Feed Ingredients Research Articles

PENDAMPINGAN PETERNAK BABI DALAM PERENCANAAN PENYEDIAAN PAKAN DI DUSUN WAIYARI DESA SULI KECAMATAN SALAHUTU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

Pig farming is one of the livestock sectors with good roles and prospects to be developed in Indonesia, especially in non-Muslim settlement areas. Suli Village is one of the villages on Ambon Island that can be used for pig farming development, as currently, there are already 1112 pigs being raised. The problem lies in the maintenance system, including the feeding system, which has not been implemented properly. To overcome this, assistance, counselling, and practice in formulating and providing rations for pig farmers are conducted. The method used in this activity is participatory counselling, which involves farmers in decision-making and discussion. In this activity, other feed ingredients that are not commonly used are introduced. The feeding does not consider the needs of the animals because only a 5 kg paint can is provided to the pigs in one block of the pen without considering the quantity and needs of the animals. Therefore, feeding according to qualitative and quantitative needs is introduced. The evaluation results of the activities show that the farmers have sufficiently understood the material conveyed because they have provided feed to the pigs being raised according to the quantity and needs, utilizing more agricultural and food industry waste in animal feed.

Glycerol supplementation in farmed fish species: A review from zootechnical performance to metabolic utilisation

AbstractGlycerol, an abundant by‐product of biodiesel production, has gained attention due to its price and availability for potential commercial applications, and thus utilisation as an animal feed ingredient. This article comprehensively reviews glycerol utilisation in fish and its potential as a dietary ingredient for aquaculture. While dietary inclusion of glycerol may offer cost‐effective energy and metabolic intermediates, studies report inconsistent results regarding its effects on nutrient digestibility, zootechnical performance, and product quality. Recent studies however have demonstrated that dietary glycerol supplementation in fish induces metabolic shifts, such as alterations to gluconeogenesis and/or lipogenesis, modifying energy utilisation. Additionally, glycerol has been proposed to reduce protein catabolism, minimising nitrogen excretion and its environmental impact, but its influence on protein retention remains uncertain. Nevertheless, it is important to carefully consider the balance between feed palatability and these potential metabolic alterations when incorporating glycerol in aquafeeds. This review highlights the need for more studies to expand our understanding of glycerol metabolism in fish, since it does not seem to be metabolised by carnivorous species as much as omnivorous. Future research should explore the effects of glycerol supplementation on fish with different feeding habits and in developmental stages, as well as diverse environmental salinities and temperatures. Insight into the impact of impurities and the optimisation of glycerol inclusion in aquafeeds are recommended to support sustainable aquaculture practices and the utilisation of glycerol as a valuable resource.

Nonlinear models of 15N partitioning kinetics in late-lactation dairy cows from individually labeled feed ingredients

Few studies have examined the N kinetics of individual feeds with stable isotope tracing. We hypothesized that N partitioning to milk and excreta pools as well as the rates of the processes that drive this partitioning would differ for alfalfa silage, corn silage, corn grain, and soybean meal. Feed ingredients were endogenously labeled with 15N and included in 4 diets to create treatments with the same dietary composition and different labeled feed. Diets were fed to 12 late-lactation dairy cows for 4 d (96 h) and feces, urine, and milk collection proceeded during the 4 d of 15N enrichment and for 3 d (80 h) after cessation of label feeding. Nonlinear models of 15N enrichment and decay were fit to milk (MN), urine (UN), and fecal N (FN) in R with the nlme package, and feed-specific parameter estimates were compared. The estimated proportions of feed N that were excreted in feces supported our understanding that N from soybean meal and corn grain is more digestible than N from alfalfa and corn silage. Estimates for the N partitioning between milk and urine from the 2 concentrate feeds (soybean meal and corn grain) indicated that UN/MN ratios were less than or equal to 1:1, indicating either more or equal nitrogen partitioning to milk compared with urine. It is important to maintain factual accuracy in representing the results rather than implying a desired outcome unsupported by the data. In contrast, UN/MN ratios for forage feeds (corn and alfalfa silage) were >1:1, indicating more N partitioning to urine than milk. The modeled proportion of total FN that originated from feed N was 82.2%, which is in line with previous research using a similar 15N measurement timeframe. However, the proportion of urinary and MN originating from feed N was much lower (60.5% for urine, 57.9% for milk), suggesting that approximately 40% of urinary and MN directly originate from body N sources related to protein turnover.

Fermented mahua oil cake in the diet of Labeo rohita: effects on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response

Market instability, increased competition, escalating price and reduced availability of conventional ingredients warrants the researchers to rely on alternative feed ingredients. This approach may help in producing aqua feeds in a sustainable and cost-effective way to accomplish the global food and nutritional securities. Mahua oil cake (Bassia latifolia) is an underutilized non-conventional ingredient that holds promise for incorporation into aqua feed following nutrient enhancement by solid-state fermentation. A five-month pond feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of Sachharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis fermented mahua oil cake (MOC) on the production performance, nutrient utilization, digestive capacity, and innate immunological responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings. For this, two iso-nitrogenous feed were formulated and prepared incorporating fermented MOC at different levels i.e. 0 and 40 percentage replacing soybean meal and other feed ingredients and fed to rohu fingerlings of two treatment groups in pond culture for 5 months duration. Improved growth performance, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and digestive capacity were observed in fish fed diets with 40 percent of fermented MOC compared to control. Innate immune responses parameters (respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme and hemaglutination activities) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fishes fed with fermented MOC. Therefore, we conclude incorporation of solid state fermented mahua oil cake up to 40% level in diet of L. rohita fingerlings in pond culture without any adverse effects on growth, nutrient utilization and innate immune response.

Copra Meal: A Review of Its Production, Properties, and Prospects.

Copra meal, the byproduct of coconut oil production, has been widely available at low cost but has been underutilized, with huge portions still becoming waste. Extensive research on different species have been performed to improve its use as an alternative feed ingredient, aiming to reduce the impact of fluctuating feed prices in some parts of the world where coconut is a major commodity. As for any biological product, the physical and chemical properties of copra meal play a crucial role in its use and limitations. In the case of copra meal, studies have found that additional treatments are needed to improve its nutritional composition and make it readily and efficiently available for ruminant and monogastric animals, poultry, and aquaculture applications. This paper presents a summary of up-to-date information on the physical and chemical characteristics of the product, as well as discussions on the various methods employed to improve and optimize its biological value as animal feed. There have been limited studies that have explored other effective and economical means of utilizing copra meal outside the livestock and feed industry. Hence, this paper also aims to provide a lens on future prospects and diverse applications involving copra meal, as well as to present the gaps and challenges that have to be addressed to maximize its product value and biological potential.

YEAST POPULATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE IN THE FECES OF YOUNG AND ADULT ETAWA CROSSBREED GOATS IN SUKAWATI DISTRICT, GIANYAR REGENCY

Sacharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast that has great potential to increase the nutritional value of feed ingredients and increase the activity of rumen microbial performance, by utilizing oxygen so that rumen conditions are anaerobic, which makes cellulolytic bacteria develop well. This study aims to determine the population of S. cerevisiae yeast in young and adult etawa crossbreed goat feces. The samples used were 27 of etawa crossbreed goat feces from etawa crossbreed goat farms in Sukawati Sub-District, Gianyar Regency. There are three treatments given, namely etawa crossbreed goat feces from young goats aged 0-2 months, 3-5 months and adult goats aged over 6 months. This study used a Randomized Group Design by comparing the yeast population of S. cerevisiae in the feces of young and adult etawa crossbreed goats, which was done microscopically using a hemocytometer. The results showed that the average yeast content of S. cerevisiae in the feces of young etawa crossbreed goats aged 0-2 months was 25.56 x 104 ± 16,666.667 cells/ml, 3-5 months 42.22 x 104 ± 26,352.314 cells/ml, and adult goats aged 6 months to above 94.44 x 104 ± 30,459.445 cells/ml. There is a very significant difference, the burden of the yeast S. cerevisiae in the feces of adult Etawa crossbreed goats is higher compared to young goats. Further testing needs to be done on the type of yeast found in the feces and stomach of Etawa crossbreed goats.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PICTURE OF WHITE RATS LIVER DUE TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF MIMOSIN FROM SIMPLISIA LEUCAENA LEAF

Leucaena leaves (Leucaena leucocephala) are widely used as cattle feed because they contain high protein, flavonoids, tannins and other beneficial substances. In addition to containing good animal feed ingredients, it turns out that leucaena leaves contain toxic ingredients called mimosin. This study aims to study the impact of mimosin on the liver of experimental animals. The study used white rats (Rattus norvegicus) male wistar, aged 2 months with a body weight of 300-350 g, as many as 20 heads divided into 4 treatment groups. The 4 treatment groups were negative control (P0), positive control was given pure mimosin 5 mg/head/day (P1), group was given mimosin from leucaena leaf simplisia 50 mg/head/day (P2), group was given mimosin from leucaena leaf simplisia 150 mg/head/day (P3). Each treatment was given orally for 14 days. On day 15, a necropsy was performed and then the liver was taken and then put into neutral 10% formalin buffer (NBF) for further histopathology using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. Histopathological examination is carried out covering five lesion variables, namely fatty degeneration, congestion, bleeding, inflammation, and necrosis. The severity of the lesion was scored, namely score 0 (normal), score 1 (mild), score 2 (medium) and score 3 (severe). The histopathological examination data were then analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametic test and the Mann-Withney follow-up test. Based on the results of the study, administration of pure mimosin 5 mg and simplisia of leucaena leaves 50 mg and 150 mg caused histopathological lesions of rat liver (Rattus norvegicus) in the form of fatty degeneration, congestion, bleeding and inflammation that were significant compared to controls, except necrosis lesions. There was no significant lesion difference between mimosin from leucaena leaf simplisia between doses of 50 mg/head/day and 150 mg/head/day. It is necessary to carry out further research on the administration of mimosine in leucaena leaf simplicia at higher doses and given over a longer period, so that the factors of acute and chronic toxicity due to mimosine from leucaena leaves are known.

Calcium, phosphorus, and phytic acid of fermented rice bran

Abstract Rice bran is one of the ingredients for poultry feed and is usually used in up to 10% of chicken feed. The restricted utilization of rice bran stems from its elevated levels of crude fiber (24.43%) and phytic acid (6.9%). Fermentation offers a means to diminish the amounts of crude fiber and phytic acid present. The fermentation requires carbon as an energy source for microorganisms. Palmyra sap (PS) can be used as a carbon source. PS is a local resource in East Nusa Tenggara that can be used as an additive. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of fermentation duration, along with the addition of 10% palmyra sap, on the calcium, phosphorus, and phytic acid levels in rice bran. A complete random design was used, comprising three treatments with five replications for each. These treatments included: DN0 (no fermentation), DN6 (6 days of fermentation), and DN12 (12 days of fermentation). The parameters measured were the content of calcium, phosphorus, and phytic acid. The data underwent analysis using variance analysis followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The findings indicated that fermentation durations led to a reduction in calcium and phytic acid levels, with no notable impact on the phosphorus content in rice bran. Specifically, the 12-day fermentation period yielded the lowest phytic acid content in rice bran.

The Effect of Absorbent Level and Inoculants on Chemical Composition and Fermentation Characteristics of Fermented Poultry Manure as an Unconventional Feed Ingredient

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of absorbent level and microbial inoculant on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of fermented poultry manure (FPM). In the first trial, the FPM was fermented using two levels of cassava solid waste as absorbent, consisted of 10% (AL10) and 30% (AL30). The best absorbent level to improve the quality of FPM was continued in the second trial. In the second trial, FPM was fermented using inoculant treatments following without inoculants (CON), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and multi-purpose microbes (MP). All fermentation was conducted for 14 d in 4 kg mini-silo with quadruplicate. In the first trial, AL30 had higher levels of dry matter and crude fiber but lower levels of crude protein, ether extract, and butyric acid content compared to AL10 (P<0.05). In the second trial, CON presented higher levels of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fiber, but lower levels of ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, pH, ammonia, and butyric acid compared to LP and MP (P<0.05). In conclusion, the present study found that FPM without inoculant at the 30% absorbent level resulted in higher nutrient composition and better fermentation characteristics compared to other treatments.

Development of Palm Oil Plantation By-products in Sintang District to Support SISKA Program and Environmental Health

Abstract The study aims to explore the potential of utilizing palm oil plantation by-products, such as fronds, palm oil mill effluent (POME), and palm sludge, in the cattle palm integration program. The objective is to optimize the use of these by-products. The research area covers 18,600 hectares with a palm oil mill capacity of 60 tons FFB/hour. The plantation produces 20,944 tons of fronds per hectare annually, with 136 planting trees per hectare. The Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) has an inlet BOD of 25,000 - 35,000 mg/liter and inlet COD of 35,000 - 45,000 mg/liter. The palm sludge produced is 11,904 tons per year. All the remaining by products from palm oil plantations have the potential to be used as animal feed ingredients to support the cattle palm integration program (SISKA) to produce green economic cycle in addition to a green environment. However, to achieve this goal, further study is needed.

Effect of solid-state fermentation of Brewer's spent grain on digestibility and digestive function of european seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

This study assessed the effects of dietary inclusion of solid-state fermented (SSF) brewer’s spent grain (BSG) with Aspergillus ibericus on nutrient and energy digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal histomorphology of juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Five diets (18 % crude lipids and 45 % crude protein) were formulated, including a control diet (without BSG), two diets with 10 % and 20 % unfermented BSG (10BSG and 20BSG), and two other diets with 10 % and 20 % fermented BSG (10BSG-SSF and 20BSG-SSF). SSF affected the BSG's nutritional composition, including a 21 % increase in protein content and reductions in lipid (49 %), cellulose (30 %), hemicellulose (34 %), and lignin (7.3 %) content. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds were minimal before SSF but significantly increased after SSF. Dietary incorporation of 20 % BSG-SSF increased the digestibility of dry matter (p<0.01), protein (p=0.03), isoleucine (p=0.03), glutamate (p=0.02), lipids (p=0.04) and energy (p=0.04) compared to the 20BSG diet. Moreover, SSF also modulated digestive enzyme activity, reducing total protease (p=0.03) and trypsin (p=0.01) activities in fish fed the 10BSG-SSF diet compared to the control diet. Fish fed the 20BSG diet showed changes in intestinal histomorphology compared to those fed the control diet, and SSF of BSG appeared to mitigate these effects.Overall, these results indicate that SSF is a promising technique for enhancing the nutritional quality of low-value agro-industrial by-products, such as BSG, increasing their potential use as feed ingredients and contributing to reducing the climate and environmental footprint of aquaculture production.

Effect of Solid-State Fermentation on Phytochemical and Proximate Composition of Millet Bran Meal

The majority of a fish farm's overall operating expenses involve costs related to feeds. Commercial feeds are often too expensive for fish farmers. Consequently, farmers do use agricultural by-products and locally available fish feed ingredients to improve pond productivity and minimise cost. This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of solid-state fermentation on phytochemical components and proximate composition of millet bran meal for possible incorporation in fish feed production. Millet bran was collected in three different bowls, ground to powder, and then sieved and fermented using a solid-state fermentation procedure. Each sample was fermented (wet at 10% moisture and kept in a container at ambient temperature) for 24 hours (1 day), 96 hours (4 days), and 168 hours (7 days). Afterwards, the fermented samples were sun-dried for 94 hours (4 days approximately). Quantitative phytochemical screening was carried out on the samples which were analysed for proximate composition. The results revealed that fermenting millet bran for seven days (168hrs) using solid-state fermentation method reduced the alkaloid content from 14.69±1.24 to 10.12±0.16, phytate from 5.73±1.32 to 3.25±0.73, tannins from 6.62±0.53 to 4.62±0.84, oxalate from 17.78±1.65 to 13.82±0.53. However, it increases flavonoids from 11.95±1.82 to 13.08±1.35 and phenols from 23.78±1.65 to 31.71±0.62. The study also elucidates an increase in crude protein from 9.23±0.64 to 19.77±0.53 and a reduction in crude fibre from 7.41±0.52 to 6.02±1.14. This study demonstrates that solid-state fermented millet bran meal can be incorporated as an essential part of feed production.

Analysis of the Nutritional Quality of Local Feed Ingredients Commonly Used in the Concentrate Formula for Beef Cattle Feedlots in Indonesia

Indonesia's annual beef consumption is experiencing a steady rise. In 2021, the per capita beef consumption amounted to 2.56 kg per person per year, resulting in a total of 696 million kilograms consumed across the country. This quantity is equivalent to the slaughtering of approximately 3.98 million cattle annually. With the increasing growth of the feedlot industry, cattle farmers, including feedlot operators, have the opportunity to enhance the value of agricultural companies in Indonesia by utilizing local feedstuffs. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability and nutritional value of indigenous feed sources for beef cattle in Indonesia. The research utilized feedstuff varieties and characteristics sourced from feedlots spanning since 2012-2021. The employed methodologies encompassed surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. This research involved the collection of both primary and secondary data. The potential and quality of local feedstuff were described using descriptive analysis. This research showed that eight types of local feedstuff could be categorized as energy sources including dehydrated cassava chips with a total digestible nutrients (TDN) value of 84.2% and bran pollard with a TDN value of 66.6%. The fiber sources consisted of corn cob (37.7% crude fiber), coffee husk (38% crude fiber), cocoa bean shell (20% crude fiber), tapioca solid waste/onggok (22% crude fiber), and palm kernel meal (22.1% crude fiber). The protein source consisted of copra meal with a protein content of 22.4%. The physical test most frequently inspected the feed color (18.1%) and odor (18.1%). Moisture examination (24%) was the most frequently used of proximate analysis was employed to identify the chemical composition. In conclusion the existence of eight local ingredients which were categorized into three different types: energy source, protein source, and fiber source commonly used in the concentrate formula for beef cattle feedlots in Indonesia.

The Minimum Dietary Level and Mix Ratio of Krill Meal and Fish Meal to Elicit Feed Intake and Growth Performance in Juvenile Penaeus vannamei

Shrimp feeds depend on high levels of digestible protein and essential amino acids, which can be sourced from various commercially available feed ingredients. Marine proteins can be used to partially fulfill the requirements of these and other important nutrients. Their utilization is further influenced by their palatability and growth-promoting effect. However, marine ingredients can significantly drive costs in feed formulation depending on the type and dietary inclusion level. This study aimed to determine the minimum dietary level of fish meal (FML) and krill meal (KRM) and their mix ratio to elicit feed intake and growth performance in juvenile Penaeus vannamei. Ten diets were formulated with graded FML (90, 60, 30 g kg−1) in combination with 15, 30, and 45 g kg−1 KRM and a control diet with 120 g kg−1 FML. Shrimp (1.28 ± 0.08 g body weight, BW) were stocked in seventy 1-m3 tanks (135 animals m−2), and after 88 days, their growth performance was determined. Feed preference was assessed through two-by-two comparisons in twenty 0.5 m3 tanks over four weeks. No significant differences in survival (93.9 ± 4.5%), gained yield (1235 ± 92 g m−2), and feed conversion ratio (1.47 ± 0.09) were observed. Diets with 60 g kg−1 FML led to faster growth and higher feed intake than 30, 90, and 120 g kg−1 FML. Shrimp on 30 g kg−1 FML diets had the lowest BW, especially with 30–15 (FML-KRM) and 30–30 diets. Diets with 90 g kg−1 FML outperformed 30 g kg−1 FML. The control diet delivered a higher shrimp BW than diets 30–15 and 30–30, showing similar results to other diets except 60–15. Feed preference was influenced by KRM inclusion, with 15 g kg−1 KRM resulting in higher apparent feed intake than 30 and 45 g kg−1. The findings indicate that FML can be effectively reduced by up to 75% when combined with lower levels of KRM. This corresponds with the industry’s ongoing trend to achieve greater sustainability and cost efficiency through the reduced utilization of critical resources.

Empowerment of the Tirtobakti II Farmer Group to improve production capacity of frass organic fertilizer

Limited subsidized fertilizer has caused the Tirtobakti II Farmers Group to provide organic fertilizer independently. Even though the process of making organic fertilizer using fermentation is well known, the process of making organic kasgot fertilizer is the choice of KT Tirtobakti II because it is more practical and efficient. KT Tirtobakti II's kasgot production process is constrained by limited maggot production resources and limited maggot production facilities. Empowerment activities at KT Tirtobakti II aim to develop the capabilities of KT Tirtobakti II members in increasing kasgot production capacity by providing maggot feed and production facilities. Activities are carried out through a series of activities in the form of education, practice, mentoring, and evaluation. The positive impact of empowerment activities can be seen in the increasing ability of KT Tirtobakti II members to calculate the need for maggot feed ingredients according to kasgot production targets, the existence of partnership cooperation between KT Tirtobakti II and fruit and vegetable traders in traditional markets to meet maggot feed needs, and increasing production capacity by using maggot house facilities.

Optimal and sustainable production of tailored fish protein hydrolysates from tuna canning wastes and discarded blue whiting: Effect of protein molecular weight on chemical and bioactive properties

Thousands tons of discards of blue whiting (BW) and tuna heads (YT) by-products are generated each year in Europe. BW is the species most discarded by European fishing fleet and, in some canning factories, YT are processed for the retrieval of oil rich in omega-3, but producing a huge amount of solid remains and effluents disposal as wastes. The development of optimal and sustainable processes for both substrates is mandatory in order to reach clean solutions under the circular economy precepts. This work focused on the mathematical optimization of the production of tailored fish protein hydrolysates (FPH), from blue whiting and tuna residues, in terms of controlling average molecular weights (Mw) of proteins. For the modeling of the protein depolymerization time-course, a pseudo-mechanistic model was used, which combined a reaction mechanistic equation affected, in the kinetic parameters, by two non-lineal equations (a first-order kinetic and like-Weibull formulae). In all situations, experimental data were accurately simulated by that model achieving R2 values higher than 0.96. The validity of the experimental conditions obtained from modeling were confirmed performing productions of FPH at scale of 5 L-reactor, without pH-control in most of cases, at the different ranges of Mw selected (1–2 kDa, 2–5 kDa and 5–10 kDa). The results showed that FPH from BW with lower Mw led to a remarkable yield of production (12 % w/w of substrate), largest protein contents (77 % w/w of BW hydrolysate), greatest in vitro digestibility (>95 %), highest essential amino acid presence (43 %) and the best antioxidant (DPPH = 62 %) and antihypertensive (IC50-ACE = 80 mg/L) properties. Our results prove that the proposed procedure to produce sustainable FPH, with specific Mw characterisitics, could be extended to other fish waste substrates. Tailored FPH may have the potential to serve as valuable ingredients for functional foods and high-quality aquaculture feed.

A Pretty Kettle of Fish: A Review on the Current Challenges in Mediterranean Teleost Reproduction.

The Mediterranean region is facing several environmental changes and pollution issues. Teleosts are particularly sensitive to these challenges due to their intricate reproductive biology and reliance on specific environmental cues for successful reproduction. Wild populations struggle with the triad of climate change, environmental contamination, and overfishing, which can deeply affect reproductive success and population dynamics. In farmed species, abiotic factors affecting reproduction are easier to control, whereas finding alternatives to conventional diets for farmed teleosts is crucial for enhancing broodstock health, reproductive success, and the sustainability of the aquaculture sector. Addressing these challenges involves ongoing research into formulating specialized diets, optimizing feeding strategies, and developing alternative and sustainable feed ingredients. To achieve a deeper comprehension of these challenges, studies employing model species have emerged as pivotal tools. These models offer advantages in understanding reproductive mechanisms due to their well-defined physiology, genetic tractability, and ease of manipulation. Yet, while providing invaluable insights, their applicability to diverse species remains constrained by inherent variations across taxa and oversimplification of complex environmental interactions, thus limiting the extrapolation of the scientific findings. Bridging these gaps necessitates multidisciplinary approaches, emphasizing conservation efforts for wild species and tailored nutritional strategies for aquaculture, thereby fostering sustainable teleost reproduction in the Mediterranean.

Electrochemical advanced oxidation of glucosinolates derived from rapeseed meal: Parameter optimization, degradation mechanism and toxicity assessment

Glucosinolates (GLS) are a group of antinutritional compounds present in rapeseed meal that limit its use as feed ingredients. Considering their potentially hazardous effects on both the aquatic environment and animal health, it is necessary to develop green and efficient degradation options for GLS. In the current work, the electrochemical advanced oxidation technology with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was initially employed for the degradation of GLS. To facilitate parameter optimization, a sequential strategy comprising a definitive screening design and a central composite rotatable design was implemented. Particular attention was paid to the differing roles of five electrolyte salts (NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, NaHCO3 and Na3PO4) during the electrolytic oxidations. The optimal conditions for GLS degradation were found to be a flow rate of 400 mL min−1, a applied current density of 7.75 mA cm−2 and a 2.0 mM NaNO3 medium, yielding mineralization of 82.2 % at 120 min of electrolysis. By combining the results of computational simulation and LC/MS analysis, four possible degradation pathways of allyl GLS at the BDD anode were proposed. And the ecotoxicity of each detected degradation product was determined using the ECOSAR program. Further biological toxicity assay revealed that crude GLS electrolysis reduced the toxicity on model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, reducing its death percentage by 26.80 % and its lipofuscin level by 37.59 % at 48 h. The results showed great promise of BDD technology in engineering applications as a powerful option for the treatment of GLS derived from rapeseed meal.

The nutritional profile of the yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) reared on four different substrates

The utilisation of Tenebrio molitor L. (the yellow mealworm) as a cheaper, alternative and readily available ingredient for food and feed is gaining interest globally. However, there has been limited research on locally and readily available substrates for mealworm mass rearing in South Africa. This study evaluated the impact of four substrates; wheat bran (control diet), wheat flour, maize flour, and Lucerne (pellets) on the rearing of mealworm larvae under controlled conditions over two generations and analysed the nutrient composition using standard nutritional analysis techniques. The results revealed that the crude protein contents of T. molitor larvae ranged between 28 – 36 % when raised on different substrates and varied significantly in the order Lucerne > wheat bran > wheat flour > maize flour. The major minerals found in the larvae included sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, and zinc. The larvae were also rich in saturated, mono and polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (FAs) with oleic, linoleic, and palmitic as the main FAs. The nutritional profiles of first- and second-generation larvae raised on the same substrates remained the same. Wheat flour was found to be the best alternative to wheat bran. The finding demonstrates the suitability of local, inexpensive substrates for commercial production of yellow mealworm without compromising their nutritional quality and utilisation for food and feed.

Nutritional Benefits of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Oil in Animal Feed

Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) oil is currently an insect oil that potentially replaces fish oils in animal feed. However, there are limited information on its benefits and nutritional comparison of BSLF oil to fish oil. Present study was to evaluate the benefits of BSFL oil in animal feed and compare the BSFL to Fish oil. Collected data of BSFL oil in the animal feed and its physiological effects was obtained from several articles of reputable journal and compiled into a table. Meanwhile, BSFL was reared and extract their oil to determine the fatty acid composition and compare to fish oil. The current study indicated that BSFL oil can be used in various animal feeds, such as aquafeed, broiler feed, and pets. The BSFL oil which is included in the feed showed an improvement in growth and other physiological responses of animals. Meanwhile, in comparison to fish oil, BSFL oil has a similar composition of fatty acids such as Omega 3 and Omega 6. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n3) is detected in the BSFL oil, though the quantity is much lower than in fish oil. Further, the BSFL oil also contains lauric acid. In conclusion, BSFL oil can be an alternative feed ingredient to substitute fish oil and has beneficial to the growth and physiological responses of the animal.