within the study area. Hence one cannot actually say that malaria may predispose to typhoid fever. Also cross reacting antigens are widely distributed in the microbial world and since there will always be repeated exposures to salmonella species in endemic regions, increased efforts should be made to find a better, more rapid, sensitive and specific clinical and cultural methods.

Bloodmeal sources and feeding behavior of anopheline mosquitoes in Bure district, northwestern Ethiopia

BackgroundMosquito bloodmeal sources determine the feeding rates, adult survival, fecundity, hatching rates, and developmental times. Only the female Anopheles mosquito takes bloodmeals from humans, birds, mammals, and other vertebrates for egg development. Studies of the host preference patterns in blood-feeding anopheline mosquitoes are crucial to determine malaria vectors. However, the human blood index, foraging ratio, and host preference index of anopheline mosquitoes are not known so far in Bure district, Ethiopia.MethodsThe origins of bloodmeals from all freshly fed and a few half-gravid exophagic and endophagic females collected using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps were identified as human and bovine using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The human blood index, forage ratio, and host feeding index were calculated.ResultsA total of 617 specimens belonging to An. arabiensis (n = 209), An. funestus (n = 217), An. coustani (n = 123), An. squamosus (n = 54), and An. cinereus (n = 14) were only analyzed using blood ELISA. Five hundred seventy-five of the specimens were positive for blood antigens of the host bloods. All anopheline mosquitoes assayed for a bloodmeal source had mixed- rather than single-source bloodmeals. The FR for humans was slightly > 1.0 compared to bovines for all Anopheles species. HFI for each pair of vertebrate hosts revealed that humans were the slightly preferred bloodmeal source compared to bovines for all species (except An. squamosus), but there was no marked host selection.ConclusionsAll anopheline mosquitoes assayed for bloodmeal ELISA had mixed feeds, which tends to diminish the density of gametocytes in the mosquito stomach, thereby reducing the chance of fertilization of the female gamete and reducing the chances of a malaria vector becoming infected. Moreover, An. coustani was the only species that had only human bloodmeals, meaning that this species has the potential to transmit the disease. Therefore, combination zooprophylaxis should be reinforced as a means of vector control because the study sites are mixed dwellings.Graphical

Plasmodium transcription repressor AP2-O3 regulates sex-specific identity of gene expression in female gametocytes.

Male and female gametocytes are sexual precursor cells essential for mosquito transmission of malaria parasite. Differentiation of gametocytes into fertile gametes (known as gametogenesis) relies on the gender‐specific transcription program. How the parasites establish distinct repertoires of transcription in the male and female gametocytes remains largely unknown. Here, we report that an Apetala2 family transcription factor AP2‐O3 operates as a transcription repressor in the female gametocytes. AP2‐O3 is specifically expressed in the female gametocytes. AP2‐O3‐deficient parasites produce apparently normal female gametocytes. Nevertheless, these gametocytes fail to differentiate into fully fertile female gametes, leading to developmental arrest in fertilization and early development post‐fertilization. AP2‐O3 disruption causes massive upregulation of transcriptionally dormant male genes and simultaneously downregulation of highly transcribed female genes in the female gametocytes. AP2‐O3 targets a substantial proportion of the male genes by recognizing an 8‐base DNA motif. In addition, the maternal AP2‐O3 is removed after fertilization, which is required for the zygote to ookinete development. Therefore, the global transcriptional repression of the male genes in the female gametocytes is required for safeguarding female‐specific transcriptome and essential for the mosquito transmission of Plasmodium.

Economic Burden of Malaria: A National Disease

World Health Organization (WHO) stated that Malaria is a life-threatening parasite illness caused by the Genus Plasmodium spreading to human beings through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria disease is curable and preventable. Unawareness of Malaria in non-endemic areas needs specific attention and the need for health awareness through the health care workers should be enhanced usual care in both areas. Despite being aware of the government programs and measures for the control of Malaria and the endless major problem of health disease in India and many other nations. The complexness and the panic preponderance of the disease are governed by multiple limitations as technological, functional, and monetary and therefore go on inflicting heavy socio-economic losses to people.

Metabolites from Marine Sponges and Their Potential to Treat Malarial Protozoan Parasites Infection: A Systematic Review.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Plasmodium genus through the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes, affecting 228 million people and causing 415 thousand deaths in 2018. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the most recommended treatment for malaria; however, the emergence of multidrug resistance has unfortunately limited their effects and challenged the field. In this context, the ocean and its rich biodiversity have emerged as a very promising resource of bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites from different marine organisms. This systematic review of the literature focuses on the advances achieved in the search for new antimalarials from marine sponges, which are ancient organisms that developed defense mechanisms in a hostile environment. The principal inclusion criterion for analysis was articles with compounds with IC50 below 10 µM or 10 µg/mL against P. falciparum culture. The secondary metabolites identified include alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides endoperoxides and glycosphingolipids. The structural features of active compounds selected in this review may be an interesting scaffold to inspire synthetic development of new antimalarials for selectively targeting parasite cell metabolism.

Update on malaria in Southern Africa.

Malaria is a eukaryotic plasmodium disease spread by the female Anopheles mosquito. Typically the malaria parasites invade the red blood cells. This results in fever, headache and can result in coma leading to death. Falciparum is the dangerous form of malaria leading to the most fatalities. Clasisically the red cells show ring forms and banana shaped gametocytes are seen in the peripheral blood.

The effect of rainfall on the spread of malaria in Indonesia

Background: Indonesia's territory consists of a large number of islands stretching from Sabang to Merauke. This condition causes different levels of development between regions. The eastern region of Indonesia is relatively slow when compared to the western region. This has resulted in the eastern region being in pristine condition and filled with forests. The climate in eastern Indonesia tends to be humid, resulting in high development of the female Anopheles mosquito, the cause of malaria.Methods: The use of the instrumental variable method is necessary, because the model has endogeneity problems. The data used in this study comes from the results of the 2018 Podes data and climate data.Results: The results of this study indicate that rainfall affects the number of malaria incidents and has a positive impact on mortality due to malaria, with coefficients of 0.0000779 and 0.0000142, respectively.Conclusions: Education is needed for the community to minimize malaria, which often occurs, generally in the Papua region. Through health promotion, it is hoped that the community will be able to live cleanly and healthily, as well as change their behavior in life, considering that the area is vulnerable to malaria.

Molecular Detection of Common Plasmodium Species in Malaria Vectors in Villages of Chabahar and Konarak, Iran

Background: Malaria is one of the most serious parasitic diseases and the major health issue in tropical and subtropical countries. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the type of infection of female Anopheles mosquitoes to sporozoites of Plasmodium species (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum), using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in southeastern Iran. Methods: To determine the infections and Plasmodium species using the nested PCR in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (southeastern Iran), 360 female Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from the control villages of Chabahar and Konarak counties and examined by entomology check stations affiliated with Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in the second half of 2018. The mosquitos were caught manually from indoor places (humans and animals) as well as natural and artificial sites, i.e., pit-shelters. After DNA extraction, the molecular analysis was performed by nested PCR. Results: Of 200 species collected from Daregas, Owraki, and Bahu Kalat in Chabahar, four Anopheles stephensi (2%) were infected with P. vivax, and of 160 samples collected from the rural districts of Konarak, including Zarabad, Heyan, Islamabad, and Joholu, two An. stephensi (1.25%) were infected with P. falciparum. In this study, no mixed infection of Plasmodiumvivax and Plasmodium falciparum were observed. Conclusions: The present study showed that the only species infected with Plasmodium in the aforementioned regions was An. stephensi, which was the most frequent species of Anopheles among other species as well. The nested PCR could be the most suitable method for detecting Plasmodium parasites in malaria vectors, among other diagnostic methods.

Classification of Malaria Complication Using CART (Classification and Regression Tree) and Naïve Bayes

Malaria is a disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite that transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria can become a dangerous disease if late have the medical treatment. The late medical treatment happened because of misdiagnosis and lack of medical staff, especially in the countryside. This problem can cause severe malaria that has complications. This study creates a system prediction to classify the severe malaria disease using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method and the probability of malaria complication using Naïve Bayes method. The first step of this study is classifying the patients that have symptom are infected severe malaria or not based on the model that has been built. The next step, if the patient classified severe malaria then the data predicted if there any probability of complication by the malaria. There are 8 possibilities of complication malaria which are convulsion, hypoglycemia, hyperpyrexia, and the combinations of these four. The first step will evaluate by using F-score, precision and recall while the second step will evaluate by using accuracy. The highest result F-score, precision and recall are 0.551, 0.471 and 0.717. The highest accuracy 81.2% which predicted the complication is Hypoglycemia.

Numerical treatment of optimal control theory applied to malaria transmission dynamic model

Malaria is preventable and curable but critical disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes. There were an estimated 228 million cases of malaria globally and its mortality remained at 405,000 in 2018. There are many models that have been developed but the aim of this paper is to analyse the potential impact of multiple current interventions in communities with limited resources. The authors in their previous work, developed a population-based model of malaria transmission dynamics to investigate the effectiveness of five different interventions. This model captured both the human and the mosquito compartments and considered 5 control interventions. Namely it was: educational campaigns to mobilise people for diagnostic test and treatment and to sleep under bed nets; treatment through mass drug administration; indoor residual spraying with insecticide to reduce malaria transmission; insecticide treated net to reduce morbidity; and regular destruction of mosquito breeding sites to reduce the number of new mosquito and bites/contact at dusks and dawn. In the present work we carried out basic mathematical analysis of the model, simulate the different scenarios developed and optimise the control interventions with optimal control. The potential of the control interventions to reduce transmission within 120 days was observed. The numerical experiments showed that the optimal strategy to effectively control malaria was through the combinations of controls in the models. The developed malaria model predicted the reduction, control and/or elimination of malaria threats through incorporating multiple control interventions. Therefore, multiple control measures should be adopted for malaria but in areas of limited resources, we can make use of strategy E and others in places where there are more resources.

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 1 h using a simplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by protists of the genus Plasmodium, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Analytical methodologies and efficient drugs exist for the early detection and treatment of malaria, and yet this disease continues infecting millions of people and claiming several hundred thousand lives each year. One of the reasons behind this failure to control the disease is that the standard method for malaria diagnosis, microscopy, is time-consuming and requires trained personnel. Alternatively, rapid diagnostic tests, which have become common for point-of-care testing thanks to their simplicity of use, tend to be insufficiently sensitive and reliable, and PCR, which is sensitive, is too complex and expensive for massive population screening.In this work, we report a sensitive simplified ELISA for the quantitation of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (Pf-LDH), which is capable of detecting malaria in 45–60 min. Assay development was founded in the selection of high-performance antibodies, implementation of a poly-horseradish peroxidase (polyHRP) signal amplifier, and optimization of whole-blood sample pre-treatment. The simplified ELISA achieved limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.11 ng mL−1 and 0.37 ng mL−1, respectively, in lysed whole blood, and an LOD comparable to that of PCR in Plasmodium in vitro cultures (0.67 and 1.33 parasites μL−1 for ELISA and PCR, respectively). Accordingly, the developed immunoassay represents a simple and effective diagnostic tool for P. falciparum malaria, with a time-to-result of <60 min and sensitivity similar to the reference PCR, but easier to implement in low-resource settings.

Activity of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase (CYPs) Metabolic Enzymes as Markers of Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles vagus Muara Enim Mosquitoes, Indonesia

A B S T R A C TThe use of synthetic pyrethroids in insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) and sprayform (IRS) has been carried out since 2012 in Muara Emil Village and since 2016 inall villages in Tanjung Agung District, Muara Enim Regency. Biochemical resistancecan occur to the enzymes that play a role in detoxifying the insecticide. This studyaims to identify whether there is an increase in the levels of the enzyme CytochromeP450 monooxygenase (CYPs) through the enzyme biochemical test on the malariavector mosquito Anopheles vagus originating from Pagar Dewa Village and MuaraEmil Village, Muara Enim Regency. The sample of female Anopheles mosquitoes wasnot full. Blood was taken at night using the resting collection method. Mosquitoesthat have been identified as Anopheles vagus species are used to check CYPs enzymelevels using the ELISA method. The results of the biochemical test showed thatenzyme levels increased from the Muara emil and Pagar Dewa village mosquitoeswith a percentage of 71% and 61.53% (with cut off point OD&gt; 0.165). The value ofCYPs enzyme levels for mosquitoes from Muara Emil village was higher than that ofthe mosquitoes from Pagar Dewa Village (mean 0.005027 ± 0.007). The increasedactivity of the CYPs enzyme plays a role in the detoxification of synthetic pyrethroidinsecticides that can cause resistance. The high levels of enzymes from the villagesof Muara Emil and Desa Farah Dewa are in line with intensive insecticide exposurein eradicating malaria vectors in the highest malaria transmission areas in MuaraEnim Regency.

Patterns of human exposure to early evening and outdoor biting mosquitoes and residual malaria transmission in Ethiopia

Ethiopia has shown a notable progress in reducing malaria burden over the past decade, mainly due to the scaleup of vector control interventions such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Based on the progress, the country has set goals to eliminate malaria by 2030. However, residual malaria transmission due to early evening and outdoor biting vectors could pose a challenge to malaria elimination efforts. This study assessed vector behavior, patterns of human exposure to vector bites and residual malaria transmission in southwestern Ethiopia. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected monthly from January to December 2018 using human landing catches (HLCs), human-baited double net traps, CDC light traps and pyrethrum spray catches. Human behavior data were collected using questionnaire to estimate the magnitude of human exposure to mosquito bites occurring indoors and outdoors at various times of the night. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine mosquito blood meal sources and sporozoite infections. A total of 2,038 female Anopheles mosquitoes comprising Anopheles arabiensis (30.8%), An. pharoensis (40.5%), An. coustani (28.1%), An. squamosus (0.3%) and An. funestus group (0.2%) were collected. Anopheles arabiensis and An. pharoensis were 2.4 and 2.5 times more likely to seek hosts outdoors than indoors, respectively. However, 66% of human exposure to An. arabiensis and 39% of exposure to An. pharoensis bites occurred indoors for LLIN non-users. For LLIN users, 75% of residual exposure to An. arabiensis bites occurred outdoors while 23% occurred indoors before bed time. Likewise, 84% of residual exposure to An. pharoensis bites occurred outdoors while 15% occurred indoors before people retired to bed. Anopheles arabiensis and An. pharoensis were 4.1 and 4.8 times more likely to feed on bovine than humans, respectively. Based on the HLC, an estimated indoor and outdoor EIR of An. arabiensis was 6.2 and 1.4 infective bites/person/year, respectively, whereas An. pharoensis had an estimated outdoor EIR of 3.0 infective bites/person/year. In conclusion, An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis showed exophagic and zoophagic behavior. Human exposure to An. arabiensis bites occurred mostly indoors for LLIN non-users, while most of the exposure to both An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis bites occurred outdoors for LLIN users. Malaria transmission by An. arabiensis occurred both indoors and outdoors, whereas An. pharoensis contributed exclusively to outdoor transmission. Additional control tools targeting early-evening and outdoor biting malaria vectors are required to complement the current control interventions to control residual transmission and ultimately achieve malaria elimination.

Comparative proteomic analysis of kinesin-8B deficient Plasmodium berghei during gametogenesis

Plasmodium blood stages, responsible for human to vector transmission, termed gametocytes, are the precursor cells that develop into gametes in the mosquito. Male gametogenesis works as a bottleneck for the parasite life cycle, where, during a peculiar and rapid exflagellation, a male gametocyte produces 8 intracellular axonemes that generate by budding 8 motile gametes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of gametogenesis is key to design strategies for controlling malaria transmission. In the rodent P. berghei, the microtubule-based motor kinesin-8B (PbKIN8B) is essential for flagellum assembly during male gametogenesis and its gene disruption impacts on completion of the parasitic life cycle. In efforts to improve our knowledge about male gametogenesis, we performed an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic comparison of P. berghei mutants with disrupted kinesin-8B gene (ΔPbkin8B) and wild type parasites. During the 15 min of gametogenesis, ΔPbkin8B parasites exhibited important motor protein dysregulation that suggests an essential role of PbKIN8B for the correct interaction or integration of axonemal proteins within the growing axoneme. The energy metabolism of ΔPbkin8B mutants was further affected, as well as the response to stress proteins, protein synthesis, as well as chromatin organisation and DNA processes, although endomitoses seemed to occur. SignificanceMalaria continues to be a global scourge, mainly in subtropical and tropical areas. The disease is caused by parasites from the Plasmodium genus. Plasmodium life cycle alternates between female Anopheles mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts through bites. Gametocytes are the parasite blood forms responsible for transmission from vertebrates to vectors. Inside the mosquito midgut, after stimulation, male and female gametocytes transform into gametes resulting in fertilization. During male gametogenesis, one gametocyte generates eight intracytoplasmic axonemes that generate, by budding, flagellated motile gametes involving a process termed exflagellation. Sexual development has a central role in ensuring malaria transmission. However, molecular data on male gametogenesis and particularly on intracytoplasmic axoneme assembly are still lacking. Since rodent malaria parasites permit the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments and reverse genetic studies, our group investigated the molecular events in rodent P. berghei gametogenesis. The P. berghei motor ATPase kinesin-8B is proposed as an important component for male gametogenesis. We generated Pbkin8B gene-disrupted gametocytes (ΔPbkin8B) that were morphologically similar to the wild- type (WT) parasites. However, in mutants, male gametogenesis is impaired, male gametocytes are disabled in their ability to assemble axonemes and to exflagellate to release gametes, reducing fertilization drastically. Using a comparative quantitative proteomic analysis, we associated the nonfunctional axoneme of the mutants with the abnormal differential expression of proteins essential to axoneme organisation and stability. We also observed a differential dysregulation of proteins involved in protein biosynthesis and degradation, chromatin organisation and DNA processes in ΔPbkin8B parasites, although DNA condensation, mitotic spindle formation and endomitoses seem to occur. This is the first functional proteomic study of a kinesin gene-disrupted Plasmodium parasite providing new insights into Plasmodium male gametogenesis.

THE USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TO ANALYSE PREVALENCE OF MALARIA PARASITE IN MINJIBIR, KANO STATE NIGERIA

Malaria is one of the tropical diseases popularly known all over Africa. It is caused by the female Anopheles mosquitoes which transmit Plasmodium falciparum into human blood and result in high fever or sudden death. Based on this study, people from the less developed region have poor hygiene and sanitation that contributed to the spread of the vector causing malaria. In this study, geospatial techniques were applied to collect the samples, about 125 samples were collected. The GPS capture was employed using the satellite image to georeference the area study. The data obtained are of four types; the National Health Management Information System (NHMIS, National Malaria Elimination Programme; Malaria Health Product-Daily Consumption Register, Minjibir General Hospital (Federal Ministry of Health), Sample Field Survey (Questionnaire) and Kano State Contributory Healthcare Management Agency (KSCHMA). The results indicated that over 26.4% of children are vulnerable to malaria, 24.8% of infants and 24% of adults. The overall analysis of the 5 villages including minjibir Gari surveyed have 84% of people tested positive with plasmodium falciparum in their blood and a few over 16% were tested with a negative reaction.

Modelling the Dynamics of Endemic Malaria Disease with Imperfect Quarantine and Optimal Control

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasite and it is transmitted among humans through bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes. In this paper, a new deterministic mathematical model for the endemic malaria disease transmission that incorporates imperfect quarantine and optimal control is proposed. Impact of various intervention strategies in the community with varying population at time t are analyzed using mathematical techniques. Further, the model is analyzed using stability theory of differential equations and the basic reproduction number is obtained from the largest eigenvalue of the next-generation matrix. Conditions for local and global stability of disease free, local stability of endemic equilibria and bifurcations are determined in terms of the basic reproduction number. The Center manifold theory is used to analyze the bifurcation of the model. It is shown that the model exhibit both a backward and a forward bifurcation. Reducing the biting rate of the quarantined people is advice able to minimize the spread of endemic malaria disease. The optimal control is designed by applying Pontryagins’s Maximum Principle (PMP) with four control strategies namely, insecticide treated nets, screening, treatment and indoor residual spray. The best strategy to control endemic malaria disease is the combination that incorporated all four control strategies.

Studi Indeks Eritrosit Pada Pasien Diagnosis Positif Malaria

Malaria is a contagious disease caused by parasites (protozoa) of the genus Plasmodium, which can be transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. There are 4 species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans, namely Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Malariae and Plasmodium Ovale. Malaria is an infectious disease that is found in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. This study aims to determine the description of the erythrocyte index in patients diagnosed with malaria positive at the Kotaratu Public Health Center, Ende Utara District. Erythrocyte index examination functions in determining the type of anemia. This research method is laboratory observation with a descriptive approach. The research sample was 20 patients with positive diagnosis of malaria in Kotaratu Public Health Center, Ende Utara District. The results of this study were 20 samples, for normal MCV values 10 samples (50%), 10 samples (50%) less than normal and 0 samples (0%) more than normal. The MCH value was less than normal for 7 samples (35%), 13 samples (65%) normal and 100% normal MCHC value. The conclusion is that in malaria parasite infection there is a low MCV is 50% and 50% normal, low MCH is 35%, and normal is 65, while normal MCHC is 100%. Keywords: Erythrocyte Index (MCV, MCH, MCHC), Malaria