Farming Culture Research Articles

Research on Farming Culture of the Liangshan Yi Nationality

As the cornerstone of China's excellent traditional culture, agricultural culture carries a profound cultural heritage. As the sixth largest ethnic minority in China, Yi people provide abundant resources for the study of Chinese traditional farming culture. Through the research of agricultural vocabulary, we can explore the progress of Yi's agricultural society and reveal the unique agricultural culture of Yi people. Based on the previous research results, combined with the concept of cultural linguistics and other related disciplines, this paper classifies, sorts, analyzes and studies the existing agricultural vocabulary of the Yi people, excavates the rich cultural connotation behind the agricultural vocabulary of the Yi people, further interprets the cultural history of the Yi people, and explores the historical origin of Chinese farming civilization. In addition, the protection and inheritance of traditional farming words has far-reaching cultural significance, and helps to show the unique charm of the excellent traditional farming culture of the Chinese nation, enhance the sense of identity and belonging to the traditional farming culture, and contribute to the protection and inheritance of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation.

Diversification in subsistence pattern of animal resources in the Hengduan Mountains: Multi‐isotopic evidence of Yingpanshan and Guijiabao site (5300–4000 cal. BP), China

AbstractThe Hengduan Mountains are located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, where farmers began to settle 6000 years ago. Animal husbandry plays a significant role in the sustenance economies of agricultural civilizations. It is unclear how Neolithic people acquired animal resources in the Hengduan Mountains. We explore animal geographical origins and feeding practices using the strontium, carbon, and oxygen isotope composition of tooth enamel at the Guijiabao and Yingpanshan sites during the Neolithic Age in the Hengduan Mountains. Multi‐isotopic evidence demonstrates that animals originate from several different regions with diverse foods. Guijiabao domestic dogs and pigs with a mixed C3/C4 diet share a similarly broad dietary spectrum with humans as enclosed animals, but the other pigs are wild boars with a C3 diet, likely free‐range animals or directly captured as meat resources. Yingpanshan dogs and pigs are both domestic animals with a mixed C3/C4 or C4‐based diet, but pigs with different 87Sr/86Sr ratios are likely raised by dispersed feeding modes. The inhabitants had diverse approaches for obtaining animal resources, including husbandry, hunting, and exchange. Diverse animal subsistence patterns are closely related to the complex geographical environment, reflecting the adaptation of farmers living in the high mountain valley regions.

Ethnobotanical study on ritual plants used by Hani people in Yunnan, China

BackgroundThe Hani people, who reside in Yuanyang County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, rely on rice terrace farming as their primary livelihood. They utilize plants in various traditional ritual practices. The Hani people have categorized the value of plants based on their natural attributes and have refined the ways of using different plants in specific rituals through practical observations and experiences derived from their agricultural culture. Although the plants used in these rituals hold significant cultural value, they have yet to be studied from the perspective of ethnobotany. This study aims to approach the ritual plants using ethnobotanical methods.MethodsEthnobotanical fieldwork was conducted in 10 villages in Yuanyang County between 2021 and 2023. Data were collected from the local Hani people through semi-structured interviews and participatory observations and 41 informants were interviewed during the field investigations. The frequency of citation (FC) and relative frequency of citation (RFC) were utilized to evaluate the relative importance of ritual plants among the local communities.ResultsA total of 36 plant species, belonging to 18 families and 34 genera, were recorded as being used in 11 ritual practices by the Hani people. Rosaceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae were found to have the highest number of species. Most of the ritual plants used by the Hani people were collected from the wild. FC and RFC analysis showed that the preferred plants for Hani rituals were Rhus chinensis Mill, Oryza sativa L., Phyllostachys sulphurea (Carr.) A. et C. Riv. and Musa basjoo Siebold & Zucc. ex Iinuma. The 11 rituals are all centered around the performance of people, crops and livestock. The Hani people use plants in different rituals mainly based on their biological attributes.ConclusionsMany rituals of the Hani people are closely related to their production and livelihood, and the plants used in these rituals are deeply rooted in Hani’s traditional ecological knowledge and beliefs. The Hani people’s reverence for nature, respect for life, gratitude towards ancestors, and seeking blessings and disaster prevention for their families, crops, and livestock are all reflected in these rituals and their utilization of ritual plants. The Hani people showcase their agricultural culture in the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces through plant-based ritual performances. Studying ritual plants in the core area of the Hani Rice Terraces is of great significance for protecting the Hani Terrace farming culture. In the future, it is essential to pay more attention to the role of traditional knowledge in biodiversity conservation.

AN EXAMINATION OF TECHNIQUE OF CULTURAL FISH FARMING IN LAKE CHAD BASIN AREA OF NIGERIA

The study was conducted in Lake Chad Basin area of Nigeria where Fishing has been the occupation of the inhabitants in the study area. The study focused on the cultural technique of fish farming in the study area. Data for the study was obtained from both primary and secondary sources through a public participation and stakeholders’ interview with the application of focus group discussion. The data collection for the research work was carried out within the period of 1st to 31st March 2023. Primarily, conservative qualitative method with snow-ball technique was applied and information was elicited from the respondents on technique of fish farming culture. The study revealed that technique of fish farming culture involves the use culturally believed norms of unsustainable age long intrinsic practice. Recommendation were made for the formulation of policy framework in connection to the cultural technique of fish farming and other related issues for the transformation and sustainability of the culture of fish farming in the study area.

Cultivation and morphology of jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.) in the Qi River Basin of Northern China during the Neolithic Period

This transition from gathering to cultivation is a significant aspect of studying early agricultural practices. Fruit trees are an essential component of food resources and have played a vital role in both ancient and modern agricultural production systems. The jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), with its long history of cultivation in northern China, holds great importance in uncovering the diet of prehistoric humans and understanding the origins of Chinese agricultural civilization. This paper focuses on the domestication of jujube by analyzing the morphology of jujube stones found in three Neolithic sites in northern China's Qi River basin, Zhujia, Wangzhuang, and Dalaidian. The measurements of these jujube kernels are compared with those found in other areas of northern China, as well as modern jujube kernels that were collected. The measurements revealed that the length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of sour jujube kernels ranged from 1.36 to 1.78, whereas the L/D ratio of cultivated jujube stones varied between 1.96 and 4.23. Furthermore, jujube stones obtained from Zhujia and Wangzhuang sites exhibit pointed ends and possess an elongated oval or narrow oval shape overall, which is indicative of clearly artificial domestication traits. Therefore, this study suggests that jujube was selected and cultivated as an important food supplement in the Qi River basin no later than around 6200 BP.

Vietnamese lived religion, Confucianism and women: goddess spirituality in Nguyễn Dữ’s the young woman from Nam Xuong

Vietnam as a nation is deeply rooted in the wet-rice agricultural civilization, which is characterized by the Yin (female) principle and the religion worshiping Mother Goddess. However, Chinese Confucianism significantly influenced Vietnam throughout the feudal dynasties (10–19th centuries). Confucian kingship propagates symbols of virtuous women to establish the moral order of a male-dominated society. In contrast, by practicing lived religion and spreading folk narratives, Vietnamese people turn virtuous women into Mother Goddess with a liberal, creative and patronage identity. This study, thus, examines the position of women in Confucian Nguyễn Dữ’s The Young Woman from Nam Xuong, a canonical story reconstructed from legend. It is important to address the main concern about metaphors of a duality culture and a conflict discourse of Confucian politics and Vietnamese lived religion through the issue of Goddess spirituality. This article uses an interdisciplinary approach to demonstrate that resistance to Chinese Dominance and anti-Sinicization were significant issues of Vietnamese medieval literature and culture.

Current status and trends in sustainability of pea production in the Kemerovsk region

The demand for crop products is relatively constant in the short term, and in the long term, it increases relatively evenly. Consequently, the supply of products must be steadily steady or steadily increasing. Changes in hydrothermal conditions for cultivating crops lead to fluctuations in yield. The study was carried out based on statistical data from 2012 – 2021. The article examines the main trends in the development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) production in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Kemerovo region. The sown areas of peas and the crop yield are determined, and the characteristics of the gross grain harvest in the study zones are given. The trend line analysis showed an annual increase in the sown area; its value increased significantly from 2017 to 2021 in both the steppe and forest steppe. During the same period, a tendency was established towards a significant increase in pea yields due to improved farming standards. According to our data, the trend in the yield series is not the same. The coefficients of variation in the steppe zone are 38.51% and, in the forest-steppe zone - 34.73%, indicating a higher agrotechnical level in the forest-steppe zone than in the steppe zone. High coefficients in the studied areas are observed due to solid deviations in yield in individual years. In the steppe zone, the yield ranged from 6.9 to 23.9; in the forest-steppe, it went from 7.3 c/ha to 21.7. It was revealed that the size of the pea harvest strongly depends on weather conditions. The most productive years are 2020 and 2021. The trend equations for the steppe and forest-steppe describe the tendency towards an increase in the gross grain harvest. The conclusion is formulated that to solve the main problems in pea production, which depend on the farming culture and fluctuations in cultivation conditions, it is necessary to look for ways to increase the sustainability of the production of this crop.

ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЦЫ ИЗ РОССИИ В ТУРКЕСТАНЕ

The article considers the situation with migrants from the central and western provinces of the Russian Empire to Turkestan in the late 19th – early 20th century. The author notes that the ethnic composition of the migrants was heterogeneous: there were not only Russians, but also representatives of many other peoples of the empire. The social composition of the settlers also varied: the author emphasizes that a significant part of the population that migrated to Turkestan from the European part of the Russian Empire was made up of servicemen and peasants, and a significant number of peasant-settlers, who tried to solve the issue of landlessness through migration, found themselves without land in Turkestan. The settlers were supposed to become the backbone of the empire in the Turkestan region, but, as the author believes, that was prevented by the difficulties the migrants encountered in settling in the new place, adapting to local economic conditions (and, in particular, to the culture of irrigation farming) and building relationships with the indigenous population of the region. Another serious challenge was adapting to the natural conditions of Turkestan, which differed significantly from those in the center and west of Russia. Nevertheless, as the author emphasizes, migrants from the European part of the Russian Empire played an important role in the economic history of Turkestan, contributing to its industrialization, as well as to the improvement of agriculture in the region.

Efficiency and genotypic quality potential of winter wheat grain in the central chernozem region

Winter wheat in Russia occupies more than half of the sown areas of grain crops and more than 70% of winter crops. Advanced farms with a high culture of farming (crop rotations, fertilisers, soil treatment, etc.). The yield of this crop is more than 40 kg per 1 ha. One of the reasons is the lack of scientifically substantiated varietal technology of cultivation of this crop in relation to soil-climatic and regional zones. As subjects of research, promising varieties, Skipetr,Moscovskaya 56, and Zorro were used. The research was conducted in 2020-2022 in the conditions of the foothill zone of the farm “Dubovitskoe” Maloarkhangelsky district of Orel region. The paper considers the economic value of the variety, which is determined by the totality of biological and technological, food, and baking properties of high-quality varieties of agricultural crops. The choice of high-quality varieties of winter wheat and the use of the genetic resource of the variety is a decisive factor in increasing the yield of many agricultural crops, including winter wheat. When selecting the seed, it is worthwhile to assess it competently and understand all the risks of its cultivation. For many years, breeders around the world have been working on developing new productive and productive varieties. Much attention should be paid to the adaptive adaptation of varieties to external environmental conditions, which will depend on how much stable it will be possible to obtain for the programmed yield. The result of the work done shows that the new varieties under study are not inferior but superior to the control variety, which was required to be proved.

Varietal productivity of cereals in conditions of Central Black Earth Region

The article presents the material on the assessment of productivity of released varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Central Chernozem region.On the territory of Russia more than half of the sown area of grain crops is occupied by wheat, 70% of which is the area of winter crops. In advanced farms there is a high culture of agriculture (crop rotation, fertilization, soil treatment, etc.). However, the yield of winter wheat throughout the country is still insufficient and does not reach the maximum potential of the crop. One of the reasons for this is the lack of a scientifically based varietal technology for growing this crop in relation to soil-climatic and regional zones.

Dilemma and Path Analysis of Farming Culture Communication from the Perspective of “Internet Plus”

Dilemma and Path Analysis of Farming Culture Communication from the Perspective of “Internet Plus”

Analyzing the Evolution of a Rural Construction Community in China from the Perspective of Cultural Landscape

The rural construction community embodies a confluence of social dynamics within rural areas, constituting an organic self-organization with hierarchical relationships. Over a specific period, the amalgamation of various roles and relationships within the rural construction community shapes the prevalent culture, distinctive image, and production techniques within villages. This study examines the structural composition of village communities and endeavors to establish a linkage mechanism among different elements within the construction framework. Focusing on villages and their inhabitants, this research traces the temporal evolution along the following axes: (1) Traditional Agricultural Civilization Age; (2) Collective Economy Age; (3) Rural Industrialization Age; (4) Rural Differentiation Age; and (5) Rural Revitalization Age. This paper primarily observes the evolution through the cultural foundation and manifestation of rural communities, emphasizing that the communities represent cooperative, autonomous, and transformative constructs. From the perspective of cultural landscapes, this article elucidates the interconnected trajectory of ecology–institution–livelihood in the creation of rural communities. It interprets the interplay among the resource patterns, social structure, and economic forms of villages across five distinct periods, fostering a comprehensive understanding of rural community development amidst changing circumstances. Recent years have seen a concerning decline in rural areas, where rural community culture faces a significant impact from modern industrial civilization, resulting in the disintegration of the social fabric within community construction. Nevertheless, the resilient common sense and self-organization capabilities of villagers persist. This study seeks to offer theoretical guidance and decision-making support to advance innovative social governance in rural locales. Moving forward, China’s rural revitalization demands a more adaptive sustainable assessment within rural construction communities.

Does farming culture shape household financial decisions?

Historical rice cultivation practices have shaped cultural norms that significantly affect households' risk-taking behavior today. Using national survey data from over 90,000 Chinese households and a quasi-experimental design, we find that these culturally induced behaviors, in turn, contribute to significant economic differences at a large scale. Our tests show that households in regions with a higher historical rate of rice cultivation are more likely to invest in the financial market and buy lottery tickets, but less likely to buy insurance. The underlying mechanism is that collectivist rice agricultural practices increase trust, social capital, and social connections, and even allow for societal members to borrow without interest. Additional tests show that our findings are not driven by regional economic growth, government-provided social safety nets, Confucian values, or ethnic diversity. These deep-rooted, ancient practices have important policy implications for leaders in collectivist cultures trying to rectify behavioral biases in household financial decisions.

Human-activity modified vegetation composition at Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province, China over the last 10,000 years

Vegetation composition has been greatly modified by human activity since Neolithic times, providing valuable insights into the evolution of human-landscape relationships. In this paper, we integrated 26 pollen records from the Zhejiang Province of China where a Neolithic culture of rice farming existed at an early date, to examine the dynamics of agricultural development and its impact on vegetation. Firstly, we synthesized the relative abundance of Oryza pollen and charcoal (Cpeak) using generalized additive models, to produce a record of agricultural development and the intensity of human activities. We found that changes in Oryza abundance and Cpeak were positively correlated, and identified three phases as follows: agricultural initiation before 8000 cal yr BP, agricultural development between 8000 and 6000 cal yr BP and the onset of intensive rice farming after 6000 cal yr BP. Pearson correlation between each pollen taxon and Oryza indicates that arboreal taxa exhibit an overall negative correlation with Oryza, but terrestrial herbs and ferns show a positive correlation, indicating that deforestation accompanied agricultural development. Rosaceae, Castanea, Fagus and Typha display positive correlation with Oryza during the earliest stage dominated by hunter-gathering, reflecting the protection and cultivation of food-producing vegetation. During the intensive farming stage, the Liangzhu ancestors reclaimed more farmland and began to pay attention on farmland management including clearing the fields of weeds. This is the main reason for the enhanced negative correlation between Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae with Oryza at 6000–5000 cal yr BP. Finally, we confirm the potential of integrated Oryza abundance in pollen records as a human-impact index in the Zhejiang region, and emphasize that temporal dynamics in vegetation and human activities should be critically pre-examined when applying relevant human-impact indices.

〈팥죽할머니와 호랑이〉에 나타난 농경문화의 브리꼴뢰르적 변용과 협력의 의미

This article is focused on the culture of agriculture and the characters’ cooperation in the tale of 〈A Red Bean Porridge Granny and A Tiger〉. These characters’ conflicts in the whole story can be sorted out into two types which are the conflict of a granny and a tiger, and one of a tiger and several non-human characters who lived in the granny’s home. This second conflict involves the cooperation of the granny and non-human characters. The potter, here, is triggered by the laboriousness of farming that the granny feels, and the latter is induced by sharing the red bean porridge that the granny made. These conflicts have significant meaning because both of them are universal experiences humans have gone through in history and the laboriousness of farming is eventually connected to the joy of redbean crops. This study is, especially interested in the behavior of cooperation because it can occur only with those whom you want and choose, and cooperation relationship also always visualize their relation and its effects unlike conflict relationship is not always visualized in their relations that can be with anyone. That is, cooperation has a reasonable background and purpose.
 With these perspectives, the story can be analyzed as revolving around the aspect of characters’ cooperation in the second chapter, and showed that their cooperation set can be considered ‘bricoleur conversion’. In the third chapter, this article suggested that the granny’s laboriousness seemed to recall non-agriculture which symbolizes a tiger, however, it paradoxically verifies the power of agriculture that involves cyclical living culture, diversity, specialization, and cooperation of communities. The tale of 〈a red bean porridge granny and a tiger〉, therefore, is a metaphor featuring characters’ conflicts and cooperation and solar term, that about humans’ culture of agriculture that they have gone through with nature, labor, threat of enemies and their communities’ driving force to prevent themselves against any threats.

A Circular RNA Generated from Nebulin (NEB) Gene Splicing Promotes Skeletal Muscle Myogenesis in Cattle as Detected by a Multi-Omics Approach.

Cattle and the draught force provided by its skeletal muscle have been integral to agro-ecosystems of agricultural civilization for millennia. However, relatively little is known about the cattle muscle functional genomics (including protein coding genes, non-coding RNA, etc.). Circular RNAs (circRNAs), as a new class of non-coding RNAs, can be effectively translated into detectable peptides, which enlightened us on the importance of circRNAs in cattle muscle physiology function. Here, RNA-seq, Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq), and peptidome data are integrated from cattle skeletal muscle, and detected five encoded peptides from circRNAs. It is further identified and functionally characterize a 907-amino acids muscle-specific peptide that is named circNEB-peptide because derived by the splicing of Nebulin (NEB) gene. This peptide localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm and directly interacts with SKP1 and TPM1, key factors regulating physiological activities of myoblasts, via ubiquitination and myoblast fusion, respectively. The circNEB-peptide is found to promote myoblasts proliferation and differentiation in vitro, and induce muscle regeneration in vivo. These findings suggest circNEB-peptide is an important regulator of skeletal muscle regeneration and underscore the possibility that more encoding polypeptides derived by RNAs currently annotated as non-coding exist.

从《说文解字》“田”部字看中国古代的农耕文化

‘Shuowen Jiezi’ is the earliest character book that analyzes the form and investigates the source of characters on the basis of radical arrangement. The forms and meanings of each part of the characters included in it have always been the focus of academic research. In order to explore the farming culture of ancient Chinese society, this paper takes the 29 Chinese characters in the ‘Tian’ section of ‘Shuowen Jiezi’ as the starting point and sorts them, so as to understand the boundaries of fields in ancient society, the names of different areas of fields, farming methods, land systems and other aspects.

The lag in agricultural civilization during the Bronze Age in Northeast China: A stable isotope study based on the faunal remains of the Weizili site

In recent years, the feeding patterns of ancient livestock in Northeast China has been a hot but unclear research topic. In this study, we selected 42 faunal collagen samples from the Weizili site (c. 3207–2155 a BP), a typical Bronze Age site, to study the rearing diets of animals based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. The results showed that roe deer (−18.1 ± 3.2‰, 6.4 ± 1.0‰, n = 5) relied on a C3 food, indicating that wild vegetation in Weizili site was primarily composed of C3 plants. Cattle (−14.6 ± 1.9‰, 7.5 ± 0.4‰, n = 9), horses (−16.6 ± 2.7‰, 7.9 ± 2.9‰, n = 3), canines (four were dogs, one was a racoon dog) (−14.8 ± 4.2‰, 7.3 ± 1.3‰, n = 5), pigs (−15.2 ± 4.3‰,6.4 ± 1.2‰, n = 18), and humans (−15.3 ± 0.4‰, 10.6 ± 1.3‰, n = 2) were mainly lived on C3 and C4 mixed food. We compared the results with the available data for the same period of time from different regions, such as the Central Plains region, the Northeast region and the interior of the Northeast region (especially the Liaodong and Liaoxi regions). We concluded that pigs, horses, cattle, dogs and roe deer from the Weizili site were domesticated and that most individuals of these domestic animals were reared by C3 and C4 mixed food, but that there was quite significant diversity in the food sources of a given species, particularly for pigs and roe deer. The isotope results from the Weizili site, together with previously published data from related sites in Northeast China, demonstrated that the level of human intervention in the animal diets was relatively high but different from that of other sites in the same region, such as the Changshan (c. 3000–2200 a BP) and Wanfabozi sites (c. 3000–2300 a BP). Hence, an uneven pace of agricultural development in Northeast China was shown. This comparatively primitive agricultural production lagged behind the agricultural production of the Central Plains region of the same period.

Agricultural Specialization Threatens Sustainable Mental Health: Implications for Chinese Farmers’ Subjective Well-Being

China’s agriculture is increasingly becoming more specialized. However, specialized production has disrupted traditional farming culture and may threaten sustainable mental health. This study takes Chinese farmers’ subjective happiness and agricultural production outsourcing as the research object, in an attempt to reveal the possible unhappy impacts of Chinese-style agricultural specialization represented by agricultural production outsourcing. First, we construct a theoretical framework of the relationship between agricultural production outsourcing and farmers’ subjective well-being. Secondly, based on more than 3800 household survey data collected by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2020, we use the classical econometrics and psychological analysis methods such as the Ordered Probit model and the instrumental variable estimation to conduct a rigorous impact assessment. The results show that for every doubling of agricultural outsourcing expenditure, the probability that farmers think they are very happy decreases by about 21%, and the probability that they think they are relatively happy decreases by about 9%. The groups affected by the negative psychological impact mainly include farmers growing rice and corn, farmers in hills and mountains, and farmers with small-scale operations. Further analysis shows that outsourcing risks, the weakening of farmers’ professional autonomy, and family split caused by agricultural outsourcing bring unhappiness, and the increase in income cannot offset the negative psychological effect of outsourcing. The findings of this study may bring inspiration to other countries with agricultural outsourcing markets and programs to improve the national subjective well-being.

DENSITY OF THE STRUCTURE AND HARDNESS OF THE SOIL FOR GROWING WINTER WHEAT

The article highlights the results of research on over-compaction of the arable layer of the soil during the cultivation of winter wheat. When taking care of winter crops, the greater part of the researched fields begins to be affected by various technical measures in the fall, when at the beginning of September, the corresponding areas are prepared for sowing the crop after harvesting one or another predecessor. As a result, the agronomic value of the fields where the leading culture of modern agriculture of our country is grown is significantly reduced, as well as the productive capacity of the root system of winter wheat significantly deteriorates, which is reflected in a correspondingly negative way on the quality characteristics of plants and harvest.
 In the studies that took place during 2018-2021, it was established that the method of the main tillage of the soil, namely its depth and the terms of determination in the arable layer, significantly influenced the final bulk mass of its layers. A rather significant deterioration of the structural agrophysical state of the soil and an increase in the hardness of the latter in variants with shallow disc tillage by 10-12 cm is explained, first of all, by the formation of a large dispersion of its seed layer (0-10 cm) and compaction of layers of 10-20 cm in comparison with shelfless plowing.
 According to the research results, it was established that in all layers of the soil, when the latter was worked with disc harrows of the BDT-3 type, on average, its volume mass increased in the following parameters compared to tillage: 0-10 cm - by 0.13 g/cm3; 10-20 cm - by 0.09 g/cm3; 20-30 cm - by 0.01 g/cm3 and 0-30 cm, respectively, by 0.09 g/cm3.
 Thus, our research has proven the preservation of the regularity of a larger volumetric mass of the soil when performing a shallow disc tillage of 10-12 cm in comparison with plowing without a shelf of 14-16 cm.