Families In Rural Areas Research Articles

DUKUNGAN INFORMASIONAL ORANG TUA: PENENTU KEBERHASILAN PRESTASI AKADEMIK ANAK DI PERDESAAN

Academic achievement can be influenced by internal and external factors. External factors are including family, friend, and school environment that interact with children. This study aimed to analyze the social support received by children from the environment and also to analyze the role of the mother-child attachment to the academic achievement of elementary school children in rural areas. Participants were 100 primary school-age children who live in intact families in rural areas from the two selected primary schools in the study sites. The sampling technique was using proportional random sampling; based on the number and sex of the students in each selected schools. The study found that the better informational support of the parents, the better academic achievement of children. It is also found that the better mother-child attachment, the better academic achievement of primary school-age children in rural areas. However, regression test of the hyphothesis model, this study showed that only the informational support of the parent is the most significant determinant factor on the academic achievement of children in rural areas than the other variables.

PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN MELALUI PEMBANGUNAN JARINGAN EKONOMI PEDESAAN (Sebagai Suatu Strategi)*

Various policies have been implemented by Indonesian government in its efforts to eliminate poverty. This paper proposes BKKBN's (National Family Planning Coordinating Agency) attempts which stress on poverty elimination in non-backward area by way of prosperous family development through expanding rural economic network. The program is started with improving movement of "pride of village" through programs of Plaju (that of Harvesting, Processingand Selling), Pemaju (that of Packaging and Selling), and Penguja (that of Services entrepreneurs) followed by Takesra ( that of Savings for People's Prosperity) and Kukesra (that of Entrepreneurial Credit for Prosperous Family). Through the programs, rural families are expected to play roles in agribusiness and agrobusiness sectors, as well as in small-scale industry. With the benefit gotfrom the programs, it is then expexted that levels of families' income increase consequently, and number of poor families in rural areas can be eliminated.

Views of Australian dental practitioners towards rural recruitment and retention: a descriptive study.

BackgroundDespite an increase in the supply of dental practitioners in Australia in recent years, there remains an unequal distribution of dental practitioners with more dental practitioners working in city areas. This is in part due to difficulties in attracting and retaining dental practitioners to rural practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of Australian dental practitioners towards what may attract them to rural areas and why they may remain in them.MethodA descriptive study, utilising telephone, semi-structured interviews with dental practitioners across Australia. Dental practitioners were recruited through their professional associations. Data were analysed using content and thematic analysis.ResultsFifty participants; 34 dentists, eight oral health therapists, and eight dental prosthetists working in rural and urban areas of Australia. Four main themes were identified: Business Case: concerns related to income and employment security, Differences in Clinical Practices: differences in clinical treatments and professional work, Community: fitting in and belonging in the area in which you live and work, and Individual Factors: local area provision for lifestyle choices and circumstances. The most influential of these themes were business case and individual factors. Smaller rural areas, due to low populations and being unable to provide individuals with their lifestyle needs were considered unappealing for dental practitioners to live. Previous experience of rural areas was highly influential.ConclusionsThe main factors influencing rural recruitment and retention were income sustainability and employment security, and individual factors. Dental practitioners felt that it was harder to earn a sustainable income and provide quality lifestyles for their family in rural areas. Previous experience of rural areas was influential towards long-term rural retention. These factors should be considered in order to develop effective strategies to address the unequal distribution of dental practitioners.

PENGARUH KECERDASAN SPIRITUAL IBU TERHADAP KARAKTER ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DASAR DI PERDESAAN

This study aimed to analyze the effect of mother’s spiritual quotient on child’s character among school-aged children in Ciasihan and Ciasmara village that represents villages of rural area in Bogor. The population of this study was families in rural areas who have school-age children at 4th and 5th grade in study site. The design of this study was cross sectional and involved 125 families with their children who selected by proportional random sampling. The data obtained through interviews by using structured questionnaire. The results showed that the mother’s spiritual quotient and child’s character were in medium category, while the mother’s spiritual quotient on boys’ respondent were better than girls. Meanwhile, girls’ character was better than boys. The correlation test results showed a positive and significant relationship between gender, mother’s spiritual quotient, and child’s character. Regression analysis showed that the mother’s spiritual quotient was positive and significantly influenced on child’s character.

농촌 다문화가족 한국인 남편의 문화적응 스트레스와 생활 갈등의 관계에서 사회적 지지의 매개효과

The purposes of this study were to investigate the correlation of acculturative stress in the husbands of the multicultural families in rural areas with family conflict and community conflict and examine the mediating effects of social support. The major findings were as follows. First, acculturative stress was negatively correlated with social support but positively correlated with family and community conflict. Social support was negatively correlated with family and community conflict. Second, acculturative stress influenced negatively on social support but positively affected family and community conflict. According to Baron and Kenny’s (1986) method of mediating effects test, social support partially mediated the relationship between acculturative stress and family and community conflict. In conclusion, it is important to develop special education programs for husbands of the multicultural families in rural areas in order to reduce family and community conflict as well as acculturative stress. Finally we discussed the limitations and suggestions for the future research.

농촌 다문화 가정의 특성 및 유형분석

농촌 다문화 가정의 특성 및 유형분석

A Sexuality and Reproductive Educational Package Development With Gender Perspective and Religious Approach for Youngsters in Pesantren

Pesantren as an indigenous culture and a great tradition for Moslem's has very important role in educating youngsters in Indonesia. It stands as safety network in education for youngsters especially of low income family in rural area. The existing sexuality and reproductive education in pesantren is much more normative from Fiqh, Ibadah, and akhlaq; the content is not sufficient as education for youngsters in more complex social interaction, facing more dangerous sexuality and reproductive problems. A research and development design, mixing a quantitative and qualitative approaches is conducted to create: a package of an alternative material for sexual and reproductive education needed by youngsters in pesantren. The study explores the effectiveness, efficiency and appeal of the package; and identifies the socialization strategy to larger target groups.

A study on selected behavioral factors of mothers influencing acute diarrhoea in under- five children in a rural part of Kerala, India

Background: Diarrhoea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among underfive children. Globally it accounts for 2 million deaths per year. Diarrhoea is the third most common cause of death in underfive children, responsible for 13% deaths in India each year. Behaviour can also depend upon the socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic factors affect environmental, behavioral and nutritional risk factors. Proper nutrition, especially exclusive breast feeding is one of the most important interventions for its control .Inadequate personal hygiene along with other environmental factors are responsible for 90% of diarrhea. The objective is to assess behavioral factors of mothers influencing diarrhoea in underfive children. Methods: Community- based cross- sectional study was conducted in a rural area among 103 mothers of underfive children with acute diarrhoea in the past six months. Results: Most mothers were in the higher income 80 (77.6%) group. Those who practised handwashing after toilet and before cooking was 96 (93.2%). Proportion of mothers using boiled water for drinking was 99( 96.1%); bottle feeding 77(74.8%); and practised sanitary waste disposal methods 93(90.3%). The practice of using boiled water was statistically significant among higher income group (P =0.047). Occupation of the mother was significantly associated with the habit of child’s eatingout (P=0.019). Conclusions: This study shows that the practice of handwashing and use of boiled water for drinking was lower among lower socioeconomic families. This warrants need to create awareness about it among low socioeconomic families in rural areas.

Consequences and Problems of Changing Family Institution among Farm Families

Family is one of the most fundamental and universal social system of mankind. It is the family where social life of person starts. The present study was conducted in two districts of Punjab viz Ludhiana and Sangrur. The data were collected personally from the respondents. The study revealed that there is certain changes in structural and functional aspects of the family in rural areas of Punjab. The study revealed that many factors like urbanization, education, materialism, less income, increased show off culture, lack of time were responsible for changing family. Further, the study revealed many consequences of changing family institution. Among those consequences, changing authority, increasing family conflicts, increasing social evils, increasing problems of aged, and children were the major ones. Overall, it was concluded that today's technological era has left family institution far behind. This situation led to many social problems as well which need to be checked before it is too late.

The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on the Amount and Type of Child Labor

This paper analyzes the impact of conditional cash transfers on the amount and type of child labor in poor households. It first develops a simple theoretical model where child labor and training are chosen to maximize inter-temporal household income, given constraints to social, household, and child endowments. Then, it conducts an empirical analysis using the randomized trial data collected to evaluate the 2006 Nicaragua conditional cash transfer (CCT) program. This social program transferred wealth to poor families in rural areas of the country conditional on children’s school attendance and health check-ups. One-third of the beneficiaries received, in addition, a wealth transfer to begin a non-agricultural business. The paper finds that the CCT program had a selective impact on the volume and quality of child labor, reducing it in the aggregate and steering it toward skill-forming activities. Specifically, the program appears to have reduced child labor for household chores and traditional farming while increasing it for non-traditional activities related to commerce and retail. These require the child to develop basic skills in reading and writing, arithmetic, and interpersonal relationships. Moreover, the paper finds that the source behind the increase in the better-quality type of child labor is not the basic component of the program but distinctively its business-grant intervention.

Socio-cultural and behavioural factors constraining latrine adoption in rural coastal Odisha: an exploratory qualitative study.

BackgroundOpen defecation is widely practiced in India. To improve sanitation and promote better health, the Government of India (GOI) has instituted large scale sanitation programmes supporting construction of public and institutional toilets and extending financial subsidies for poor families in rural areas for building individual household latrines. Nevertheless, many household latrines in rural India, built with government subsidies and the facilitation and support of non-government organizations (NGO), remain unused. Literature on social, cultural and behavioural aspects that constrain latrine adoption and use in rural India is limited. This paper examines defecation patterns of different groups of people in rural areas of Odisha state in India to identify causes and determinants of latrine non-use, with a special focus on government-subsidized latrine owners, and shortcomings in household sanitation infrastructure built with government subsidies.MethodsAn exploratory study using qualitative methods was conducted in rural communities in Odisha state. Methods used were focus group discussions (FGDs), and observations of latrines and interviews with their owners. FGDs were held with frontline NGO sanitation program staff, and with community members, separately by caste, gender, latrine type, and age group. Data were analysed using a thematic framework and approach.ResultsGovernment subsidized latrines were mostly found unfinished. Many counted as complete per government standards for disbursement of financial subsidies to contracted NGOs were not accepted by their owners and termed as ‘incomplete’. These latrines lacked a roof, door, adequate walls and any provision for water supply in or near the cabin, whereas rural people had elaborate processes of cleansing with water post defecation, making presence of a nearby water source important. Habits, socialising, sanitation rituals and daily routines varying with caste, gender, marital status, age and lifestyle, also hindered the adoption of latrines. Interest in constructing latrines was observed among male heads for their female members especially a newlywed daughter-in-law, reflecting concerns for their privacy, security, and convenience. This paper elaborates on these different factors.ConclusionsFindings show that providing infrastructure does not ensure use when there are significant and culturally engrained behavioural barriers to using latrines. Future sanitation programmes in rural India need to focus on understanding and addressing these behavioural barriers.

A AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR E AS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS : AVALIAÇÃO DOS MUNICÍPIOS DE GUAPOREMA, SÃO TOMÉ, TAPEJARA E TUNEIRAS DO OESTE - PR

This research aims an assessment of the main public policies for family farming in Brazil in the governments of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (2003-2006 and 2004-2010) and President Dilma Roussef (2011-2014), re-elected for the term 2015-2018. Among the policies we include: the National Program for Strengthening Family Farming – PRONAF; the Food Acquisition Program - PAA; the National School Feeding Program – PNAE; the National Policy on Technical Assistance and Rural Extension – PNATER; the National Program for Rural Housing– PNHR. We aim to evaluate the reproduction, or not, from these policies in the municipalities of Guaporema, Sao Tome, Tapejara and Tuneiras do Oeste - PR. As analysis methodology we adopted critical/dialectical perspective, and as an investigation methodology we used Quant/Quali perspective, seeking information from primary quantitative and qualitative data, and secondary data from censuses, statistical and research already conducted. In this way we performed theoretical/statistical surveys, and interviews with public representatives of the municipalities surveyed. The results showed that in the four cities there is the presence of these public policies, and that in general they have met the objectives of strengthening family farming, improving people’s living conditions on the rural area, promotion of associations and organizations of farmers, motivation of the permanence of families in rural areas, among other achievements. However, it is also evident the limitations and challenges to overcome in front of each of these actions, especially the extend expansion of programs and compliance with the specificities of the participating groups

Impact of Credit on Poor Household's Income: Evidence from Rural Areas of Vietnam

This study focuses on clarifying the relationship between credit and poor household’s incomes in rural area of Vietnam. In this investigation we applied the combined Difference and Difference (DID) method and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to estimate the panel data. Two data sets such as Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) of 2010 and 2012 with the sample size of 244 poor families in rural area of Vietnam used to test our model. Results of experimental study showed that credit has helped income of poor household to increase by 30% as compared to the average income of households. Formal credit has an important role when compared with informal credits that formal credit will help to increase income of the poor householder by double. In addition, the study also found positive effect on education, gender, ethnicity, region, the proportion of non-agricultural income as well. There are some negative impact on health and household size of the poor householders.

Telehealth delivery of cognitive-behavioral intervention to youth with autism spectrum disorder and anxiety: A pilot study.

Youth with autism spectrum disorders frequently experience significant symptoms of anxiety. Empirically supported psychosocial interventions exist, yet access is limited, especially for families in rural areas. Telehealth (i.e. videoconferencing) has potential to reduce barriers to access to care; however, little is known about the feasibility or efficacy of directly intervening with youth with autism spectrum disorders through this modality. This study details the pilot testing of a telehealth version of an empirically supported intervention targeting anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. The primary focus of this study is on feasibility, with evaluation of outcomes as a starting point for future randomized trials. In all, 33 families of youth with autism spectrum disorders and significant anxiety symptoms participated in this study (Telehealth Facing Your Fears (FYF) Intervention: n = 17; Wait-list control: n = 16). Youth of all functioning levels were included. Acceptability was strong; however, the usability of the technology was problematic for some families and impeded some sessions significantly. Fidelity of the telehealth version to the critical elements of the original, in vivo version was excellent. More work is needed to improve delivery of exposure practices and parent coaching. Preliminary efficacy analyses are promising, with improvements observed in youth anxiety over time (relative to a comparison group waiting for live intervention) and parent sense of competence (within group). Clearly, stronger designs are necessary to evaluate efficacy sufficiently; however, this study does provide support for further investigation of clinic-to-home videoconferencing as a direct intervention tool for youth with autism spectrum disorders and their parents.

THE RURAL SOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTION TO THE REDUCTION IN THE INCOME INEQUALITY

O objetivo geral deste trabalho consiste em analisar os efeitos da Previdência Social Rural (PSR) na redução da desigualdade de renda nos municípios da Associação dos Municípios da Região Carbonífera de Santa Catarina (AMREC). A metodologia utilizada cons

Water Access and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Case of Elementaita Division in Nakuru County, Kenya

This study assessed water factors that impact sustainable rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division, Nakuru County. Problem of water access remains a multi-million challenge for families in rural areas and this had to be explained in scientific research through assessing water issues that affect the livelihoods. Households remain far from water projects despite interventions that governments, NGOs and other agencies have put in place. The study had the following objectives; assess water access factors and its impact on sustainable rural livelihoods, evaluate management of water projects and determine how it impacts on sustainable livelihoods and to determine how socio-economic factors of water impact rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division. The study used sustainable livelihood framework in its analysis and establishing what areas of interventions would be considered for the study. This includes looking at assets, capital, livelihood strategies, institutional processes and vulnerability context. This was a descriptive survey and questionnaires were generated on related areas of study. Sampling for household was carried out through systematic sampling. The study targeted a sample 195 household heads, 1 water users association also a Key Informant Interview (KII) was carried out with District Water Officer (DWO) and District Public Health Officer (DPHO). Data was carried collected using questionnaires, interviews and supplemented through secondary data. Data was analysed using inferential statistics by use of descriptive statistics. The findings were presented in tables using tables. From the findings water availability, quality and affordability determine the level of households assets in the community thereby impact negatively or positively. Over 98% of the respondents reported that children walk long distances or do not attend school in order to fetch water for the households, this impact negatively on their mental and physical development as well as their education. There is need to carry out awareness on the implication of using water of poor quality in the community as it may have adverse health effects on the lives of the community. Increasing awareness levels on rain water harvesting by the community need to be enhanced to improve on quality of water. Parents should also ensure that their children access education and not engage in child labour. The findings and recommendations of the study are important to Ministry of Water, researchers, all stakeholders and the community of Elementaita Division and Nakuru County in enhancing water access and addressing some of the challenges identified.

Health Protecting and Health Promoting Behaviors Among Preparatory School Students in Zagazig City

Background. Adolescents’ lifestyle change can be facilitated through a combination of learning experiences that enhance awareness, increase motivation, and build skills. The aim of this study was to describe the health protecting and health promoting behaviors among preparatory school students in Zagazig city. This study was aimed to identify the most common health-related modified and non-modified behaviors and how they effect on wellness of the preparatory school students. Research design: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to carry out the study. Setting: in a preparatory school in Kafr Mohamed Gawish at Zagazig city on 150 male and female students aged 12 to 15 recruited through stratified cluster random sampling. Tools: The data were collected using an interview questionnaire. →(Please, give some info regarding questionnaire; it is self-structured? Validated? Self-administrative? How is it scoring? Additionally, how the behavior was assessed? (Cut-off 60%). Tools: Two tools, the first tool (the data collection tool consisted of an interview questionnaire consisted two parts, socio-demographic characteristics, and medical history) and the second tool (a health promoting lifestyle questionnaire, in addition to a section asking students about the topics they suggest for personal growth. Results: The study results showed that approximately two thirds of adolescent preparatory school students from middle class families in rural areas had adequate total wellness behavior. The wellness behaviors' areas of most deficiency were those of exercise and mental activity, whereas the best areas were those of medication use, environmental, social, and spiritual aspects. Students' total wellness was significantly influenced by higher mother education, and lower crowding index, as well as the history of chronic diseases and previous surgery. Some of the wellness behavior aspects were also affected by students' age, gender, and father education. Conclusion and summary: Multivariate analysis identified → (Not in conclusion section) mother education as the only significant independent factor positively influencing adolescent's total wellness score. Students need to know more about topics related to nutrition, exercise, and anxiety. The wellness behaviors' areas of most deficiency are those of exercise and mental activity, whereas the best areas were those of medication use, environmental, social, and spiritual aspects. Recommendations: School health team should construct and implement special nutritional education intervention programs, promote physical exercise, and develop a hotline service for adolescents' health

Empowerment or exploitation: the case of women employment system in India's textile and clothing industry

Subject area Governance challenges in reverse value chain. Study level/applicability Women employment system in textile and clothing industry. Case overview The textile and clothing firms, often frustrated by frequent labor issues, used an innovative employment scheme – Sumangali scheme – to employ young female workers from poor families in rural areas, aged between 18 and 25 years, as apprentices for three years who would stay in dormitories located in the vicinity of the factories, draw low wages with minimum benefits. But the scheme was criticized by labor unions and Europe- and US-based non-governmental organization (NGOs) on the grounds of alleged violation of labor rights such as freedom of association, freedom of movement, exploitative working conditions, low wages with minimum or no benefits, long working hours and abusive supervisors. Their public campaign against the alleged employment practices has put tremendous pressure on the global buyers to take steps to ameliorate the situation. In the wake of campaign by NGOs, few buyers have even terminated the relationship with the manufacturers. Others have warned action against those erring manufacturers. The actions by global buyers, NGOs against some of the women employment practices raised several questions in the minds of manufacturers. They were wondering why US- and Europe-based NGOs were up in arms to dump an employment scheme unmindful of socio-economic realities in India? Is it a clever ploy that developed nations use some private, voluntary, corporate social responsibility norms to stop companies purchasing textile and clothing products from a developing country like India on the grounds of violation of labor rights? As per the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention No. 81, it is the responsibility of central/state governments to inspect and monitor labor employment practices in an industry. Then why NGOs and other private groups volunteer to become watch dogs of labor practices and launch campaigns against mills? Would it not undermine the role of government in ensuring industrial harmony? Even if NGOs' actions are justified on the grounds of moral and ethical principles, what role should they play when it comes to management–worker relationship? In the Indian context, only the government can interfere if the relationship turns sour? Should NGOs need to use a different set of ethical standards which are more relevant and contextual to the socio-economic environment in India? Expected learning outcomes To understand evolution of apparel global value chain and workforce development challenges in India; to explore the link between consumer activism and corporate social responsibility; to explore the challenge of addressing issues such as alleged human rights violation and labor exploitation by independent suppliers located in India; to explore the challenges faced by global buyers in contextualizing, operationalizing and realizing certain human rights along the supply chain located in India; and to explore sustainability challenges of women employment in textile and clothing mills in India. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Social implications Sustenance of women employment system in India's textile and clothing industry and its associated challenges.

Free Kindergarten Education in City D: A Case Study in Shandong

The objective of this research is to understand the preconditions and difficulties for implementing free early childhood education in rural China. A case study of City D was conducted in Shandong province. City D announced the 3-year free kindergarten education policy in 2009, but only District H had successfully launched it in public kindergartens in the rural areas by 2012. Although the policy was welcomed by families in rural area, the implementation was difficult to both the district governments and the local kindergartens. The major difficulties encountered in the process of implementing this policy included the lack of funding support, the absence of supporting policy and assurance measures, and the discrimination against migrant children from rural areas. To solve the problems, this study suggests a multiple-stage method for developing a practical and continuous model and the funding responsibility moving from district and county government to those of the upper levels.

THE ROLE OF THE SOCIAL WORKER TO EMPOWER FAMILIES IN A DEEP RURAL COMMUNITY

A research study was conducted at Heuningvlei near Vryburg in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa during 2006. The study was called “Tshwaragano”, meaning togetherness, and was sponsored by the National Research Foundation. The research focused on health issues and poverty, and was undertaken to determine their effect on families in rural areas. Seven master’s students and two PhD students were involved in the project. The master’s students did a needs assessment with their specific aim in mind and developed guidelines. The PhD students used this needs assessment of the first phase to compile their social work group-work programmes to empower the families of Heuningvlei and to enhance their quality of life. This article reports on a section of the research which examined the living conditions and income of the households, and the causes and effects of poverty and unemployment. Aspects such as crime, violence and marital conflict received attention. Because the strengths approach was used in this study, the strengths of the families were investigated. Finally, the roles of the social worker to implement preventive and treatment strategies in the community were discussed.