Farms In Ukraine Research Articles

Коронавірусні інфекції тварин і птиці в контексті пандемічного поширення коронавірусної хвороби людей COVID-19 (стан і перспективи розв’язання проблеми)

Goal. Because of significant spread in the modern world of coronavirus infection of a man of a new type (COVID-19), caused by a virus SARS-CoV-2, to provide professional analysis of the nature and biological characteristics of coronaviruses of animals, their evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships with coronaviruses of a man, as well as to outline prospects for the use of animal coronaviruses in the creation of a system of countermeasures against pandemic COVID-19. Methods. The generalized literature data and the review of the achievements of scientists of NSC «IECVM» in the control of coronavirus infections in cattle and poultry are submitted for consideration. Results. Classification and phylogenetic relationships in the family Coronaviridae are given, as well as the review of own and literature data on the genetic and antigenic structure of coronavirus cattle. They characterized the direction of the creation of means of control of coronavirus infection of cattle (development of vaccines and diagnosticums). Circulation is established of the virus of infectious bronchitis of chickens «D 388 (QX)», «Italy 02», «4/91», «M41» in poultry farms of Ukraine. The immunity against infectious bronchitis of chickens is 93–100%. In the process of developing modern vaccine preparation for prevention of infectious diseases in poultry (Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis of chickens and syndrome of decreased egg production) it is established that formaldehyde and ethylenimine completely inactivate the infectivity of the pathogens of the infections, while antigenic activity remains at a high level. The data are given of scientific researches in the ecology and biology of coronavirus infectious bronchitis of chickens, as well as in the study of the ultrastructure of the virus. Conclusions. Knowledge of biological properties and features of mammalian and poultry coronaviruses can be successfully applied in the tests on the effectiveness of control agents (medicines and disinfectants), for preventive actions (creation of «candidate» of vaccines), and control over Covid-19 infection.

CURRENT STATE OF DAIRY LIVESTOCK IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The article examines the current state and dynamics of dairy farming in Ukraine as one of the leading industries. Its purpose is to ensure milk production amounts that meet the standards of state food security and conditions for expanding the export potential of the domestic economy. Despite the fact that milk production in Ukraine is profitable, it does not restrain the negative trends of catastrophic reduction of cows and milk production. The level of development of the agro-industrial complex, including dairy farming, depends on the social and food stability of the economic system of the district, region and the state as a whole. The purpose of this work is to assess the state of dairy farming in Ukraine, the development of theoretical provisions and practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of production and sale of milk in agricultural enterprises. Research methodology. The methods of analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical are used (formation of theoretical generalizations and conclusions), economic-mathematical, statistical, comparison and generalization. Results. The milk production and its structure, the number of cows and their structure by categories of farms in Ukraine for 1990-2019; the volume and structure of gross agricultural output for 1990-2019 (at constant prices in 2016) were studied in the article. The grouping of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine by the number of cows, which was available at the beginning of 2020; an assessment of the efficiency of milk production and sales in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine for 2005, 2010 and 2018 have been provided. Conclusions. It was found that the purchase price of milk, both from agricultural enterprises and from households supplied to milk processing enterprises, is almost three times lower than the final retail price. It is proposed to increase the economic efficiency of milk production by resolving the contradictions between agricultural and dairy enterprises, as well as other subjects of agro-industrial production in the process of achieving their economic interests in providing the population with quality dairy products. Keywords: agro-industrial production, livestock industry, dairy farming, economic efficiency, productivity, profitability.

Analysis of Production and Sales of Organic Products in Ukrainian Agricultural Enterprises

As organic farming gains more popularity across the world, it is important to discuss the underlying trends of its development in Ukraine, who is an important agricultural producer. Organic farming may have lower environmental pressures—therefore, we seek to identify the major trends in the production and sales of the organic agricultural products in Ukraine. In this study, data on the production structure, costs, and selling prices from Ukrainian enterprises are analyzed. Conventional and organic enterprises are contrasted in order to identify the possibilities for the development of organic agriculture in Ukraine. Our results suggest that enterprises that use organic farming in Ukraine tend to produce higher output per hectare, as opposed to those engaged in conventional farming. However, labor profitability remains low in labor-intensive organic farming, especially in larger companies, and organic products remain a low percentage of Ukraine’s agricultural exports. This calls for further study into the development of organic production and consumption in the domestic market, as well as the implementation of appropriate certification practices in order to ensure the growth of organic exports.

Social and Economic Determinants for the Development of Resource Potential of Small Forms of Agrarian Production in Ukraine

The socio-economic importance of small forms of entrepreneurship in the national economic model has significantly increased. There was substantiated an existence of specific features of small rural enterprise development of the leading European countries, since farming is the basis of family agricultural business. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the concept of low-income family-labor enterprise. There were used methods to evaluate the results of production and economic activity of farms based on the alternative ways to estimate the labor costs for the production owners. The development trends of farms in the European Union and the dynamics of the income level of the members-farm owners were analyzed. There were established the peculiarities of the farm holdings development in Ukraine and the factors that determine the specifics of their sectoral diversification. The comparative analysis of the level of production efficiency for the main types of agricultural products among the agricultural enterprises and farms of Ukraine was carried out. The need to integrate the monetary compensation of labor costs of farm members-owners as a component of their resource potential was proved. The significance of the research results to ensure the effective economic activity of small forms in Ukraine was substantiated.

Ефективність виробництва насіння та перспективи розвитку насінництва в Україні

Ефективність виробництва насіння та перспективи розвитку насінництва в Україні

What drives peasant household to commercialize? An investigation of the factors leading to commercialization of semi-subsistence farming in Ukraine

More than half of the total number of households in Ukraine are engaged in agricultural activities both for food self-sufficiency and for the production of marketable agricultural products, acting as subsistence or semi-subsistence farms. The determination of the right strategy for the further development of this form of farming is the key to the effective development of the agricultural sector, rural areas and the national economy as a whole. Instigated by Europe's CAP policy and its implementation, the study seeks to and delivers the factors influencing the commercialization of the semi-subsistence farms in Ukraine, based on the wealth of statistical data. The findings also show the lack of a strategy to support the establishment of a model of individual farming, which must counteract the risks of industrialized agro-production.

Development of means of mechanization of fodder production

Annotation Purpose.Establishing the main directions of development of technical means for the preparation of feed for the current state of development of technology in Ukraine and the world. Methods.Monographic, analytical, systematic analysis of the transformation of technical objects and technological processes of harvesting and storage of stem feeds and prospects for their development. Results. Prospects for the development of dairy farming in Ukraine are identified, the main machines for stem fodder harvesting are identified, the characteristics of domestic and foreign production machines are analyzed, their differences are determined, examples of innovative developments in some types of technical means for fodder harvesting are given. Conclusions. Feed harvesting machines produced by Ukrainian producers do not meet the needs of milk producers with more than 120–150 cows, are produced irregularly, in separate batches. Domestic manufacturers of machines for forage harvesting do not produce the entire list of necessary machines. Only the simplest machines of low productivity are issued, use of means of automation of the executed processes is absent. Based on the research of NSC “IAEE”, some samples of innovative forage harvesters and their promising working bodies have been developed and tested. In most types of machines there are noticeable signs of modularity, unification. To provide livestock producers with feed preparation machines, it is necessary to organize (program) the production of standard-sized rows of modular machines agreed with each other on productivity (working speed, width of capture) in accordance with the available energy resources. Keywords: dairy cattle breeding, fodder stem, mower, mower-shredder, stirrer, rake, press-sorter, forage harvester, standard-size range, modular structure.

ОБ’ЄКТИВНА НЕОБХІДНІСТЬ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ВІДРОДЖЕННЯ СЕЛА

Introduction. The problem of rural social regeneration has grown into a national task in view of the constant reduction of the resource potential of the agricultural sector of the economy and the threat to the country's food security.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to research the current state of socio-economic development of rural territories in order to find directions for solving the problems of village revival as a guarantor of the country’s food security.Research methodology. In the basic theoretical and methodological construction of the research is the general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the interdisciplinary scientific research’s basis, institutional methodologies. The methodological basis of the developed problem composes the scientific experience of foreign and domestic scientists.Applied aspects of the problematic discussion are based on the knowledge systematization on determining the institutional priorities for the revival of the Ukrainian village and the socio-economic effects of its development as a particular economic entity. The usage of the methodological apparatus of the institutional (institutional) theory made it possible to identify features and determine the organizational effectiveness of the “rules of the game” established by the state and the market, which ensured the approval of the existing typological complex of family farming in Ukraine as the basis for the revival of rural settlements. Economic calculations made it possible to methodically substantiate aspects of the current state affairs, to determine the potential dynamics and to characterize the prospect of the family farming development as a special model of rural management.Results. The institutional specifics of the Ukrainian village’s revival are theoretically and methodologically substantiated. Moreover, the government of Ukraine has the opportunity to mitigate the negative socio-economic phenomena that occur in rural areas. It is proved that the main reason for the villages’ extinction of is demographic.The world tendencies and the global tradition of presenting family business in rural areas with the comparison of the practice of the national economic complex, as well as the identification of specific institutional and legal support are considered.The modern conditions of development, the institutional support factors for the peasants’ employment in Ukraine, the basics of the formation of its organizational and economic model are analyzed.It has been established that, due to highly efficient machinery, land cultivation no longer requires millions of workers, and where necessary, hired labor of seasonal workers, often foreign ones, is used. Thus, the corresponding rural areas lose the economic basis of existence, and, refusing, adapt to changes, migrating to cities and outside Ukraine.Originality. It has been established that the problem of the revival of the Ukrainian countryside and rural territories is not a purely Ukrainian problem, but a European-wide trend. Caused by deep economic and technological factors, it cannot be stopped by any national government. That is why, the solution to the problem of revival involves bringing to this the forces and energies of all subjects of the country. There is a necessity to inform the society about the essence of the problem and the way to solve it, that is, to form the village revival’s ideology. We are talking about changes in the socio-economic structure, so this requires a large-scale outreach and advocacy.Conclusions. The results of the study can be used to develop legal norms of institutional incentives of solving the problem of the revival of the Ukrainian village through the development of family farming as the basis for the formation of a new country’s social structure. The usage of provisions of scientific discourse in research activities on the problems of socio-economic revival of the village is the priority.

TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTS IN HOUSEHOLDS FOR VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES OF POULTRY MAINTENANCE

The purpose of the research is to carry out a comparative analysis of the level of profitability production of poultry products in the farms under different technologies of poultry keeping and to determine the ways of its optimization in the conditions within the farm and farm households. The study was conducted at the Department of Breeding, Technology and Innovation Management of the State Poultry Research Station of the NAAS. The level of profitability for different technologies for keeping poultry in poultry farms in Ukraine was calculated using official statistics on the website of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine and own surveys of keeping poultry of different species. Specialized farms use traditional cages (conventional cages) according to the international classification for the production of food eggs. In most cases, without the financial means of the population, they use the free or free-range keeping of chickens to produce eggs. Despite the current nature of this method of restraint in financial resources, it makes it impossible to realize the genetic potential of the bird. By structure, chicken meat production in Ukraine is also concentrated in two sectors - specialized farms for broiler chickens and households. When growing broiler chickens in all specialized farms use the technology of needless keeping. This technology is also used by the public. At the same time, a significant number of broiler chickens and farmers are grown using traditional, used type cell batteries. The use of such a second-hand allows to increase by 2-3 times the keeping on the floor of the poultry house and to reduce the specific costs of feed, heating and lighting. Using the abstract-logical method, the economic components of the production of food eggs and chicken meat in farms of different types were analyzed. Significant superiority of specialized enterprises over households was found in terms of profitability, respectively, in the production of eggs – 48.3 versus 9.64 %, meat of broiler chickens - 76.2 and 59.0. Unfortunately, the powerful agrarian sector, which is present in most developed countries, such as farms, cannot develop as fast in Ukraine, which significantly delays the level of domestic production of poultry products and significantly reduces the export potential development. Improving the performance of small and medium-sized businesses, and especially for farms, is possible due to a number of requirements aimed at streamlining this process. This includes the use of better poultry, including domestic breeding, the introduction of modern energy and resource-saving technologies that combine not only microclimate but also safe feeding and disease control.

Economic prospects for cooperation the European Union and Ukraine in the use of blockchain technologies

The article is devoted to the research of the possibilities of cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Ukraine in the use of blockchain technologies. The transition to the blockchain allows to minimise costs and maximise the results of economic activity. The experience of using blockchain technologies by world corporations is analysed. The subject of the research in the article is the potential of economic cooperation between the EU and Ukraine in the field of implementation and use of blockchain technologies. The purpose of the article is to find out the economic prospects of cooperation between the EU and Ukraine in the use of blockchain technologies. Tasks: researching of tendencies of development of blockchain technologies and possible variants of their implantation in activity of the Ukraine’s enterprises, searching for benefits from cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the field of use of blockchain technologies. General scientific used research methods: analysis – to determine the peculiarities of the use of blockchain technologies in the EU, synthesis – to find opportunities for cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the use of blockchain technologies. The obtained results: based on the analysis of the dynamics of changes in the field of enterprise technology, problematic aspects are identified and the main advantages of the transition from the traditional management model to blockchain platforms are identified, and the economic benefits of locating mining farms in Ukraine compared to some EU countries are calculated. Conclusions: using of blockchain technologies by modern enterprises gives them a number of competitive advantages, including saving on labor costs, increased information security, reduced costs for quality control of products/services, etc. Blockchain allows to promote more sustainable cooperation between EU and Ukrainian companies not only in trade, but also in industry, finance and energy. By implementing joint blockchain systems with the EU, Ukraine can provide mining with low costs for electricity and wages.

Legal aspects of activity and development of personal peasant farms in Ukraine: problems and prospects of development

The article is devoted to the analysis of legal aspects and basic principles of activity of personal peasant economy in Ukraine. The efficiency of creating such a form of management is also analyzed and attention is paid to the shortcomings in its legal regulation. Based on the legislative definition of personal economic, the article formulated proposals for the legal regulation of their activities. Peculiarities of the right to use land plots as a basis for personal farming are given. The maximum allowable area of land used by personal farms has been identified. Emphasis is placed on cases of increasing this size from a practical and theoretical point of view. The purpose of this article is to analyze the activities of personal farming. Analyze aspects of land lease, eliminate shortcomings in legislation and make proposals to address issues. The authors concluded why the owners of private farms violate the law and illegally exceed the maximum size of land for farms of this organizational and legal form. Given that members of the personal peasant economy abuse the advantages provided by the state to carry out such activities, attention is paid to the moment of transition of the personal peasant economy to the farm. Aspects of taxation of the personality of peasant farms are analyzed and the possibility of reduction to privileged categories at transformation in a farm is offered. The legal aspects of renting private farms are also studied. Based on the analysis of indicators of lease of farms of this organizational and legal form, we provide proposals for the regulation of regulations on issues related to aspects of the activities and development of personal farms and the institution of lease.

Instruments of regulating of branch of goat farming in the conditions of the food challenges

The article investigates the measures and identifies the possibilities of branch of goat farming in the conditions of the food challenge. The article substantiates that the agrarian sector of Ukraine is developing in the conditions of food challenges of world globalization processes. It is stated that the goat farming entities established in recent years operate on the basis of international standards of food quality and safety and have the status of innovative for domestic animal husbandry. It is proved that the raw materials of Ukraine open the opportunity to develop competitive and export-oriented production of food, in particular goat production, provided that the instruments of state regulation are consistent with the practice of world economic leaders of super state formations. Measures have been identified and instruments of goat industry regulation have been identified and modern aspects of development of innovative goat business entities have been generalized. The basic principles of functioning of the goat industry in the conditions of implementation of the European standards of quality and safety of foodstuffs are formed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the development of the domestic agrarian sector is characterized by the investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector. It is established that the effective functioning depends on the optimal combination of control instruments. The formation and development of the goat production industry in Ukraine requires the improvement of existing regulatory tools for structural European integration transformation in order to eliminate non-tariff barriers to the movement of goods and to develop the industry to reach a competitive level. It is proposed to create favorable conditions for regulating the development of the agrarian sector in the context of goat farming in Ukraine in accordance with the instruments of European standards, which are obligatory for the examination of export-oriented economic entities by the independent Directorate General of the European Union for Health and Safety consumers (DGSANTE). It is concluded that the proposed improvement of regulatory instruments in order to secure the industry at a competitive level will contribute to the development of goat farming in the face of food challenges.

Проблеми ензоотичної пневмонії свиней

The purpose. To study the epizootic situation with monitoring studies on enzootic pneumonia among the pig population in pig farms and to establish the main factors that may be the reason for its spread in Ukraine. Methods. Epizootological examination, clinical, bacteriological, pathological, anatomical, serological and molecular genetic studies to determine the role of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in infectious diseases of pigs. Results. According to the results of epizootological monitoring, bacteriological, serological, molecular genetic studies, the spread of enzootic pneumonia among the livestock of pigs in Ukrainian farms was established. It was determined that the clinical signs of the disease in piglets appear already at 34-50 days of age, depending on the duration of weaning from sows and cover up to 30% of the livestock. At the autopsy of dead piglets of different ages, it was found that in 54% of cases, lung lesions characteristic of enzootic (mycoplasma) pneumonia were recorded. The percentage of pathological and anatomical changes in the respiratory tract recorded at autopsy increased depending on the age of the pigs. So, in piglets up to the age of 1 month respiratory tract damage was diagnosed in 6.6%, at the age of 40 days their number increased sharply — up to 24.2%, at the age of 120 days — up to 100%. According to the results of studies, it was found that the main carriers of the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia can be considered boars (up to 68.5%), repair pigs (up to 64%) and sows (up to 28.1%). Despite such a high level of carriage among the main livestock, the results were positive in 26.7% of suckling piglets, after weaning from sows they decreased to 11.6 and again increased to 22.1% in piglets aged 60–120 days. Conclusions. The study of the problem of enzootic (mycoplasmal) pneumonia of pigs indicates its spread in most pig farms in Ukraine, the scale of the losses, in this case, depends on the number of livestock and the technology of growing animals.

Sugarolytic functions and molecular-biological diagnostics of pathogenic bacteria of white button mushroom Аgaricus bisporus

Purpose. To carry out molecular ad biological diagnostics and to determine sugarolytic functions of pathogenic bacteria of Agaricus bisporus for accurate identification of their genus and species. Methods. Six bacterial cultures isolated from fruit bodies of white button mushroom produced by some farms in Ukraine were tested vs. reference strain CFBP 2068T Pseudomonas tolaasii as a positive control. There were performed such microbiological tests: for oxidase and catalase activity, for ability to hydrolyze gelatin and to coagulate or peptonize milk, for sugarolytic properties using method of color series. The tests were carried out with three replications. DNA were extracted from selected isolates of pathogenic bacteria was performed with the Marmur’s modified method. Results. All isolates are gram-negative bacteria that fluoresce on beef-extract agar and beef-extract broth + KNO3, do not hydrolyze gelatin, do not show oxidase activity (except for 4.1), but show catalase activity. The results on sugarolytic properties are as follows: isolate 1.1 uses maltose, lactose, mannitol, galactose, fructose and arabinose with acid formation as the only nutrition source; isolate 2.1 utilizes maltose, glucose (aerobically), xylose, lactose, mannitol, sucrose, fructose, galactose, arabinose; isolate 3.2 does maltose, glucose (aerobically), xylose, lactose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, arabinose; isolate 4.1 does maltose, glucose (aerobically), xylose, lactose, mannitol, sucrose, fructose, galactose, arabinose; isolate 5.1. does glucose, xylose, mannitol, fructose, galactose, arabinose; isolate 6.1 does lactose, mannitol, fructose, galactose, arabinose. There have been were chosen special primers for PCR analysis. Conclusions. The experiments suggest that the isolates studied are pathogenic and morphologically may be attributed to the genus Pseudomonas because they possessive the same morphological and biochemical properties as the reference strain. Identification of total and genomic DNA extracted is confirmed by PCR analysis. The results of the research would help to find effective ways of identifying the pathogens and to prevent spread of the disease during the early stages of the mushroom growth.

Epizootic situation on fish invasion diseases in the waters of Ukraine

An important place in meeting the needs in food of the population has fisheries. The development of this industry, the increase in production and ensuring the high quality of fish as a food product greatly depend on the animal health of the farms and timely conducting veterinary and preventive measures – the basics of providing the mepizootic well-being. Fisheries in Ukraine engaged in more than 6 thousand individuals and legal entities. However, as evidenced by the practice of recent years and results of ichthyoparasitic studies, almost all fish planting and uterine young in the fish farms of Ukraine is infested by invaders of invasive diseases, including ichthyophthiosis, argulosis, lerneosis, fingerprinting, hydrodactylosis, diplozoonosis and others. Unfortunately, one of the disadvantaged regions of Ukraine with invasive fish diseases is west. In the pond farms of Rivne and Volyn regions it is wide the parasites were distributed: diplastomids and filometers, the larvae of which affect the muscle tissue and internal organs of the fish. In the ponds of Western Polissya of Ukraine has identified 23 species of parasites belonging to the classes of Monogenea, Hirudinea, Bivalvia and Crustacea. It should be noted that in most farms mainly mixed infestations are common in the western region. In the south of Ukraine, diplo- stomosis, metogonimosis, filometridosis, lerneosis and hepaticosis were registered. In the natural reservoirs of Mykolaiv invasiveness of fish of different species by P. ovatus metacercariae was revealed. Fishes of artificial and natural reservoirs of Kharkiv region were found 16 species of parasites belonging to the classes of Trematoidea, Cestoidea, Nematoda,Acanthocephala, Crustacea, Mastigophora, Infusoria and Monogenoidea. In the fish farms of Cherkasy, Zhytomyr and Kyiv areas in most cases the fish was struck by monogeneas. In the natural waters of Sumy region were registered trienophorosis and rafidoscaridosis. It is known that the infection of fish with parasites causes a delay in its growth and development, reduction of fatness, deterioration of product and taste, impaired reproduction and even death. Therefore regular monitoring of parasitofauna of fish in the pond farms of Ukraine is necessary because study of patterns of occurrence and spread of fish diseases, prediction of those diseases affect the efficiency of aquaculture breeding and preservation of fish products.

Features of Formation and Use of Production Resources by Small Farms in Ukraine

Abstract It is proved that the effective development of small farms is ensured by the level of their resource supply and the balance of production resources, the efficiency of which we have been carried out on the basis of the calculation of allocative and technical efficiency. According to the obtained equation of production function, we conclude that the most elastic factor is the cost of seeds, fertilizers, feed and other material costs. An increase of this resource by 1% will lead to an increase in the result by 0.395%. The smallest value of the coefficient of elasticity was obtained from such production resource as arable land. The obtained model shows that there is a decreasing effect on the scale, since the sum of the regression coefficients is less than 1 (equal to 0.962), which means that if the resources increase in some proportion, then the volumes of revenue increase in a smaller proportion. It is substantiated that allocative inefficiency is caused not by the excessive use of resources in small farms, but by the higher prices for them and the underestimated agricultural output.

Contamination of hen manure with nine antibiotics in poultry farms in Ukraine

The problem of processing, use and utilization of poultry manure contaminated with antibiotics remains unsolved not only Ukraine but around the world, and theatment and prevention of highly contagious infectious diseases among birds requires antibacterial medication use. By liquid chromatography, 293 hen manure samples of 12 Ukrainian industrial flocks of poultry farms were studied. The residual content of 9 antibiotics in the hen manure was found, including 38.2% of tetracycline preparations (doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline), fluoroquinolone (enrofloxacin and norfloxacin) including combinations of incompatible tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, broad-spectrum penicillins (amoxicillin), fenicols (florfenicol), macrolides (tylosin) and one sulfanilamide preparation (sulfametazine). The most common antibiotics in hen manure of Ukrainian industrial flocks of poultry farms are the antibiotics of the tetracycline group, the main one being doxycycline. A high correlation was determined between the release of doxycycline with eggs and hen manure after the preparation was used perorally in preventive and therapeutic doses. Time of complete excretion of doxycycline from the hen body at the preventive dose (50 mg/L of water for 7 days) was 14 days for manure, 8 days for eggs, following its withdrawal, and at the therapeutic dose (100 mg/L of water for 7 days ) – 20 days for manure, and 9 days for eggs, following its withdrawal. The perspective of using the obtained data about the duration of excretion of doxycycline with hen manure consists in confirmation of the time of the antibiotic’s excretion with manure following its use for preventive or therapeutic purpose, which will help in controlling it as a source of environmental pollution. The time of doxycycline excretion from the body of hens with eggs and manure may be used practically by professionals in veterinary medicine in the case of prescribing or replacing antibiotics for treatment of infectious diseases of poultry to prevent the combination of incompatible preparations in the body and manure. The obtained experimental data may form the basis for the development of national regulations on the processing, usage and utilization of manure of hens under treatment with antibiotics.

LEGAL FORM OF THE FARMING

Purpose: the article explores common features and differences of forms of farming, which are defined by the current legislation of Ukraine. Research m ethods: a comparative legal and analytical-synthetic method was used. Res ults : the opinion is expressed that the farms, despite their form, have the following features: 1) the form of business activity; 2) a commercial entity; 3) can be created exclusively by a citizen of Ukraine or citizens of Ukraine; 4) the basis of the farm is the work of relatives or members of the same family; 5) availability of land; 6) belongs to the fourth group of taxpayers who have the right to apply a simplified system of taxation. The analysis of the current legislation shows that the farming in Ukraine can exist in two main forms: as a legal entity and on the basis of registration of a natural person - entrepreneur. Farming as a legal entity can be created as a unitary entity or as a corporate entity. Regardless of the type of farm - legal entity (unitary or corporate) in the legislation there are no requirements regarding the size and the order of formation of its authorized capital. A farm that operates on the basis of an individual’s registration - an entrepreneur can be an individual farm of one person or a collective farm where only the members of the same family (family farm) work. When deciding whether to set up a farm in one form or another, you need to be aware of the difference in order of creation and management of the farm, the differences in land ownership, taxation and government support. The provisions of the current legislation governing the creation and operation of various forms of farming require clarification in terms of regulating the land capacity of family farms. The author proposes to amend the Law of Ukraine «On Farming» and the Land Code of Ukraine on limiting the land area of family farms that do not have the status of a legal entity, 20 hectares.

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPOUND FEEDS FOR TILAPIA FISH

The article states that, according to the literature review, in aquaculture of freshwater fish species that acquire everincreasing production volumes, tilapia is leading with 17%, and it is follower by carp (15% of world volume). For almost 60 years, tilapia have moved into second place in the global fish production, with the prospect of taking first place in the next 2-3 years and overtake carp in world production. Since fish is a rich source of proteins and essential amino acids, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, macro and micronutrients, it is also an important component of the diet of the population. Meat of tilapia is dense, non-fat, protein content close to trout meat, does not contain intermuscular bones. One of the priorities of the development of fish farming in Ukraine is the cultivation of tilapia. The amount of feed consumption in the world is increasing every year, due to the rapid growth in demand for tilapia. Currently, Ukrainian businessmen are interested in the production of catfish and tilapia. The most famous aquapride plants that grow these breeding objects are Lauren Aquaculture LLC (Rivne region), Aqua System Organic LLC (Kiev region), Catfish from Pavlysh TM (Kirovograd region), TM “First City Fish Farm ‘’I want a catfish ”(Kiev). That is why the production of balanced domestic feed for tilapia is an important task of the feed industry of Ukraine. The theoretical study was devoted to the issue of tilapia feed production. The nutritional value of feed for tilapia depends on the stage of the life cycle of this species of fish. It was shown the world leading manufacturers of feed for tilapia, it was analyzed the nutritional value of feed for this species of fish on the content of crude protein in the starting, growth and finishing periods, respectively. The requirements for the content of essential nutrients, essential amino acids, minerals (micro and micronutrients), water-and fat-soluble vitamins and restrictions on the content of crude fiber are given. The programs of feeding of tilapia of various producers are analyzed and an own program of feeding this species of fish is developed, it is divided the starting, growth and finishing period of tilapia growing. For starter mixed feeds for tilapia, the content of crude protein should be at least 45%, crude fat at least 12%, crude fiber not more than 1.5%, gross energy not less than 18 MJ, crude ash not more than 8%. For grower’s feeds, the content of crude protein should be at least 40 %, crude fat at least 12%, crude fiber not more than 3%, gross energy not less than 17 MJ, crude ash not more than 9.5%. For finishing feeds, the content of crude protein should be at least 30 %, crude fat at least 6%, crude fiber not more than 5%, gross energy not less than 17 MJ, crude ash not more than 7%. Amino acids requirements are very important for tilapia fish, feeds for tilapia from any period should contain lysine should be at least 1.6%, methionine should be at least 0.7 %.

Formation of the Economic and Legal Basis for the Development of Organic Farming in Ukraine Through the Prism of European Experience and Attracting Foreign Investment

The natural resources as the constituent of the natural environment and their condition are determined, which requires immediate action. The interaction of a person, his activity with the natural environment is characterized. Economic indicators, including price policy, social guarantees, protection and protection of economic activity in comparison with the international and European status are determined. The analysis of components of the environment in Ukraine is given and the legal bases for the settlement and protection of human rights and freedoms are defined. Potentially possible activities for Ukraine are outlined. The vectors of development and support from the state of Ukraine are analyzed. The direction of development of farming, which today is defined as the creation of a legal entity, with the statute, mandatory state registration, with the opening of an account in a financial institution, is determined in the framework of the current regulatory framework. Attention is drawn to the support of family forms of economic activity at the European level. In order to protect natural resources as constituents of the natural environment and components of human life, it is proposed to take measures to support and develop small and medium business entities, as well as directly owners of land plots, including land plots (shares). The prospects for the introduction of organic farming in Ukraine as an element of the state of the environment change are determined. The necessity of taking a number of economic and legal actions that will be directed not only to protect and protect the rights of citizens of Ukraine but also to meet the commitments that Ukraine has assumed through European integration will meet the generally accepted international and European requirements in the field of conducting international relations for different vectors, and also create conditions for attracting foreign investments into Ukraine. Keywords: economic and legal basis, organic farming, European experience, foreign investment, natural resources, environment, landowners, farming, agro-chemicals and pesticides, price policy.