Feed Ingredients Research Articles

Mетаболічна та продуктивна дія удосконалених за складом БВМД у раціонах годівлі молодняка овець

The article presents the results of the study of productive and metabolic effect of the use of a protein-vitamin-mineral supplement (PVMS), an improved formulation, as part of the feeding rations of young repair ewes of the Ukrainian mountain-Carpathian breed in the conditions of the natural-climatic zone of the Carpathian foothills, by introducing into their composition local highly nutritious feed components. The research was carried out during a two month period (February – March) in the conditions of the Radvan-Nova farm (Myloshevychi village, Pustomytivskyi district, Lviv region) on young ewes of the above breed in the winter-spring stall period. For this purpose, three groups of 12-month-old young ewes of 10 heads in each group (control and two experimental) were formed by the method of analogues, which were kept separately with the provision of proper care and level of feeding. The feeding ration consisted of meadow grass-herbaceous hay (unlimited), oat-pea straw (unlimited) and compound feed. The calves of the control group received 0.4 kg of standard compound feed according to the recipe of the ITSR named after M. F. Ivanov "Askania-Nova", the young ewes of the first experimental group – the same amount of experimental compound feed, the young ewes of the second experimental group – 0.3 kg of a mixture of whole grains of oats, barley, corn and 0.1 kg of experimental PVMS. The conducted studies established that, in the conditions of the indicated climatic zone, feeding of 12-14-month-old young ewes with the rations of compound feed and PVMS including local feed ingredients in their composition, compared to standard analogues, provides an increase in indicators of weight and linear growth of animals, a decrease in monetary expenditure on increases in live weight, improves biochemical indicators of metabolism in the blood. It is also shown that the use of compound feed and PVMS of an improved recipe compared to standard feed, when growing repair young ewes of the Ukrainian mountain-Carpathian breed aged 12–14 months in the winter-stall period makes it possible to reduce monetary costs for obtaining 1 t of growth gain by 10–13%

The Effect Of Dosage And Vermicast Types With Different Ingredients As An Organic Fertilizer Of Shallot (Alium Ascolonicum L.)

Vermicast is a used soil from worm maintenance that is product composting from its maintenance in the form of organic fertilizer and it is very suitable for plants. Vermicast contains various ingredients needed by plants that is hormones such as gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins, and contains of nutrients (N, P, K, Mg and Ca) and Azotobacter sp. which is a non-symbiotic N-fixing bacterium which can help enrich the N element for plants. In the use of vermicast can be solid or liquid. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of dosage and vermicast with different ingredients of feed as organic fertilizer for shallot. This research was conducted at the FPP Experiment Garden UMM in Tegalgondo Village with a height of ± 560 m above sea level. The study used a Randomized Block Design with two factors. The first factor: worm feed ingredients (K) consist of (K1); Blotong waste (K2); rumen waste (K3); combination of blotong and rumen waste. The second factor: the dosage of administration (U) consists of (U1); 4 Ton / ha (U2); 5 Tons / ha (U3); 6 Tons / ha (U4); 7 tons / ha. This research included nutrient content in vermicast and on the growth of shallot including: Length of plant, number of leaves, number of tubers, weight of fresh plant, weight of dry plant. The results of this research showed that the dosage and feed ingredients given had no significant effect on plant height parameters, number of leaves, weight of fresh plant, and weight of dry plant of shallot (Alium asconolicum L.) for However it was given significant effect for the height parameters of the plant at the age of 13 HST and the number of leaves at the age of 13 HST. And the best is the combination of K3U3 (Vermicast which is given a combination of blotong and rumen waste feed ingredients) with a dosage of 54 grams / plant.

Stability study and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of polyphenols in fish feed ingredients

The perception of polyphenols as a safe, healthy, and sustainable solution for replacing synthetic antioxidants has been an important factor for their rapid growing in the global food market. Therefore, it is essential to use reliable methods for their quantification in commercial products intended for animal or human consumption. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of some solvents used for the extraction of selected polyphenols, explore their stability under different experimental conditions, and validate a liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method for their quantification in commercial fish feed ingredients by using the standard addition method. The regression models for gallic acid, hydroxytyrosol, catechin, oleuropein, carnosol and carnosic acid were linear in the range 0–30 μg/mL, limit of detection and quantification around 0.03 and 0.1 μg/mL, respectively, and accuracy within ± 15 % of the nominal concentrations. The method was successfully applied to the determination of specific polyphenols in commercial fish feed ingredients supplemented with polyphenols from olive and rosemary extracts.

Seasonal variation of mycotoxin levels in poultry feeds and feed ingredients in Oyo State, Nigeria.

Mycotoxins pose a major problem to poultry production as a result of feed contamination which has deleterious consequences such as production losses and human health risks. A total of 158 chicken feed samples were randomly collected from 46 consenting poultry farms in Oyo State throughout the wet season (April-October; 91 samples) and the dry season (November-March; 67 samples), including compounded feed (n = 129) and feed ingredients (n = 29). Samples were promptly transported to the laboratory in sterile plastic vials for lateral flow assay for mycotoxins using six different commercial mycotoxin test kits each for aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisin, and T-2 toxin/HT-2 toxin. Summary values of mycotoxin levels (µg/kg) in the feedstuffs were represented as frequency or median (and range). Fisher exact or Mann-Whitney U tests were carried out where appropriate at α = 0.05. Every sample contained at least four mycotoxins. Aflatoxins and fumonisin co-occurred in 80% of the samples. Aflatoxin and fumonisin concentrations were above the permissible limits in 32.9% and 18.4% respectively in feedstuff sampled in the dry season while the values were 17.1% and 6.3% respectively during the wet season. Among feed ingredients, peanut cake and maize had the highest median concentration of aflatoxin and fumonisin, respectively. Median aflatoxin concentration in the feedstuff was significantly higher than the permissible limit irrespective of season. There is a need to frequently monitor mycotoxin levels of feed and feed ingredients and improve storage system for feed ingredients in order to reduce the risk associated with high mycotoxin intake in poultry.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants in Apple Pomace (var. Belorusskoje malinovoje) Using Response Surface Methodology: Scope and Opportunity to Develop as a Potential Feed Supplement or Feed Ingredient

Apple pomace represents an underexploited source of bioactive compounds. This study examines the optimization of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant extraction yield of apple pomace (variety: Belorusskoje malinovoje) using response surface methodology. The green extraction technique used was ultrasound-assisted extraction, and it was compared with conventional solvent extraction. The impact of extraction time and amplitude of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the yield of polyphenols and antioxidants has been evaluated. Total phenolic content was determined using an established TPC assay. The antioxidant activity of the apple pomace was determined using established assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). Furthermore, the potential of apple pomace as a feed material was explored by assessing its nutritional composition, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acid content. The extraction of antioxidants and phenolic compounds was efficiently optimized using RSM. The optimal conditions for TPC and DPPH• analyses were achieved with an extraction time of 17.5 min and an ultrasound-assisted extraction amplitude of 20%. Optimal conditions for ABTS•+ were 5 min extraction time and 20% amplitude. Conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods yielded comparable results. Moreover, apple pomace exhibits potential as a feed ingredient despite its modest protein content. This study contributes to the utilization of apple pomace by providing additional information on its antioxidant content and nutritional composition, thus contributing to its sustainable utilization in various industries, especially the livestock feed sector.

Exploiting Agri-Food Waste as Feed for Tenebrio molitor Larvae Rearing: A Review.

The agri-food industry generates substantial amounts of waste, including by-products and residues. The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly practices in the agri-food sector has sparked an interest in finding alternative uses for such waste materials. One promising approach is the utilization of waste from the agri-food industry as feed for the rearing of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor). Since agri-food waste is rich in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins, as well as other bioactive compounds, all of which are essential for insect growth and development, incorporating such waste into the diet of mealworms promotes sustainable insect production, reducing the economic and environmental problems associated with waste disposal. This practice can also be beneficial for the rearing of mealworms since their nutritional value can also be enhanced. To this end, various waste materials, such as fruit and vegetable peels, spent grains, and food processing residues, have been investigated as potential feed sources, leading to increased mass production, lower cost, and enhanced nutritional value. This review aims to highlight the potential of agri-food waste as a feed source for mealworms, as well as their potential to enhance their nutritional value. Furthermore, the potential applications of mealworms reared on agri-food waste are highlighted, including their potential as a sustainable protein source for human consumption and as feed ingredients in the livestock and aquaculture sectors.

The Development of a Risk Assessment Model for Inedible Rendering Plants in Canada: Identifying and Selecting Feed Safety-Related Factors.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is developing an establishment-based risk assessment model to categorize rendering plants that produce livestock feed ingredients (ERA-Renderer model) according to animal and human health risks (i.e., feed safety risks) and help in determining the allocation of inspection resources based on risk. The aim of the present study was to identify and select feed-safety-related factors and assessment criteria for inclusion in the ERA-Renderer model. First, a literature review was performed to identify evidence-based factors that impact the feed safety risk of livestock feed during its rendering processes. Secondly, a refinement process was applied to retain only those that met the inclusion conditions, such as data availability, lack of ambiguity, and measurability. Finally, an expert panel helped in selecting factors and assessment criteria based on their knowledge and experience in the rendering industry. A final list of 32 factors was developed, of which 4 pertained to the inherent risk of a rendering plant, 8 were related to risk mitigation strategies, and 20 referred to the regulatory compliance of a rendering plant. A total of 179 criteria were defined to assess factors based on practices in the Canadian rendering industry. The results of this study will be used in the next step of the model development to estimate the relative risks of the assessment criteria considering their impact on feed safety. Once implemented, the CFIA's ERA-Renderer model will provide an evidence-based, standardized, and transparent approach to help manage the feed safety risks in Canada's rendering sector.

Level of aflatoxins in dairy feeds, poultry feeds, and feed ingredients produced by feed factories in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Aflatoxins are one of the major factors that affect the quality and safety of feeds. They can be transferred into livestock through contaminated feed and then onto humans via animal sources of food such as milk, meat, and eggs. The objective of this study was to detect and quantify the level of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, and total aflatoxin) in dairy feeds, poultry (layer and broiler) feeds, and feed ingredients produced in Addis Ababa. A total of 42 feeds and feed ingredients consisting of dairy feeds (n = 5), poultry broiler feeds (n = 6), layer feeds (n = 6), and feed ingredients (n = 25) were collected from feed factories in the city and analyzed in fresh weigh basis. The aflatoxins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography after clean-up with immunoaffinity columns. Aflatoxin B1 levels in feeds ranged from 51.66 to 370.51µg/kg in dairy cattle feed, from 1.45 to 139.51µg/kg in poultry layer feed, and from 16.49 to 148.86µg/kg in broiler feed. Aflatoxin B1 levels in maize ranged from 2.64 to 46.74µg/kg and in Niger seed cake from 110.93 to 438.86µg/kg. Aflatoxin B1 levels in wheat bran, wheat middling, and soybean were below 5µg/kg. 100% of dairy feeds, 67% of poultry layer, 67% of broiler feeds, and 24% of ingredients contained aflatoxin in levels higher than the maximum tolerable limit set by the US Food and Drug Administration and Ethiopian Standard Agency. This shows the need for strong regulatory monitoring and better feed management practices to prevent consumers of animal-source foods from significant health impacts associated with aflatoxins.

Bioactive Feed Ingredients used in Aquaculture: A Review

Food security is a critical concern for nations like India, where poverty affects access to nutritious food for a significant portion of the population. While India has made strides in addressing this issue through agricultural revolutions, evolving demands necessitate a reformation in aquaculture practices. With a global surge in demand for fish and fisheries products due to their nutritional benefits, aquaculture has become pivotal. However, the intensification of aquaculture brings risks such as disease outbreaks and rising costs of essential feed ingredients like fish meal, particularly impacting the shrimp industry. To mitigate these challenges, exploring alternatives like bioactive feed additives sourced from marine and agricultural origins emerges as a promising solution. Marine derivatives such as algae offer nutritional benefits and bioactive compounds, while agri-industrial wastes provide versatile applications, including medicinal plant extracts and plant-based ingredients. Additionally, complex bioactive feed ingredients like probiotics, prebiotics, metabiotics, and phytobiotics show promise for enhancing the health and productivity of cultivated aquatic organisms. Integration of these alternatives into aquaculture practices presents a sustainable approach to improving food security, feeding efficiency, animal health and economic sustainability in India and beyond.

Comparative Study of Plant Based Isoproteinous Diets on the Growth Performance of Labeo rohita and Catla catla Fingerlings

The present study was carried out to compare the effect of different plant based protein on the growth performance of Labeo rohita and Catla catla fingerlings. The experiment was designed as two experimental diets and one control group. Control groups contains (Mustard oil cake + Rice bran) whereas, experimental diets T1 (Soybean meal + Corn flour) and T2 (Groundnut meal + Wheat flour), both formulated by using the Pearson square method to maintain protein content of 35%. The result showed that, the best survival and growth performances including SGR, FCR and PER was found in treatment T1(Soybean meal + Corn flour) as compared to other treatments. The findings suggested that the inclusion of Soya bean meal along with Corn flour in the diet led to superior fish growth and overall fish production compared to other plant-based feed ingredients investigated in this study. These results contributed valuable insights into optimizing plant-based diets for enhancing the growth and production efficiency of L. rohita and C. catla fingerlings during aquaculture operations.

Evaluation of blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Calliphoridae: Diptera) as an alternate source of protein in broiler feed

Abstract Poultry industry is one of the fastest growing agri-businesses in the world. However, the usage of expensive soybean meal and fishmeal as poultry feed ingredients is making it less profitable and environmentally unsustainable. Insects are becoming more popular as an alternate protein source in poultry feed because they are more sustainable, cost-efficient and eco-friendly than most of the conventional poultry feed sources. In the present study, we replaced 4%, 8% and 12% soybean meal with blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Calliphoridae: Diptera) larvae and evaluated its impact on growth performances, hematological parameters, intestinal morphometry and meat quality of Ross 308 broiler. For comparison, we also evaluated commercially available full fat Hermetia illucens (Stratiomyidae: Diptera) larvae. Three hundred and fifty 1-day-old chicks with initial weight of 40.28 g/chick were randomly divided into seven experimental diets (5 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen). All the dietary treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous, meeting the nutrient requirements of the broilers. The results revealed that the broiler fed on 12% C. megacephala or H. illucens had significantly higher () live weight, average daily weight gain and better feed conversion ratios. The diets containing 12% C. megacephala or H. illucens significantly improved the blood haematology and serum bio-chemistry in the broiler. The gut histological indices of jejunum and ileum such as villus height (Vh), crypt depth (Cd), villus width (Vw), and Vh/Cd ratios also improved by the feeding of 12% C. megacephala and H. illucens diets. The broiler fed on 12% H. illucens diet showed higher L* (lightness) and a* (redness), while those fed on 12% C. megacephala showed higher b* (yellowness) in breast meat (Pectoralis major). Both species performed equally well in growth performance, haematology, serum bio-chemistry, gut histology and meat quality. It was concluded that replacement of soybean meal with 12% C. megacephala or H. illucens larvae improves the growth performance, blood haematology, gut histology and meat color and lightness traits of broiler and thus can be used as an alternate source of protein in broiler feed.

Rearing methods of four insect species intended as feed, food, and food ingredients: a review.

Over the past 2 decades, the potential of insects as food and feed has been recognized globally. Insects as feed ingredients can improve sustainability because of their lower greenhouse gas emissions and their potential to transform organic wastes into high-quality feed rich in nutrients. However, currently, the practical use of insects as food or feed is limited by the high costs of insect production. A great deal of effort is required to improve the rearing technology necessary to establish the principles of insect farming. Several insect species have become industrialized using existing methods of production. The most common industrialized insect species intended as feed and food include the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae); the house cricket, Acheta domesticus L. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae); the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae); and the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). This review focuses on describing the existing rearing methods for these 4 insect species, which may provide a basis for future research to enhance insect production capabilities.

The Growth & Survival of Tilapia Fry (Oreochronis niloticus) with the Addition of Fermented Coconut Pulp to Feed

Feed is one of the components that support the aquaculture business, hence the available feed must be sufficient and meet the needs of the fish. The use of coconut pulp as a feed ingredient is limited by its low protein content and high crude fiber content, which reduces the feed's digestibility level. Fermentation is a technology used to increase protein content and reduce crude fiber content, and increase protein digestibility. A. adding fermented coconut pulp 65%, commercial feed 35%, B. adding fermented coconut pulp 45%, commercial feed 55%, C. adding fermented coconut pulp 25%, 75% commercial feed, D. Control (100% commercial feed). This study aimed to analyze the effect of adding fermented coconut pulp to the commercial feed on the growth and survival of tilapia fry (Orechromis niloticus). The research is an experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications for 12 experimental units. The results showed that the addition of fermented coconut pulp to tilapia feed had no significant effect on absolute weight and absolute length growth, but had a significant effect on the survival rate of tilapia fry. The best dose of adding fermented coconut pulp to the feed was found in the 25% treatment. The addition of fermented coconut pulp up to 45% did not make a significant difference with the use of commercial feed (control). This indicates the addition of fermented coconut pulp up to 45% can still be given to fish, hence it can be recommended that the addition of fermented coconut pulp to the feed should not exceed 45%.

Effect of supplementing concentrate mixture with field pea hull on yearling ram lambs of local sheep: Nutrient intake, linear body measurements, and changes in body weight

The fattening of sheep has been recognized as a potentially profitable activity in the highlands of Ethiopia. However, feed shortage and increasing prices for conventional feed ingredients and commercially formulated concentrate mixtures critically affect the fattening practice of sheep in the country. So, this feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding field pea hull at different inclusion levels with a concentrate mixture on feed intakes, nutrient utilization, linear body measurements, and body weight gain. Eighteen yearling ram lambs were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments using a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were T1 (control), fed native hay adlibitum + concentrate mixture formulated using only conventional feed ingredients (0% field pea hull); T2 and T3 were fed native hay adlibitum + concentrate mixture formulated with inclusion of 35% field pea hull and 50% field pea hull, respectively along with other feed ingredients. The feeding trial was conducted for 90 days. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS, and Turkey’s HSD multiple-comparison was used for means separation. The result showed a significant (p<0.001) variation in dry matter and nutrient intake among treatments. The DMI was the highest in T3, followed by T2, while it was the lowest in T1. The average total neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber intakes and metabolizable energy intake were highest in T3 and followed by T2, while they were the lowest in T1. The average total body weight gain (kg) was higher in T3 (9.0kg) and T2 (8.67kg) than in T1 (6.58kg). Similarly, higher average daily body weight gains were recorded in T3 (100g) and T2 (96.3g) than in T1 (73.2g). Sheep that were fed field pea hull by the inclusion of 50 % in concentrate mixtures (T3) were more efficient in feed utilization (p<0.05) than T1 as they consumed significantly less amount of feed per 1 g of body weight gain. Hence, it is concluded that feeding of 50% field pea hull along with concentrate mixture could be used for better fattening performance of sheep.

Nutrient and Energy Apparent Digestibility of Protein-Based Feed Ingredients and Effect of the Dietary Factors on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Sobaity Seabream, Sparidentex hasta.

Two separate feeding trials were undertaken to benchmark a series of commercial diets and determine the nutrient and energy apparent digestibility coefficients of a variety of protein-based feed ingredients when fed to sobaity seabream, Sparidentex hasta. In Experiment 1, triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight: 330.5 ± 2.6 g) were fed with one of three locally available diets containing crude protein (CP) levels ranging from 44 to 46% of dry matter (DM), each with ~12% crude fat. Fish grew at around 3.2 g day-1 with a specific growth rate (SGR) of 0.7% day-1. Both the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly better in fish fed diets, which contained the highest (46.4%) crude protein level. Overall, the data from these preliminary studies suggest that the best performance by sobaity seabream was obtained with a diet containing 46% crude protein, 20 MJ/kg, and a protein-to-energy ratio of 23 mg/kJ. In Experiment 2, fish with an initial body weight of 319 ± 7 g were held in 11 tanks and fed reference (D1) and test diets (D2-D11) for 7 days before fecal collection. This process was repeated twice in a blocking arrangement to generate three replicates. Each of the ten test diets contained 30% of a test ingredient, with the remaining 70% proportionally identical to the D1 diet. Diet apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) were measured, and the diet ADCs were then used to derive the protein and energy ADCs for the individual test ingredients. Ingredient protein ADC ranged between 75.5 and 93.9%, while ingredient energy ADC ranged between 66.8 and 81.2%.

Differential expression of immune-related biomarkers in primary cultures from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to processed Paecilomyces variotii with or without inactivated Moritella viscosa

Paecilomyces variotii (a filamentous fungus), is a promising novel protein source in fish feeds due to its high nutritional value. Also, P. variotii has Microbial-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) such as glucans and nucleic acids that could modulate the host's immune response. To understand the potential bioactive properties of this fungus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), our study was conducted to evaluate the gene expression of immune-related biomarkers (e.g., cytokines, effector molecules and receptors) on primary cultures from salmon head kidney (HKLs) and spleen leukocytes (SLs) exposed to either UV inactivated or fractions from P. variotii with or without inactivated Moritella viscosa (a skin pathogen in salmonids). Moreover, the effect of the fermentation conditions and down-stream processing on the physical ultrastructure and cell wall glucan content of P. variotii was characterized. The results showed that drying had a significant effect on the cell wall ultrastructure of the fungi and the choice of fermentation has a significant effect on the quantity of β-glucans in P. variotii. Furthermore, stimulating Atlantic salmon HKLs and SLs with P. variotii and its fractions induced gene expression related to pro-inflammatory (tnfα, il1β) and antimicrobial response (cath2) in HKLs, while response in SLs was related to both pro-inflammatory and regulatory response (tnfα, il6 and il10). Similarly, the stimulation with inactivated M. viscosa alone led to an up-regulation of genes related to pro-inflammatory (tnfα, il1β, il6) antimicrobial response (cath2), intra-cellular signalling and recognition of M. viscosa (sclra, sclrb) and a suppression of regulatory response (il10) in both HKLs and SLs. Interestingly, the co-stimulation of cells with P. variotii and M. viscosa induced immune homeostasis (il6, tgfβ) and antimicrobial response (cath2) in SLs at 48h. Thus, P. variotii induces immune activation and cellular communication in Atlantic salmon HKLs and SLs and modulates M. viscosa induced pro-inflammatory responses in SLs. Taken together, the results from physical and chemical characterization of the fungi, along with the differential gene expression of key immune biomarkers, provides a theoretical basis for designing feeding trials and optimize diets with P. variotii as a functional novel feed ingredient for Atlantic salmon.

Biorefining of legume and grass biomasses: Technological properties and bioactivities of the green juice

Five legume species (fodder galega, green pea, faba bean, red clover, and white clover) and one grass (timothy) grown under field conditions were investigated as potential future foods. Technological characteristics, such as emulsifying and foaming properties and nitrogen solubility indices, were determined from the green juices pressed from the whole plants. Secondly, the juices were evaluated for their antioxidative, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Faba bean green juice showed the highest emulsion stability and capacity, 66.0 ± 3.3 % and 18.0 ± 2.7 g/mg respectively, and second highest emulsion activity (58.4 ± 0.92 %). Considering the foaming properties, the highest activity was shown by white clover (433 ± 0.0 %) and green pea juices (411 ± 19.2 %). At the same time, the foam stability was remarkable for green pea juice (1078 ± 181.9 min) when compared to the other juices studied. The juices showed nitrogen solubility indices of about 50 % at pH 8, which were rather similar to those shown for the seeds of the same species in the literature. The antioxidant activities correlated with the total phenolic content. The highest antioxidant activity was shown by faba bean green juice both in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. In addition, a weak positive correlation was observed between the total phenolic content and the antibacterial properties using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains, although mainly in the case of the latter strain, high inhibition readings were observed for all other plants than white clover. All juices showed some anti-inflammatory activity on human monocyte activation: the faba bean and red clover were the most efficient materials (IC50 concentrations 49 ± 41 and 206 ± 68 mg/L, respectively).- These results suggest that the green juices tested may provide novel health-promoting food and feed ingredients in the future.

Biomass of the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula toruloides as feed ingredient in the diet of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus): impact on quality; safety and sensory outcome

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to test the impact of replacing vegetable oils commonly used in the feed of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) with biomass of the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula toruloides. For that, a control feed containing vegetable oils and an experimental feed including yeast biomass at 15% level, were fed to Arctic char. Sensory properties of the fish were tested. The content of undesirable compounds in the new feed ingredient were evaluated. Selected heavy metals and organic pollutants were measured in the yeast biomass and the levels found were below the limits of the regulations defined by the European Union. Moisture and ash contents were similar between the two feeds. Hepatic activity of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase was evaluated between the two fish groups and no significant differences were observed. The sensory analysis conducted on heat treated fish fillets with untrained volunteers showed no perceptible sensory difference.

Determination of Phytase-hydrolyzable Phosphorus in Selected Animal Feed Ingredients by In Vitro Digestion Method

Feed phytase is one of the most successful biotechnological applications that led to better farm performance and effective phosphorus (P) reduction in animal excrement. Better estimation of phytase-hydrolyzable P (PHP) in feeds can further improve the estimation of animal rations for higher productivity. PHP in yellow corn, feed wheat, wheat pollard, rice bran, soybean meal, copra meal, and monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP) was determined by in vitro digestion. To determine if PHP values of feed ingredients are additive, three formulated diets were also subjected to the same method. The procedure consisted of phytase, pepsin, and pancreatin digestion periods – each of which simulated the different sections of poultry’s gastrointestinal tract. After these three incubations, the P contents in the dialysate and residual fluids – with and without enzyme – were analyzed. Results showed that yellow corn contained the highest PHP value with 52.54% of its total soluble P – followed by soybean meal, rice bran, copra meal, and feed wheat with 52.32, 39.86, 26.77, and 21.9%, respectively. Wheat pollard and MDCP had –58.47 and –2.63%, respectively. On the other hand, formulated diets 1, 2, and 3 contained actual PHPs of 32.3, 14.02, and 38.68% – as well as calculated values of 33.22, 29.13, and 40.1%, respectively. Statistical analyses showed no significant difference between the actual and calculated values. Therefore, PHP is additive when used in diet formulation. Lastly, comparing the P in the dialysate from the experiment and the available P present in the seven feed samples based on literature indicated that the experimental values were lower than those of the literature data for all samples. This discrepancy can be attributed to the type of samples analyzed; the experimental data were obtained upon in vitro assay of individual feeds, whereas the literature values were based on an as-fed basis, which may contain other components normally fed to animals.

Bean Sprouts, Lettuce, and Milk as Water Sources in Tenebrio molitor Larval Growth.

The Tenebrio molitor larva (yellow mealworm) holds great potential as a sustainable ingredient in food and feed. Optimizing its growth under mass farming requires careful water management. However, the availability and cost of fresh fruit and vegetables, which are the most widely used sources of water, can vary geographically, which calls for the search for relatively affordable, effective, and readily available alternatives. We evaluated the effect of three water sources (bean sprouts, lettuce leaves, and milk) as well as their quantity on weights and nutrient profiles of reared T. molitor larvae. Newly hatched mealworm larvae were maintained in controlled conditions of 25 °C and 60% relative humidity under a 12-h light-dark cycle for 15 weeks. When provided as sole-supplements, bean sprouts induced the highest larval weight gains compared to fresh lettuce leaves, which in turn performed better than milk and water. However, the addition of milk to the vegetable supplements enhanced growth. Furthermore, doubling the level of water supply resulted in 70% higher larval weights by week 14 post hatching. Moreover, water sources did not change the nutrient content of the harvested larvae. These findings suggest that mealworm productivity can be enhanced by increasing water feed levels and that bean sprouts may be a superior alternative to lettuce.