Federal Entities Research Articles

Demographic Characteristics of Persons Vaccinated During the First Month of the COVID-19 Vaccination Program - United States, December 14, 2020-January 14, 2021.

In December 2020, two COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) were authorized for emergency use in the United States for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).* Because of limited initial vaccine supply, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) prioritized vaccination of health care personnel† and residents and staff members of long-term care facilities (LTCF) during the first phase of the U.S. COVID-19 vaccination program (1). Both vaccines require 2 doses to complete the series. Data on vaccines administered during December 14, 2020-January 14, 2021, and reported to CDC by January 26, 2021, were analyzed to describe demographic characteristics, including sex, age, and race/ethnicity, of persons who received ≥1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine (i.e., initiated vaccination). During this period, 12,928,749 persons in the United States in 64 jurisdictions and five federal entities§ initiated COVID-19 vaccination. Data on sex were reported for 97.0%, age for 99.9%, and race/ethnicity for 51.9% of vaccine recipients. Among persons who received the first vaccine dose and had reported demographic data, 63.0% were women, 55.0% were aged ≥50 years, and 60.4% were non-Hispanic White (White). More complete reporting of race and ethnicity data at the provider and jurisdictional levels is critical to ensure rapid detection of and response to potential disparities in COVID-19 vaccination. As the U.S. COVID-19 vaccination program expands, public health officials should ensure that vaccine is administered efficiently and equitably within each successive vaccination priority category, especially among those at highest risk for infection and severe adverse health outcomes, many of whom are non-Hispanic Black (Black), non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), and Hispanic persons (2,3).

Informal Employment Impact on Social and Economic Development of Russian Federation Entities

To make managerial decisions on labour market regulation on the regional level it is necessary to have an objective statistic estimation of interconnection between informal employment and indicators of social and economic development. The article describes preconditions of forming a complex system of indicators on the basis of documents of strategic planning and analysis of works by Russian and overseas researchers dealing with issues of informal employment. Informal employment is an independent field of research that attracts scientists from different spheres and disciplines: from economics and anthropology to gender research, politology, sociology and city planning. Due to the fact that sizes and composition of informal employment, causes of its arising and consequences, lines of impact and interconnection with other figures are different, the author took analysis of documents of strategic planning and goals of national development of the Russian Federation up to 2024 as a starting point for shaping the structure of the system of indicators. In the research indicators of social and economic development were grouped by blocks corresponding to lines in national projects and supplemented by the block of indicators characterizing the macro-economic situation. This categorization based on priorities of national development fosters conclusion drawing with due regard to human capital, comfortable environment for life and economic growth.

Developing an Institutional Arrangement for a Whole-of-Government and Whole-of-Community Approach to Regional Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: The Hampton Roads Pilot Project

ABSTRACT Adaptation to sea level rise (SLR) requires coordination among local, state, and federal entities and collaboration across governments, nonprofits, businesses, and residents. This coordination and collaboration are reflected in institutional arrangements associated with a whole-of-government and whole-of-community approach to regional adaptation. This study analyzes the development of an interlocal agreement (ILA), the Hampton Roads Sea Level Rise Preparedness and Resilience Intergovernmental Planning Pilot Project (the Pilot Project), as an example of such an arrangement. This study assesses how factors throughout three phases of ILA development (initiation, implementation, and execution) influence outcomes and effectiveness. Drawing upon participant observation, document analysis, survey of participants, and interviews with key informants this study identifies factors that facilitate effective regional adaptation to SLR (impetus, agreement) and factors that hamper adaptation efforts (funding, ease of delivery), and offers insight into the complexities of institutional collective action to address contentious and challenging issues such as SLR.

El inventario turístico: un instrumento de gestión territorial sustentable del turismo en atractivos naturales del estado de San Luis Potosí, México

La presente investigación propone criterios para desarrollar un esquema de gestión territorial con base en la actividad turística del biodiverso estado de San Luis Potosí, entidad federativa localizada en la porción central de la República Mexicana, desde una perspectiva sustentable, a partir de un diagnóstico detallado y minucioso del comportamiento actual para proponer alternativas de diversificación económica para la población local mediante el emprendimiento de proyectos turísticos ambientales. En la primera parte se expone un marco teórico conceptual y los antecedentes relativos a las formas en que se ha llevado a cabo la gestión del sector en el estado, enmarcadas por una discontinuidad en la acción pública de las políticas sexenales. Posteriormente, se presenta un detallado inventario de recursos y atractivos turísticos de la entidad, diferenciados por los atributos geográficos que los individualizan, procedimiento apoyado en el análisis de materiales cartográficos y documentales indagados en fuentes oficiales, así como de trabajo de campo en las cuatro regiones de la entidad.

Prevalence of psychotropic polypharmacy in nursing home residents with dementia: a meta-analysis.

Nursing home (NH) residents with dementia is exposed to high rates of psychotropic prescriptions. Our objectives were to: (1) pool the prevalence estimates of psychotropic polypharmacy from the existing literature and (2) examine potentially influential factors that are related to a higher or lower prevalence. Meta-analysis of data collected from randomized trials, quasi-experimental, prospective or retrospective cohort, and cross-sectional studies. English-language searches of PubMed and PsycINFO were completed by November 2020. Included studies reported prevalence estimates of psychotropic polypharmacy (i.e. defined as either two-or-more or three-or-more medications concurrently) in NH residents with dementia. NH residents with dementia. Random-effects models were used to pool the prevalence of psychotropic polypharmacy in NH residents with dementia across studies. Estimates were provided for both two-or-more and three-or-more concurrent medications. Heterogeneity and publication bias were measured. Meta-regression examined the influence of the percentage of the sample who were male, mean age of the sample, geographic region (continent), sample size, and study year on the prevalence of psychotropic polypharmacy. Twenty-five unique articles were included comprising medications data from 92,370 NH residents with dementia in 12 countries. One-in-three (33%, [95% CI: 28%, 39%]) NH residents with dementia received two-or-more psychotropic medications concurrently. One-in-eight (13%, [95% CI: 10%, 17%]) received three-or-more psychotropic medications concurrently. Estimates were highly variable across both definitions of psychotropic polypharmacy (p < 0.001). Among study-level demographics, geographic region, sample size, or study year, only male sex was associated with greater use of two-or-more psychotropic medications (Unadjusted OR = 1.02, p = 0.006; Adjusted OR = 1.04, p = 0.07). Psychotropic polypharmacy is common among NH residents with dementia. Identifying the causes of utilization and the effects on resident health and well-being should be prioritized by federal entities seeking to improve NH quality.

O PRINCÍPIO DA LEGALIDADE COMO LIMITADOR AO PODER DE TRIBUTAR

Dealing specifically with the limitation of the power of taxation conferred on federal entities, this paper addresses the application of the principle of legality in tax law. In this context, this principle, expressly established by the Federal Constitution and the National Tax Code, is positioned as a limiting to the exercise of taxation, because all taxes must be instituted by the provision in a specific law on the subject.

Autonomia federativa, sistemas municipais de ensino/educação: impactos para a educação no Tocantins

No Brasil, há quatro espécies de entes federados dotados de autonomia, duas delas de entes tradicionais (União e Estados) e duas de entes recentes (Distrito Federal e Municípios), diferentemente, das federações clássicas em que há um poder político central (União) e os centros regionais de poder (estados). No arcabouço da Constituição Federal de 1988, o Município compõe a Federação contando com autonomia administrativa, legislativa e política, no âmbito de suas atribuições. No campo da educação, o ente federado municipal, em contraposição à histórica condição hierárquica, pelo menos formalmente, logra autonomia para organizar seu sistema próprio de ensino/educação, traço fundamental do Estado Federal salvaguardada pela Constituição e legislação que trata do tema. Neste artigo, correlacionando dialeticamente sociedade e educação, problematizam-se condições dos Municípios Tocantinenses para a materialização da autonomia e da gestão da educação, assentando-se em bases teóricas e documentais e observação assistemática. Esses entes enfrentam desafios de natureza conceitual, cultural, política, administrativa, financeira, pedagógica e relativa ao regime de colaboração. Assim sendo, cabe cautela para evitar uma precária solução, a de sistemas nominais, criados legalmente, mas sem atuação real e efetiva.&#x0D; Palavras-chave: política e gestão da educação, educação municipal, município.&#x0D; &#x0D; Federative autonomy, municipal education/education systems: impacts for education in Tocantins&#x0D; ABSTRACT. In Brazil, there are four types of federal entities endowed with autonomy, two of them from traditional entities (Union and States) and two from recent entities (Federal District and Municipalities), unlike the classic federations in which there is a central political power (Union) and the regional centers of power (states). In the framework of the Federal Constitution of 1988, the Municipality is part of the Federation, with administrative, legislative and political autonomy within the scope of its attributions. In the field of education, the municipal federated entity, in contrast to the historical hierarchical condition, at least formally, achieves autonomy to organize its own teaching/education system, a fundamental feature of the Federal State safeguarded by the Constitution and legislation dealing with the subject. In this article, dialectically correlating society and education, the conditions of Tocantins Municipalities are problematized for the materialization of autonomy and education management, based on theoretical and documentaries’ bases and unsystematic observation. These entities face conceptual, cultural, political, administrative, financial, pedagogical and collaboration-related challenges. Therefore, care should be taken to avoid a precarious solution, that of nominees systems, created legally, but without real and effective action.&#x0D; Keywords: education policy and management, municipal education, municipality.&#x0D; &#x0D; Autonomía federativa, educación municipal/sistemas educativos: impactos para la educación en Tocantins&#x0D; RESUMEN. En Brasil, hay cuatro tipos de entidades federativas dotadas de autonomía, dos de ellas de entidades tradicionales (Unión y Estados) y dos de entidades recientes (Distrito Federal y Municipios), a diferencia de las federaciones clásicas en las que hay un poder político central (Unión) y centros de poder regionales (estados). Según la Constitución Federal de 1988, el Municipio es parte de la Federación, con autonomía administrativa, legislativa y política en el ámbito de sus atribuciones. En el ámbito educativo, la entidad federativa municipal, en contraposición a la histórica condición jerárquica, al menos formalmente, gana autonomía para organizar su propio sistema docente/educativo, característica fundamental del Estado Federal sustentado en la Constitución y en la legislación que se ocupa del tema. En este artículo, correlacionando dialécticamente sociedad y educación, se discuten las condiciones de los Municipios de Tocantins para la materialización de la autonomía y la gestión educativa, con base en bases de observación teóricas, documentales y no sistemáticas. Estas entidades enfrentan desafíos conceptuales, culturales, políticos, administrativos, financieros, pedagógicos y de colaboración. Por tanto, hay que tener cuidado para evitar una solución precaria, la de los sistemas nominales, creados legalmente, pero sin una actuación real y efectiva.&#x0D; Palabras clave: política y gestión educativa, educación municipal, municipio.

Morbidity among parturient and postpartum women in the federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation

Morbidity among parturient and postpartum women in the federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation

The effect of imbalance in resource management on regional social economic development

Socio-economic consequences in oil-producing regions are defined by the balance in subsoil use developed under the influence of different factors. The research hypothesis suggests that imbalances in resource management, the key criterion of which is a balance between reserve addition and oil recovery, differentially influence the social and economic development of the regions involved, the choice of which is conditioned by similarity of geologic, industrial and economic criteria. The research methods are descriptive statistics, variance analysis (ANOVA), Cobb-Douglas regression function, Data Envelopment Analysis with MPI (Malmquist productivity index). The research results have shown that the part of reserve addition and oil recovery in per capita gross regional product vary from negative to positive, which is explained by the degree of depletion and exploration of a field and is a result of the effect of existing institutional environment. According to the DEA method, the efficient boundaries are formed by the Russian Federation entities where the potential of oil-and-gas industry has not been fully used as a driving force of socio-economic development, which is supported by the results of the Cobb-Douglas regression model and variance analysis. The research results are an additional confirmation of interregional imbalance in socio-economic development, one of the factors of which is an imbalance in resource management.

Problems of the formation of public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: regional aspect

The article examines the current problems of improving the legal norms governing elections of the highest officials of Russian Federal entities, considers the problematic issues of the implementation of electoral mechanisms in the context of the subjects of the nomination of candidates, the features of the legal regulation of the institution of self-nomination in the elections of the highest official of Russian Federal entities. The authors analyze the legal norms that regulate the procedure for collecting signatures in support of candidates nominated by various subjects, consider the organizational and legal norms that regulate the procedure for recalling the highest official of the Russian Federation, and suggest ways to improve the regulatory and legal regulation of the election of the highest official of the Russian Federal entity.

FEDERALISM IN BRAZIL AND THE DIVISION OF COMPETENCES

The main objective of this article is to analyze the composition and main characteristics of the Federated State, considering that this is the model adopted by the Federative Republic of Brazil. Among the main characteristics are political decentralization, the lack of the right of secession, the sovereignty of the federal state, among others. About political decentralization and the autonomy of federal entities, it will be dealt with regarding the division of powers in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Constitution of 1988.

Assume the Globe: Tennyson's Jubilee Ode and the Institutions of Imperialism

Assume the Globe:Tennyson's Jubilee Ode and the Institutions of Imperialism Cornelia Pearsall (bio) [L]eft to itself all power tends ultimately to construct a chimeric coherence for itself—with its fixations, its archaic landscapes, its arbitrary importance, and its pathological forms. Achille Mbembe, "Thinking, in Lightning and Thunder" The world has not yet seen an 'Imperial Institute' and no one appears yet to know precisely what it is for," observed a reviewer in The British Architect, assessing the six finalists in a design competition for a building to commemorate the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Lacking clarity about the intentions of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the Colonies, and India (its full title), "[e]ach architect seems to have had to fancy for himself the sort of thing an Imperial Institute should be." This impression of confusion, or indeed absence, of purpose leads the author to suggest a startling analogy: "it seems very much like asking six Palaeontologists to furnish plans and elevations for a dodo, without supplying them with bones to evolve it from."1 The dodo, a flightless bird native to Mauritius that had gone extinct by the late seventeenth century, less than a century after its first recorded sighting by Dutch sailors, was for Victorian Britain a figure for failure of a potentially comical sort.2 Even had the imagined paleontologists possessed sufficient fossil evidence, to reverse engineer a dodo is to construct an organism marked from inception for extinction, to design for disappearance. Form could not follow function in the "plans and elevations" for the Imperial Institute, which had been proposed by the Prince of Wales; thus, dysfunction was built into the structure from its foundation. "Already a failure" was the prescient verdict of Thomas H. Huxley, a major proponent of Darwinian evolutionary theory who was an avid early supporter but soon an embittered detractor of the Imperial Institute. Before the building had begun to take material shape, he declared it destined "to become eventually a ghost [End Page 177] like the Albert Hall or revive as a tea garden" (Sheppard, p. 222). It became the latter before it became the former—one of various bathetic trajectories this essay traces—but this prediction had already found correlative voicing in a poem that, paradoxically, helped bring this doomed institution into being. Alfred Tennyson's "Carmen Sæculare. An Ode in Honour of the Jubilee of Queen Victoria," commonly called the Jubilee Ode, also suggests the Imperial Institute's proleptic collapse before the building took actual form. The poem's own form itself became, like the building, an object of amused dismissal. Both the institute and the ode found correlates in a grandiose and short-lived organization that became similarly subject to charges of internal incoherence and irrelevance, the Imperial Federation League, which had disbanded by 1893, less than a decade after its founding in 1884. The organization boasted a prominent membership, including the Poet Laureate, as well as J. R. Seeley, the historian and author of the highly influential 1883 imperialist treatise, The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures. This is a crucial affiliation in Tennyson's final decade; as a footnote in Hallam Tennyson's two-volume memoir of his father states, "[o]ne of the deepest desires of his life was to help the realization of the ideal of an Empire by the most intimate union of every part of our British Empire."3 A specific aim of the Imperial Federation League was to promote the permanent union of the British Empire into a single federal entity, with a London-based imperial parliament responsible for common trade and defense policy.4 This desire for the "most intimate" and permanent union of all parts of the empire was expressed by both the organization and the ode. When in 1893 the Imperial Institute formally opened its doors, George Baden-Powell, in an article titled "The Empire and Its Institute," called it not only "a necessity" but also "the consummation of what is meant by the popular phrase 'Imperial Federation.'"5 The first part of this essay addresses some aims and influences of the Imperial Federation League, especially in its multimodal ideological intersections...

Risking Border Instability: the Russian-Estonian Case

In international relations, the last three decades have been marked by national and institutional fragmentation. The fate of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and the regrettable way that events played out (especially in the former case), could befall other federative entities as well. Canada and Belgium come to mind, as do countries like Spain, all of which effectively function as federations. However, while federations usually have dispute settlement and mechanisms for secession embedded in their constitutions, sub-constitutive territories are often excluded from such considerations. What territories such as Kosovo, Sandjak, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, etc. have in common is that they share a desire for independence from their parent country. However, achiveing independence would present risks to the territorial integrity of other countries (what can be termed the domino principle), as well as risks to the endurance of flexible international law. The cases we have alluded to above culminated in the Crimean crisis. The problems between Estonia and the Russian Federation stem from the choice of precedent and founding text on which to base the former’s renewed independence. While Estonia was founded on the basis of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that put an end to the country’s War of Independence, its experience as a Soviet Republic added another legislative filter in the form of the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the principle of uti possidetis had evolved to apply to more than cases of colonialism. Thus, when Estonia seceded from the USSR with the borders it had been since 1945, it was doing so under the principle of uti possidetis. The current dispute stems from the fact that the Estonian political elite seek to have the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty recognized as the foundational document for the country’s renewed independence. Under the Treaty, Estonian sovereignty applied over a much larger territory. By insisting that any new border arrangement with Russia be based on that Treaty, Estonia is invalidating the principle of uti possidetis and the validity of the Constitution of the Soviet Union as a vehicle for independence. It implies a latent Article 5 situation between NATO and Russia, and threatens the legitimacy of other post-Soviet secessions.

La conformación de sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación en gobiernos estatales Una tarea en curso

The creation of monitoring and evaluation systems at a sub-national level in Mexico, although encouraged by different Federal regulations, was motivated by the National Evaluation Agency linkage strategy, which considered both the dimensions that limit or drive these systems, such as political environment, as well as institutional and specific capacities of each state. This strategy included an innovative component of incentives through awards and guidance, focused on the Recognition of Good Practices in Monitoring and Evaluation in Federal Entities and Municipalities, which, during its most recent event in 2019, highlighted the best monitoring and evaluation exercises at the sub-national level that promoted their institutionalization.

Formation of a functional and effective model of tax federalism: Criteria and factors

Subject. This article explores the criteria and factors of forming a functional effective model of tax federalism, the combination of financial relationships arising in the process of allocation of taxes between public power levels. The Russian model of tax federalism is the subject of research. Objectives. The article aims to develop theoretical provisions and practical recommendations to improve the system of delimitation of authorities for government agencies and municipalities, build a functional and effective model of tax federalism to stimulate the growth of tax potential of the subjects of the Russian Federation and municipal entities. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, and comparison. Results. The article proposes criteria and factors that determine the formation of a functional effective model of tax federalism aimed at increasing the tax potential of the Russian Federation constituent entities and municipalities. Conclusions and Relevance. The article concludes that the most important characteristic of the tax federalism model is functional efficiency. When determining the quality of the existing model, it is necessary to rely on the degree of implementation of the functional purpose of tax federalism. The significance of the study lies in the development of theoretical provisions and practical recommendations aimed at forming a functional and effective model of tax federalism.

Direito Fundamental à Educação e o Amálgama das Charter Schools: análise do (des)equilíbrio entre as esferas pública e privada

O modelo de escolas charter, originado nos Estados Unidos da América e caracterizado pelas escolas públicas geridas por instituições privadas com maior autonomia de gestão e contratação, tem sido aos poucos importado pelo Brasil sob o argumento de qualidade e eficiência educacional. Entretanto, não obstante a sua concretização possa ser promovida pelo Estado ou pela sociedade civil, tem-se que o atual cenário privatístico culmina por interferir indevidamente em discussões exclusivamente públicas, tornando a educação pública obrigatória objeto de desejo, em uma manifestação do “bem” imputado à sociedade eficiente e bem intencionada, em detrimento do “mal” representado pelo Estado, supostamente avesso à eficiência. Nesse contexto é que reside a problemática a ser enfrentada no presente artigo, qual seja a implementação, no Brasil, das charter schools norte-americanas – e que ganham espaço no Brasil, por meio da legislação atinente às parcerias. Entretanto, a tomada de espaços públicos - o que é o caso da educação escolar pública oferecida pelas entidades federativas - por grupos organizados da sociedade civil pode representar interferência indevida na concretização de políticas de Estado consagradas pela Constituição da República, de forma a sujeitar o direito fundamental à educação aos interesses de grupos econômicos em detrimento do desenvolvimento nacional. Deve, assim, o sofisma da eficiência da esfera privada ser colocado em evidência para demonstrar a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento da relação entre Estado e sociedade civil enquanto entidades que devem apontar para o mesmo norte, o interesse público.

Ejidos, Urbanization, and the Production of Inequality in Formerly Agricultural Lands, Guadalajara, Mexico, 1975–2020

The ejido is an institution of communal land tenure and governance administered by the Mexican government. This paper assesses the current visual appearance of landscapes and implicit land use in ejidal lands on the periphery of Guadalajara, Mexico, using Google Street View (GSV) images tagged for signs of urban distress. Distressed landscapes are associated with the temporal process of urban expansion—newer settlements tend to be more visibly impoverished. Concentrations of vulnerable housing are correlated with encroached-upon ejidal lands in a process that was underway by the 1970s, well before Mexico’s neoliberal turn. Ejidos on the urban periphery, created to support agricultural communities during Mexico’s radical period of agrarian reform, are now sites of urban sprawl and impoverishment. Nevertheless, these communities remain legally salient as federal entities with respect to the disposition of land. Their presence complicates the historical evolution of land use in the urban periphery in ways that do not fit into classical central place models. We conclude that the presence of ejidos is associated with rapid and chaotic urbanization by migrants and the loss of agricultural capacity in Guadalajara’s periphery.

Status and dynamics of parameters of use of bed capacity of oncological profile in Russian Federation

In the Russian Federation (RF) a steady growth of morbidity with oncologic diseases is observed. An important factor of reduction of negative influence of oncopathology on the parameters of public health is provision of the population with specialists and beds of oncological profile, as well as their effective use.&#x0D; Aim. To determine the status and identify dynamics of the main parameters of use of beds of oncological profile of the state healthcare system of RF, federal districts and constituent entities of RF in comparison with tendencies of parameters of morbidity with malignant neoplasms, and also of provision of the population with medical personnel in the period from 2010 to 2019.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. Using the data of the Federal statistical observation forms (№30, 47, 14LC, 7) based on the calculation of absolute and relative parameters by the descriptive statistics method, the analysis of the main parameters of the use of bed resources of oncology profile was carried out in comparison with the parameters of morbidity with malignant neoplasms and provision of the population with medical personnel in 24-hour and day-stay hospitals in the Russian Federation, federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2010-2019.&#x0D; Results. During the study period, with the underlying increase in the morbidity of the population with diseases of neoplasm class (primarily, malignant) in the Russian Federation, there was found a regular increase in: the absolute number of oncological beds for 24-hour stay by 5.216 beds (+16.8%), provision with these beds from 2.17 to 2.47 per 10 000 population (+13.8%), hospitalization rate from 6.1 to 9.6 per 1000 population (+57.4%); and a decrease in: average stay in an oncological bed by 3.7 days (-30.6%, from 12.1 to 8.4 days), and the average bed occupancy by 15 days per year (-4.3%, from 345 to 330 days). Mortality in cancer beds increased from 0.76% in 2010 to 0.95% in 2019 (by 25.0%). There was an increase in the provision of the population with oncological beds in day-stay hospitals by 3.4 times, in day-stay hospitals of polyclinics by 63.6%.&#x0D; Conclusion. With the underlying growth of oncological morbidity in the country, the bed capacity of the oncological profile of 24-hour and day hospitals has significantly increased, with a high level of disproportional development of the bed capacity both between federal districts and between the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Routing of aero-medical evacuation in the regions of the Russian Federation

Relevance. In accordance with the Decree N 254 of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 06, 2019 “About strategy of the public health development in the Russian Federation up to the year 2025”, one of the primary challenges of public health is providing access to medical care for every citizen irrespective of his/her location in the country. Patients with life-threatening acute conditions should get emergency medical care within so-called “golden hour”, with selecting optimal routes to the appropriate specialized medical centres as soon as possible. In Russia, this can be realized only via air medical evacuation.Intention. To assess an existing routing system based on the aero-medical evacuation in the regions of the Russian Federation, both under emergency and routine conditions.Methodology. Reports of the Territorial Centres for Disaster Medicine and health authorities of the entities of the Russian Federation were studied.Results and Analysis. Standard locations of the capitals of the Russian Federation entities are described, along with need to cooperate with adjacent regions for evacuating patients both routinely and in case of emergencies. Trends and options of air medical transportation are prioritized to minimize risks of health deterioration in patients and casualties. The study showed increase in the number of patients evacuated via air transportation. Control over routing during medical evacuation of injured in emergencies can reduce the mortality rate due to transporting them to specialized medical centers.Conclusion. Aero-medical transport is extremely demanded for evacuating the injured in emergencies to interregional and federal medical centres.

THE ROLE OF MUNICIPALITIES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC SECTOR

This paper presents a study about the effectiveness of public policies in the photovoltaic solar energy sector and about the extra-taxation as a mechanism to encourage sustainability. The general objective of the research is based on tax exemptions and public policies to promote sustainability, aiming at the actions of municipal entities and the integration of solar photovoltaic generating systems into the existing architecture of cities and the encouragement of new buildings with sustainable design. The present work used the dialectical method, with bibliographic research, characterizing a qualitative and descriptive research. It was observed that sectoral industry is adapting to the cities reality and public policies are giving good results, promoting innovation and sustainability in energy production. It was concluded that the actions of public policies and extrafiscality by the federal entities are helping to increase the use of photovoltaic solar energy in Brazil.