Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Articles

The influence of various tillage technologies on soil fertility, weed infestation and crop productivity in crop rotation

As a result of research for the third rotation of crop rotation (2008-2015), conducted on the basis of the ISA - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FNAC VIM in the conditions of the Ryazan region, the influence of various tillage technologies on the fertility of podzolized chernozem, weediness of crops and productivity of crop rotation crops was established. The smallest number of weeds was observed in the variants with combined treatments - up to 11.2-12.9 pcs/m? against the background of the use of herbicides and 21.3-19.6 pcs/m? against the unprotected background, which is lower compared to the control by 19.4-7.2 % in variants with protection and by 28.3-34.0 % in variants without protection. Also in these variants, a decrease in the wet weight of weeds was observed - by 13.5-15.2 % against the background with herbicides, respectively, while against the background without protection, an increase in wet weight was observed by 21.6-11.8 %, respectively. With flat-cut tillage, an increase in weed infestation to 16.2 pcs/m? with herbicides and 37.9 pcs/m? on an untreated background, as well as a wet weight of weeds up to 110.4-108.2 g/m?, respectively, was noted. The maximum amount of digestible forms of nitrate nitrogen is observed when using deep combined treatments up to 7.5-8.1 mg/kg of soil. The greatest increase in the content of humus in the soil layer of 0-30 cm was noted according to the results of the use of 2-tier tillage – up to 3.99 %, which exceeds the initial value by 0.38 %. The highest yield was obtained when using different-depth treatments – 5.19 t/ha without protection and 5.45-5.52 t/ha with the use of herbicides. The maximum productivity of grain crops was also obtained in variants with combined treatments and amounts to 5.93 thousand feed units/ha against the background without protection, and 6.50 thousand feed units/ha against the background of chemicalization.

Influence of Selephlan on the morphohistological structure of the liver of the Arbor Acres cross poultry

The intensification of growing processes, concentrated feeding and other improvements in technological processes in poultry farms have led to the development of new metabolic pathologies for the industry, previously not widely recorded. The development of these diseases is directly related to excessive stress on the poultry body during intensive rearing. The central organ most susceptible to this type of stress is the liver. Currently, clear signs of hepatopathy are recorded even in poultry farming. As a result, an important offal – the liver – is discarded, the poultry lags behind in growth and development, and the quality of the meat decreases. Therefore, the development of hepatoprotective veterinary drugs for poultry farming is an urgent task. To determine the effectiveness of the new hepatoprotective drug Selephlan in the vivarium conditions of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Krasnodar Research Centre for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine”, an experiment was conducted on two groups of broiler chickens (experimental and control) of the Arbor Acres cross (n=100). The studied drug was given to the experimental group during the growth and finishing periods of rearing (15–40 days) at a dose of 1.0% per unit of feed. The poultry of the control group received complete feed (CF) without additives. In order to determine the state of the hepatobiliary system of poultyr in the end of the experimental period, intravital screening monitoring of the liver condition using ultrasound diagnostics was carried out in the experimental and control groups, followed by slaughter to clarify the identified changes in the liver parenchyma tissue. Based on ultrasound diagnostics and histological studies, it was determined that the drug Selephlan under conditions of intensive fattening allows maintaining the healthy structure and functional activity of the liver of broiler chickens at a physiologically normal level throughout the entire productive period of rearing, which has a beneficial effect on the growth characteristics of meat poultry and the quality of the resulting livestock products.

Selection of probiotic microorganisms in the composition of a new biological preparation for farm animals

The idea of a healthy diet is gaining popularity, which justifies consumer interest in environmentally friendly and biologically complete livestock products. In this regard, the development and use of probiotic preparations in feeding farm animals and identifying the effectiveness of their use is an urgent task of our time. An essential step in creating new biological products is the study and selection of strains for the composition of the starter since the probiotic effect of microorganisms is determined by the set of natural properties they possess. In this work, the biological and technologically valuable properties of 12 strains of lactobacilli and 15 strains of propionic acid bacteria from the Siberian collection of microorganisms of the laboratory of the microbiology of milk and dairy products of the SRICM FGBNU FANZA (Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology) department were studied to include them in the composition of a new probiotic preparation for farm animals. During the research, it was found that all strains of lactic acid rods actively fermented carbohydrates found in plant substrates and maintained their numbers not lower than a therapeutically significant level during 60 days of storage, i.e., showed high technology. Propionic acid bacteria exhibited high biological properties, i.e., they could produce vitamin B12 in amounts from 0.48 to 0.64 μg/cm3 and maintained their viability during six months of storage. As a result of research on the best manifestation of technologically valuable properties, two strains of lactic acid bacilli (SKM673 and SKM-681) and three strains of propionic acid bacteria (111, 112, 149) were selected that were promising for inclusion in the composition of a new probiotic preparation for farm animals.

TREM1 КАК ВАЖНЫЙ УЧАСТНИК В РАЗВИТИИ КРИТИЧЕСКИХ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЙ У КАРДИОХИРУРГИЧЕСКИХ ПАЦИЕНТОВ

Introduction: It is known that the variability of immune response genes and the corresponding immune profile modulate the risk of a number of pathologies. Understanding the role of the immunogenetic status based on the variability of innate immunity receptors in the dynamics of the systemic inflammatory response of non-infectious genesis in open cardiac surgery, as well as the issues of objective assessment and possible correction of complications in the form of multiple organ failure (MOF), remain relevant. Objective: To determine those alleles of the TREM1 gene that are associated with the risk of developing POF in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting and which levels of sTREM1 may be of diagnostic significance. Materials and methods: A comprehensive examination of 680 patients with atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries was performed on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "NII KPSSZ" in the preoperative and early postoperative periods of coronary artery bypass grafting. Two groups were retrospectively formed, differing in the presence/absence of MOF in the early postoperative period. Based on clinical and laboratory data, the first group included 30 patients (4.4%) with MOF established in the early postoperative period (SOFA score over 4 points, combined dysfunction of 2 or more systems with further progression of organ disorders) and 650 patients (95.6%) were included in the second group - with an uncomplicated course of the postoperative period (score on the SOFA scale less than 4 points, disorders of 1-2 organ systems that occur with minor clinical manifestations and do not require long-term correction and support). Serum concentrations were determined by ELISA twice - before surgery and 24 hours (1 day) after surgery. Genotyping of 8 TREM1 polymorphic variants (rs1817537, rs3804277, rs6910730, rs7768162, rs2234246, rs4711668, rs9471535, rs2234237) was performed according to the protocol of the TagMan probe manufacturer by PCR with real-time detection of amplification products. Statistical data processing was carried out using SNPstats and GraphPad Prism 8 software. Results: It was found that in individuals with the T rs2234246 allele (p=0.0076), the G rs1817537 allele (p=0.019) and the T rs3804277 allele (p=0.019) of TREM1, the risk of developing POF after coronary artery bypass grafting increases. Carrying a homozygous genotype for a rare allele in these polymorphic variants is associated with a high concentration of sTREM1 at the preoperative stage (p=0.0005). It was also found that the most pronounced increase in the concentration of sTREM1 in the preoperative and early postoperative periods was observed in critically ill patients. Differences in sTREM1 concentrations between groups were significant throughout the intraoperative period (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: It has been established that the concentration of sTREM and the carriage of rare alleles in certain polymorphic sites of the TREM1 gene (T rs2234246 allele, G rs1817537 allele and T rs3804277 allele), as well as their relationship with the level of circulating sTREM, demonstrate their significance in the development of MOF in patients with coronary artery disease after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

СЕЛЕКЦИЯ, ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИК, УРОЖАЙ

The results of long-term studies (1955-2022) carried out on typical chernozems of the Tambov region, the northernmost border of sunflower cultivation, are presented. The aim of the research is to create very early and early varieties of sunflower with a growing season of 85-95 days, ripening without the use of desiccants. The effect of moisture availability during the growing season and average air temperature on the productivity potential of various sunflower varieties bred by the Tambov Research Institute of Agriculture - branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “FSC named after I.V. Michurin" was studied. The negative impact of increased temperature and reduced precipitation on the yield capacity of sunflower varieties has been established. Over the years of research work on sunflower breeding, 19 varieties and 1 sunflower hybrid have been created. Currently, the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for cultivation in the agricultural production of the Central Chernozem (5) and Middle Volga (7) regions contains 5 varieties: Spartak, Chakinsky 931, Chakinsky 77, PK 05, Chakinsky 100 and one sunflower hybrid Nadezhda, created jointly with OOO “Agroplazma”. In 2021, a new sunflower variety Zagrei 21 was submitted for the State Variety Test.

The effectiveness of autumn application of the herbicide Alistair Grand, MD depending on the consumption rates and phases of development of winter wheat on dark gray forest soils of the Ryazan region

As a leader in the development of high plant protection technologies, Bayer CropScience was the first in Russia to introduce the herbicide Alistair Grand, MD, specialized specifically for autumn use on winter grain crops. Experiments to study the effectiveness of the herbicide were laid in the fields of the ISA, a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FNATS VIM in the Ryazan Region in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022. on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil. Under pre-sowing cultivation, 1.0 c/ha of azofos was applied. In the phase of spring tillering, winter wheat crops were fertilized with ammonium nitrate of 1.0 c/ha. Herbicide Alistair Grand, MD was applied in doses of 0.8 and 1.0 l / ha (spraying) in the phase of 1-3 leaves of the culture. In the same doses, Alistair Grand, MD (spraying) was used in the tillering phase of the crop. On the control variant, the herbicide was not used. Two-year tests of the autumn application of the herbicide Alistair Grand, MD in the phase of 1-3 leaves and in the tillering phase with a rate of application of 0.8 and 1.0 l / ha on winter wheat crops showed its high efficiency in the destruction of annual dicotyledonous and annual cereal (common broomstick) weeds. Annual dicots were inhibited to 97.9% in number and up to 96.6% by weight. tenacious bedstraw – by 11.5–12.5 pcs/m2, wild spin – by 17–19 pcs/m2, field and shepherd's purse violets – by 5.5–6.0 pcs/m2, common broom – by 14–15 pcs/m2. Surveys at the resumption of vegetation and before harvesting showed the complete destruction of the common broomstick. From the use of the drug, an additional grain yield of 106.9–114.7% was obtained.

The effect of folic fertilization on yield and quality indicators of plum fruits in arid conditions of the Astrakhan region

The article presents the results of studying the effect of foliar feeding on the yield and quality of plum fruits. The studies were carried out on the irrigated plot of the orchard of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Pre-Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences" of the Astrakhan Region. As a result of the study, it was found out that the application of macro- and microfertilizers, which are part of the preparations Aquarin, Ultramag boron, Ultramag calcium, is an important factor that improves the commercial qualities of plum fruits. With the foliar top dressing with macro- and microelements, it is possible to control the yield and quality of fruits. The studied fertilizers have a positive effect on the weight, size and quality of plum fruits. The highest average productivity was noted in plum varieties Velikaya sinyaya - 12.3 kg/tree, Volgogradskaya - 11.5 kg/tree. Among the studied varieties, the maximum weight and size of the fetus was noted in the Zainap and Volgogradskaya varieties, which ranged from 48.5 to 54.6 grams.

Prospects of using chemical and physical methods of raw material protection in sugar beet seed-growing

Necessity to provide beet-growing farms with high-quality planting material determines the main vector of domestic sugar beet seed-growing development. And a special role in the crop seed-growing is assigned to improvement of the main methods including development of promising raw material storage technique. Aim of the investigations is to reveal influence of physical and chemical methods of raw material storage, both separately and in combination, on planting material safety as well as productivity of sugar beet seed-bearing plants. The investigations have been carried out by Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «The A. L. Mazlumov All- Russian Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar» in 2019-2021. Objects of the studies are beet mother roots and seed-bearing plants of the domestic hybrid (RMS-127) male sterile form. The experiments have been performed in a beet root storehouse and isolated plots according to methodological recommendations and instructions for sugar beet seed-growing. The experiment scheme is: 1) control (without treatment); 2) treatment of beet roots mother with infra-red radiation (30 sec.) using the Minin reflector (blue lamp); 3) spraying of beet mother roots with the fungicide of «Kagatnik, VRK» (0.10 l/t); treatment with «Kagatnik, VRK» (0.10 l/t) + infra-red radiation (30 sec.); 5) treatment with «Kagatnik, VRK» (0.10 l/t) + the surfactant of «Allure, Zh» (0.003 l/t). As a result, treatment of sugar beet mother roots with the fungicide of «Kagatnik, VRK» together with infrared radiation as well as in a tank mixture with the surfactant of «Allure, Zh» makes it possible to reduce mass losses by 1.6-2.3 absolute % and proliferation by 21.4-23.3 absolute % during storage, and to increase the yield of suitable for planting beet roots by 6-7 absolute %. Positive dynamics of beet mother roots’ storage technique aftereffect on development and productivity of sugar beet seed-bearing plants has been determined. The yield increase of the obtained sugar beet seeds is 0.5 t / ha, and high quality of seed sowing fractions (3.5-4.5 mm and 4.5-5.5 mm) is 96-98 %.

ЭЛИТНАЯ ФОРМА ВИНОГРАДА ТАНА 73

The results of studying of elite grapevine form bred by Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking" (FSBSI NCFSCHVW) of wine direction of use − Tana 73 are presented. This form of grapevine for the production of competitive wine products was bred by crossing varieties Muscat Kubanskiy × Vertes Csilaga. The vintage of the elite form of Tanya 73 is used for the production of high-quality white quiet wines. The research results indicate the perceptivity of the elite form Tana 73 for the production of high-quality wine products, the expansion of the raw material base and the assortment of local varieties of domestic breeding.

СОРТ ВИНОГРАДА ХОУП: ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ

This article presents the results of a study of a new grapevine variety called Hope, developed within the Breeding Program of the University of Arkansas, USA. The research was conducted at experimental plots of the All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking – Branch of Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «FRARC». The Hope grapevine variety possesses several positive characteristics: it belongs to the seedless category of the second class, has dense flesh, and exhibits a complex and rich flavor and taste profile. The average weight of a cluster is 320 grams, while the average weight of a berry is 4.2 grams. The Hope variety has high yield potential, reaching up to 124 quintals per hectare. It shows vigorous vine growth and good resistance to diseases. Additionally, it has a good winter hardiness. Standard methodologies and vineyard cultivation techniques were used in the study. The vineyards where the research was conducted were non-irrigated and grafted, using the Oppenheim SO4 rootstock, with bilateral cordon training and a planting scheme 3×1.5 meters. The results indicated that the Hope variety has an early ripening period (requiring 118 days from bud break to full berry maturity). It has promising for use in winemaking and does not require yield regulation measures. Overall, the Hope grape variety is of interest for commercial cultivation in industrial vineyards. Its economically valuable qualities and attributes make it appealing for consumption in fresh form, wine production, and the production of dried products. It can also be included in the breeding programs of scientific institutions for further development and improvement of grape varieties.

Publishing Activities of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants

Since 2014, agricultural and medical scientific institutions, previously been a part of the specialized agricultural and medical academies of sciences are under the scientific and methodological guidance of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). Among them is the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV” (VNIIP – FSC VIEV), named after K. I. Skryabin and Ya. R. Kovalenko.Special attention in its scientific research is devoted to the study of formation and functioning patterns of parasitic systems; to the development of theoretical foundations to prevent parasitic diseases in livestock animals and plants, and to the improvement and implementation of integrated systems for protecting humans, animals and plants from socially dangerous and economically significant parasitic diseases by creating new methods for early diagnosis and prevention based on the widespread use of biotechnology, genetics and immunology; and to invention of fundamentally new means of protecting animals and plants that provide a high economic effect.The implementation of the Institute’s main tasks predetermines active scientific and publishing activities that can be designated as the final stage of any research work; therefore, scientific and research institutions publish monographs, collections of scientific papers, reference books, study guides, etc. The purpose of the article is to present main directions of VNIIP’s research and publishing activities highlighting features that characterize certain types of publications.The characteristic is given for two printed publications on advanced scientific research in parasitology, namely, the collection of materials from the “Theory and Practice of Parasitic Disease Control” Conference and the Russian Journal of Parasitology. A typological analysis of publications is given, and its results are presented. The declared features of the publications confirm their quality and meet key requirements of the current book publishing industry in this direction.The material is of interest to promote achievements and findings of the most important studies conducted by the team of scientists of the Institute and will be useful both to publishers and to authors of publications.

Phytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of actinomycetes in soil ecosystems

The phytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and optical density of the actinomycetes strains Streptomyces carpaticus RCAM04697, Nocardiopsis umidischolae RCAM04882, Nocardiopsis umidischolae RCAM04883. The strains were isolated from the soil ecosystems of the arid zone and deposited in the Departmental Collection of Useful Microorganisms for Agricultural Purposes of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Agriculture (Pushkin). The phylogenetic position of the strains was determined based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These strains have pronounced insectoacaricidal, fungicidal and antiviral properties. The phytotoxicity of the suspensions and strain extracts were investigated at two concentrations: 0.5 mg/ml и 1.0 mg/ml. A spectrophotometric study was carried out in order to identify groups of dominant substances of metabolites of the studied strains. The analysis was carried out at wavelengths from 330 to 1000 nm, with a step of 10 nm. As a result of spectrophotometric analysis of all studied samples, the indicators of optical density (A) and light transmission (T) were analyzed. It was found that all versions of suspensions and extracts of the three strains are non-toxic, and the concentration 0.5 mg/ml proved to be more effective than concentration 1 mg/ml, which exhibits inhibitory properties. Suspension (88.8 %) and aqueous-alcoholic extract (76.0 %) of S. carpaticus RCAM04697 strain showed the highest antioxidant activity. In all the studied samples, a high antioxidant activity was revealed relative to the control. Spectrophotometric analysis of the studied samples made it possible to identify substances with the appropriate wavelengths that can be attributed to polyene antibiotics.

Vitricity of grain and evaluation of adaptive capability of perspective lines of spring hard wheat in the conditions of the Omsk region

The authors studied varieties and lines of durum spring wheat according to grain vitreousness in 2019–2022 based on the selected crop rotation of the durum wheat laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Omsk ANC”, as well as at the stronghold of seed production in the steppe zone in the village Novouralsky of the Tavrichesky district of the Omsk region. Competitive variety testing was based on a pure fallow of 26 numbers, five varieties. The area of plots is ten m², repeated four times; the placement is randomised. The weather conditions differed, in contrast, both in terms of precipitation and temperature regime. In 2019, atypical meteorological conditions developed: favourable in the first growing season and dry in the second (Volga type of drought); in 2020, a deficit was observed throughout the summer. The most unfavourable conditions for filling and ripening of grain took shape in 2021 and 2022. Ecological plasticity parameters were calculated according to S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell. The effects of additive and multiplicative interactions (AMMI-analysis) were determined by R.W. Zobel et al. The analysis showed the effectiveness of differentiating the genotype’s response to the AMMI analysis’s environment and the S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russell. Average vitreousness for 2019–2022 amounted to 57.5%. According to varieties and lines, vitreousness varied from 54 to 62%. The lines Gordeiforme 12-11-7 and Gordeiforme 14-83-1 were the most responsive to changing environmental conditions. For cultivation in Western Siberia, the following varieties are recommended: Omsk malachite and the line Gordeiforme 12-75-3.

Perspective varieties of sweet pepper for the conditions of the Lower Volga region

The article presents the results of experimental research on the search, study and use of qualitatively new traits of varieties and lines of sweet pepper that can complement the existing assortment of crops and ensure the import substitution of foreign varieties and hybrids in domestic vegetable seed production.The purpose of the work. The aim of the research was to create new competitive varieties of sweet pepper to expand the range of crops in the framework of the development of domestic seed production.Methods. Scientific breeding work on the research topic was carried out by the Department of Breeding and Seed Production of the VNIIOOB-branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "PAFSC RAS" in 2020-2022 as part of the implementation of the State task on the experimental field of the Institute (Kamyzyak, Astrakhan region) according to generally accepted methods. In the experiments, the zonal agrotechnology of crop cultivation, recommended for irrigated agriculture in the Lower Volga region, was used. The objects of research were 7 promising samples of sweet pepper. The zoned varieties of sweet pepper "Gift of Moldova" and "Gift of the Caspian" were used as a standard.Results. The article presents the results of a study of economically valuable qualities and traits of breeding lines and new varieties of sweet pepper "Zarnitsa" and "Prince Caspian" VNIIOOB breeding. The sweet pepper variety Zarnitsa was created and entered in 2023 in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the Russian Federation. Mid-season (118-120 days), characterized by early and amicable setting and ripening of fruits of an even, cone-shaped shape with a light green color in the technical and red in the biological phase of ripening. The average fruit weight is 150-160 g, fruit wall thickness is 0.5-0.6 cm, fruit yield is 55-60 t/ha, marketability is up to 93%. The sweet pepper variety Prince Caspian was created and submitted for state variety testing in 2022. Mid-season (120-125 days), prism-shaped fruits with green color in technical and red color in biological maturity. The average fruit weight is 175-180 g, the average fruit wall thickness is 0.7 cm, the average yield is 52-53 t/ha, the fruit marketability is up to 95%. As a result of the research, a promising breeding line SL - 154/20 with large cube-shaped fruits weighing 184 g and a wall thickness of up to 0.8 cm has been identified. Recommended for fresh consumption, canning and home cooking.Conclusion. The introduction of new varieties of sweet pepper into production will contribute to import substitution and food independence of the state.

Priority directions of modern breeding of vegetable peas (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.)

Over the years, breeders around the world have made significant changes to the architecture of plants of vegetable pea varieties. The changes made were aimed at increasing, first of all, the yield. New varieties should have an optimal combination of plant height, the number of productive nodes and increased resistance to lodging. Having achieved certain results, breeders find ways to improve the culture, further improving its economically valuable features. The article highlights the priority directions in the selection of vegetable peas in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Vegetable Center»(FSBSI FSVC), which are directly related to modern market requirements, and considers the specific factors encountered in breeding work, in the production sector and seed practice. Within the framework of import substitution and the achievement of food security of the country, the scientists of the center are intensively working to create new generation varieties: highly productive (by increasing the number of beans at the node and the number of seeds in the bean), suitable for mechanized harvesting (by obtaining appropriate morphotypes with increased stem strength or modified leaf shape) and with high quality indicators of green peas. There is also a constant selection for resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors that have been changing in recent years, both in the country and around the world. The article presents the main achievements obtained thanks to the experience and knowledge of the leading breeders of the center, specialists in seed production and production, as well as specialists in the field of plant immunity. Thus, selectively valuable forms with high productivity (up to 30 beans and more than 150 seeds per plant) were obtained, a variety with high resistance to lodging due to the strength of the stem was obtained. Work is underway to create varieties with high quality green peas and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.

ФАРМАКОГНОСТИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЛОДОВ ZIZIPHUS JUJUBA MILL

One of the priority tasks of Russian healthcare is the expansion of the range of medicinal products, including the integration of new plant-based preparations. To achieve this objective, intensive research is being conducted on the phytochemical analysis of new types of plant-based materials growing in the territory of the Russian Federation. Studies on representatives of the Ziziphus genus (Ziziphus Mill.) are being carried out both in our country and around the world, as there is significant interest in their potential use for the creation of new plant-based preparations. In our country, the most well-known medicinal plant of the genus Ziziphus is Ziziphus Jujuba Mill., the fruits of which contain a complex of biologically active substances with pronounced immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer activities. Until now, the species of the Ziziphus Mill. genus had not been widely used in scientific medicine in the Russian Federation. In this study, the fruits of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. cultivated in the Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation were examined. In order to ensure the high quality of raw materials for the production of medicinal preparations, it was necessary to conduct pharmacognostic research on Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. fruits to determine the diagnostic characteristics and quality indicators of the materials. Microscopic methods, HPTLC, and UV spectrophotometry were used in the experimental research. The morphological and anatomical study of the fruits made it possible to establish distinctive diagnostic signs, which can be used to conduct reliable identification of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. fruits for the purposes of using this type of raw materials for the preparation of plant-based medicinal products. The work was carried out in accordance with the topic of the research project FGUU-2022-0011 of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants".

Histomorphological changes in the organs of the immune system of broiler chickens when using drug Betulin

Currently, much attention is paid to maintaining the health of poultry and in this regard, the role of the immune system can hardly be overestimated. Specific protective reactions are carried out by immunocompetent cells that are located in the central and peripheral organs of the immune system. The purpose of the research was to study histomorphological changes in the thymus and Bursa fabricii of broiler chickens when using the phytodrug Betulin. The histomorphological changes in the central organs of the immune system (thymus and fabricius sac) of broiler chickens when using Betulin have been presented in the article. Betulin is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid of the lupan series. It is found in a large number of plants (hazel, calendula, licorice), but it does not occur in free form. On an industrial scale, it is extracted from birch bark – the outer layer of the bark of white birch (Betula alba), hanging (Betula pendula). Its biological activity has been confirmed in the course of scientific research in more than forty international scientific centers. The effectiveness of using triterpene compounds as direct regulators of the activity of the body’s enzymatic systems has been demonstrated. The research was carried out in the veterinary department of poultry at Siberian Scientifi c and Research Institute of Poultry – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center” on broiler chickens of the cross Sibiryak. The chickens of the experimental groups were used Betulin from 7–21 days, the 1st experimental group at a dose of 2,5 mg/kg of live weight, the 2nd – 5,0 mg/kg, the 3rd – 10,0 mg/kg and the 4th – 15,0 mg/kg of live weight. The poultry of the control group did not receive the phytodrug Betulin. Vaccination of chickens was carried out at the age of 7 days against Newcastle disease viruses and infectious bronchitis of chickens, at 14 days against infectious bursal disease. It was found on the base histological studies that Betulin in doses of 10,0 and 15,0 mg/kg of live weight stimulated the proliferation of lymphocytes and differentiation of the central organs of the immune system of broiler chickens.

Технологический потенциал зернобобовых культур

In the arid conditions of the Russian Federation, an additional source of replenishing protein and improving the quality of the food base can be: grasspea, lentil, chickpea. The article presents the results of the assessment of the nutritional qualities of varieties of grasspeas and lentils of the selection of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution RosNIISK "Rossorgo". The organoleptic characteristics of cereals and flour from grasspea and lentil seeds were revealed. Indicators of technological properties of cereals (cooking time, digestibility and water absorption coefficients) have been obtained. It has been determined that the least amount of time is spent on boiling lentil groats (39-76 min.). For the full-fledged cooking of grasspeas and chickpeas, it took more time (71-125 minutes and 88-150 minutes, respectively). The values of the coefficient of digestibility indicate that cereals with a large coefficient of digestibility, in comparison, give more end products. The study showed that most varieties of grasspeas, lentils and chickpeas can be directly used for food purposes. Keywords: GRASSPEA, LENTILS, CHICKPEAS, GROATS, BOILABILITY, COEFFICIENT

Productivity and quality of winter wheat grain in crop rotations with different types of fallow and at different levels of fertilization

The purpose of the current work was to study the effect of various winter wheat forecrops (weedfree fallow, green fallow, sown fallow) and fertilization levels (control without fertilizers, NPK–60 kg.a.i./ha, NPK–80 kg.a.i./ha, NPK–100 kg.a.i./ha) on productivity and quality of winter wheat grain. The study was carried out at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Kursk FARC” in 2018–2020. There has been established that the large-sized grain was grown in a crop rotation with a sown fallow. There has been established that with an increase of mineral fertilizers’ doses, the differences between crop rotations raised. In the crop rotation with sown fallow, grain evenness was also higher, by 0.3 and 0.5 % more than in crop rotations with green manure and weedfree fallow. There has been found that regardless of the crop rotation, with an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers, grain evenness increased. There has been determined that the trait ‘1000-grain weight’ was the highest when it was sown in green fallow with 48.4 g of NPK–100 kg.a.i./ha, which was due to the improvement of the nutrient regime of the soil with the introduction of green manure. There has been determined that when growing wheat in green fallow in the variant without fertilizers, crude gluten in the flour was 2.3 and 2.5 % more than in sown and weedfree fallow. This pattern was also preserved on fertilized backgrounds. The indicator of gluten percentage in flour increased with the growth of fertilizer. There has been found that crop rotation with weedfree fallow was the best in terms of gluten elasticity. Winter wheat productivity at NPK–60 kg.a.i./ha and NPK–100 kg.a.i./ha was higher when sown in weedfree fallow, and on unfertilized control and at NPK–80 kg.a.i. / ha when sown in green fallow. There has been noted that there is a significant improvement in crop productivity, for example, from 4.39 to 6.19 t/ha in crop rotation with weedfree fallow, with an increase in fertilizer application rates.

Retrospective of barley breeding in the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”

The current paper has presented a historical excursion and an overview of scientific research on breeding and seed production of winter and spring barley in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The Southern Federal District includes 8 subjects of the Russian Federation, namely Sevastopol; republics of Adygea, Kalmykia, Crimea; Krasnodar Territory, Astrakhan, Volgograd and Rostov regions. Barley is the main grain forage crop in terms of sown area. Don farmers have long shown interest in this valuable, diverse crop, very unpretentious to the cultivation conditions. Barley breeding work began in our institution in 1932 and is still ongoing, with short interruptions, to the present. Research was carried out in various areas: breeding of winter, spring and facultative barley, seed production and technology of their cultivation. In the XXI-st century, the researchers of the barley department developed new innovative directions in barley breeding, there were developed two-row brewing varieties with high malting rates (the variety ‘Randevu’) in winter barley breeding and in spring barley breeding there were developed fodder barley (green fodder) varieties (the variety ‘Novik’), which were previously absent in the State List of the Russian Federation. In 2014 there were opened new directions in the department, namely the development of hulles spring barley varieties and awnless winter barley varieties. Since 2016, there has been carried out an active work to identify winter barley lines that are genetically resistant to net blotch. Together with the All-Russian Research Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, there was carried out an estimation of the radiosensitivity of winter and spring barley varieties to identify varieties being resistant to the environmental stress factors. Based on research materials, there were successfully defended 11 candidate and two doctoral dissertations, there were published eight monographs and more than 400 scientific articles.