Abstract

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person’s circulatory system. In the blood, the protists travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broadband around the equator, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americans Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, while Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae cause a generally milder form of malaria that is rarely fatal. The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 9 (%) and 21 (21%) respectively. The distribution of this result was statistically significant (p<0.05; X2=4.745). The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 6 (6%) and 4 (4%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.105). The result showed that prevalence of the co-infection in both male and female are 3 (3%) and 2 (2%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.205). The result showed that co-infection was negatively correlated with typhoid fever in both male (r=-0.055) and female (r=-0.074) subjects. Also co infection was negatively correlated with malaria for male subjects (r=-0.044) while it is positively correlated with the female subjects (r=0.335). Similarly typhoid fever was negatively correlated with malaria in both male (r=-0.079) and females (r=-0.105) subjects. Conclusively, the results in this study showed that the prevalence of malaria and typhoid co-infections are low which means the no association was found between malaria and typhoid fever infections within the study area. Hence one cannot actually say that malaria may predispose to typhoid fever. Also cross reacting antigens are widely distributed in the microbial world and since there will always be repeated exposures to salmonella species in endemic regions, increased efforts should be made to find a better, more rapid, sensitive and specific clinical and cultural methods.

Highlights

  • The rate and intensity of atmospheric degradation have been on the increase possibly as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrialization

  • The study evaluated the mycological quality of air environment around a market along East-West road in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

  • A total of 11 fungi species were recorded with 5 predominant species viz Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium chlamydosporum and Penicillium species, while 6 species, Aspergillus lentulus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Microsporum canis and Mucor species are opportunistic occurring in ≤50% of the study months)

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Summary

Introduction

The rate and intensity of atmospheric degradation have been on the increase possibly as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrialization. Like soil and water pollution, the effect of air pollution is a threat to the aero-environment and the associated biota. Atmospheric pollution could lead to changes in composition and distribution of species especially in microbes found in such environment. The distribution and presence of a particular microbe in a given environment depends on its adaptive strategies that enable it to thrive in such habitats. Microbes play detrimental as well as beneficial roles to both the environment and humans. The adverse roles play by microbes with respect to public health are of a serious concern because many infectious diseases that have devastated the world are caused by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi) [1]

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