COVID-19, which has affected the whole world, has impacted agricultural production and the health sector. Besides agricultural production coming to a halt, farmers, whose economic conditions depend on it, are faced with several stress factors. This study aimed to evaluate the anxiety disorders of farmers in Turkey during COVID-19 and investigate factors affecting it. A survey with 2125 farmers was conducted during the pandemic. The General Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7) was used to determine farmers' anxiety levels. All farmers had different levels of anxiety disorders. Most farmers had serious (moderate and severe) anxiety disorders. In the ordinal logistic regression analysis, anxiety decreased with an increase in age. The odds ratio (OR) for the age range of 41–50 years was 1.452 when compared to the age range of 61 years and older. Anxiety disorder was higher in rural farmers than in urban residents and lower in farmers who had medium or low income compared to high income farmers. The anxiety of farmers engaged in animal and vegetable production was significantly higher than those in mixed production, and anxiety in farmers engaged in crops production was lower than that of mixed producers. Anxiety levels were higher in livestock farmers and farmers who owned trucks. Obtaining technical support from agricultural organizations, neighbor support, and having strong social support were identified as factors to reduce anxiety. Farmers' access to mental health services should be encouraged. There is a need for high-tech production systems and remote-controlled production tools that can protect farmers from the pandemic.