Industrial Factories Research Articles

Assessment of the extent implementing the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System (HACCP) in Sudan sugar industry factories

The present study was conducted in Sudan Sugar industry factories (Kenana, White Nile, Assalaya, Sennar, Guneid, and New Halfa) during the production season of 2017. The study aimed to evaluate the existing Assessment of the extent of implementing the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System (HACCP) by Sudanese sugar factories with reference to FSMS of the ISO 22000: 2005. The data were collected using ISO 22000 checklist and direct interviews. Likert Five-Point Scale was used in scoring the checklist statement and the arithmetic mean was obtained. The result showed that the Good Manufacturing Practices were varied between major deficiencies in White Nile, Assalaya, Sennar, and New Halfa due to score less than (3.6 points) and non-compliance in Kenana and Guneid due to score less than (2.6 points); the Sanitation Standard Operation Procedures (SSOP) assessed as major deficiencies in (Assalaya and Sennar) and minor deficiencies in (White Nile and New Halfa) due to score less than (5points). Moreover, the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points System revealed that it was varied between non-compliance in (Kenana, White Nile, and Guneid) and not applicable in (Assalaya, Sennar and New Halfa) due to score less than (1.8 points). Interestingly, the Sudanese sugar industries take all quality control characteristics from cane production to sugar production carefully, but unfortunately don’t care about any food safety systems. Lack of top management commitment and involvement and lack of government support represent the main constraints and Barriers of implementing food safety systems in Sudanese sugar companies. The study recommendations that the Sudanese Sugar Industry needs to establish proper quality assurance laboratories to help in monitoring the quality and safety of raw materials and end productions.

Industrial wastewater treatment by combining two systems of adsorption column and reverse osmosis

Due to the extension of cities and industries and population growth, environmental pollution has become noteworthy. Heavy metals are pollutants produced by industrial factories. Therefore, wastewater should be purified and treated, and returned to natural water circulation. This research investigated the removal of heavy metal zinc (Zn) at high concentrations in Esfarayen Steel Industrial Complex and the performance of the integrated system including activated carbon adsorption column (as pretreatment) and reverse osmosis membrane system under different operating conditions. The variable parameters are pH (4.5, 6.5, 7, and 9), pressure (5, 7, 9, and 11 bar), and zinc concentration (30, 50, and 70 mg/l) to obtain zinc removal efficiency, turbidity dissolved solids (TDS), electrocoagulation (EC), and turbidity (TU) at constant temperature and flow rate. The results show that the integrated system efficiency at 9 bar pressure and pH of 7.5 is optimal as to water outlet quality. The removal efficiencies are 98.1%, TDS; EC, 97.4%; Zinc, 100%; and TU, 95.3%, which is desirable. Moreover, system efficiency at a high concentration of zinc is evaluated. According to the results, the integrated system is resistant to probable shocks, high concentration and has desirable efficiency with all parameters almost above 90%.

Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Cybertwin Architecture for 6G IIoT: An Integrated Design of Control, Communication, and Computing

The cybertwin and 6G-enabled Industrial Internet of Things (6G-IIoT) are the critical technologies that create the digital counterparts for physical systems and enable the near-instant interconnectivity in the industrial domain. It is in demand but challenging to conduct the integrated design for 6G-IIoT, which intertwines the cyber subsystems, such as control, communication, computing (3C), and the physical industrial factories and plants. Therefore, the cybertwin, which synchronizes between the digital counterparts and its physical entities during the system runtime, is the ideal proving ground for conducting the integrated design on the highly intertwined 3C of 6G-IIoT. However, the cybertwin lacks artificial intelligence to capacitate the automated integrated design for the 6G-IIoT. In this article, we first demonstrate the architecture of the machine-learning-based cybertwin for 6G-IIoT. Then, we leverage deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to conduct the integrated design via systematic trial and error in the cybertwin model, which is otherwise costly and dangerous in real industrial systems. Moreover, we invent the adaptive observation window for deep <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -network (AOW-DQN), which generates system states adaptive to the control system’s physical dynamics. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to present the machine-learning-based cybertwin for carrying out the integrated design on the 3C for 6G-IIoT.

Big Data Visualization by MapReduce for Discovering the Relationship Between Pollutant Gases

Big data mining and pollution are extremely important issues in todays. An innovative method in this study was used for visually discovering the relationship between pollutant gases by MapReduce. One dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional visualization used to visualize the data, that was processed as an hourly reading for one year from an air quality monitoring station to study the behaviors of pollutant gases distribution, and to show graphically the distribution of one, two, or three gases. The number of readings used in this paper are 8760 hourly readings for each of the five pollutant gases under this study. Pearson correlation used to explore numerically the correlation between the pollutant gases, and eta factor used to evaluate the effect of one gas on the other pollutant gases. We found out by both methods, visually and numerically the same facts that related between the pollutant gasses. The ozone has a moderate negative correlation of value -0.622 with nitrogen dioxide, and weak negative correlation of value -0.248 with carbon monoxide, and -0.155 with carbon dioxide. Ozone has approximately no correlation of value .060 with silver dioxide. The carbon monoxide has moderate positive correlation of value 0.364 with carbon dioxide. The eta factor between ozone and nitrogen dioxide is very weak of values 0.292, and 0.009 with Sulphur dioxide, this proved an important fact that the ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and Sulphur dioxide sources are different. The study recommends that each country must analysis visually and numerical the big data that was collected yearly from the monitoring stations to control the pollution gases especially near the large industrial factories.

An environmentally sustainable way for effective water purification by adsorptive red mud cementitious composite cubes modified with bentonite and activated carbon

More practical, easy-to-design, inexpensive, environmentally-sustainable, and environmentally-friendly approaches are needed for access to clean water. The utility of red mud, which is considered hazardous waste, combined with bentonite and activated carbon in cement pastes has been investigated for effective water treatment method. Improvement rates of 51.7% and 90.27% was achieved in removing heavy metals such as, cobalt and barium, which is very toxic for human health from the raw dam water using adsorptive red mud cement paste cubes modified with bentonite and activated carbon, and these can be an important alternative for treating industrial wastewater originating from production in industrial facilities and factories. Designed adsorptive cubes used as a water softening tool, have brought dam water to drinking water standards in terms of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. These red mud cement pastes can be used in sand filters in existing water treatment plants or be used in pervious concrete roads with its porosity structure 2.12 times higher than that of control paste to prevent rainwater pollution, minimize floods in sewer systems, and reduce the pollution load of the wastewater treatment plant.

Tower-based measurements of NMHCs and OVOCs in the Pearl River Delta: Vertical distribution, source analysis and chemical reactivity

Measurements of vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have attracted wide attentions, which could help to understand atmospheric oxidation mechanism and provide implications for VOC control. This study measured the non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) simultaneously for the first time at three different heights, namely ground, 118 m and 488 m, in the Canton Tower located in the urban core of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The results show that NMHCs decreased while some OVOC species such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde increased with increasing height. It was mainly attributed to the dilution and chemical loss of NMHCs but secondary production of OVOCs during vertical transport. Ratio analysis and receptor modeling indicate that vehicle exhausts (47%) and fuel evaporation (39%) were major sources of the total NMHCs. Interestingly, industry contributed much more at 118 m, probably affected by organic gas discharge from the high chimney of industrial factories. The chemical reactivities in terms of OH radical loss rate (LOH), ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) were lowest at 118 m, smaller than those influenced by high fresh NMHC emissions at ground and strong formation of secondary species (e.g. OVOCs) at 488 m. OH exposure estimated by isoprene and m,p-xylene/ethylbenzene was different depending on their time scale of vertical turbulent mixing and chemical loss. OVOC species measured at different heights were positively correlated with Ox (R = 0.48–0.87), indicating that OVOCs were largely contributed by secondary formation in photochemical process. The tower measurements of NMHCs and OVOCs provided a unique opportunity to investigate the VOC distribution and chemical behaviors, which could give important information for understanding O3 and PM2.5 pollution mechanism in the PRD region with fast developing urban setting and substantially changing air quality.

CLOI: An Automated Benchmark Framework for Generating Geometric Digital Twins of Industrial Facilities

This paper devised, implemented, and benchmarked a novel framework, named CLOI, that can generate accurate individual labelled point clusters of the most important shapes of existing industrial facilities with minimal manual effort in a generic point-level format. CLOI employs a combination of deep learning and geometric methods to segment the points into classes and individual instances. The current geometric digital twin generation from point cloud data in commercial software is a tedious, manual process. Experiments with our CLOI framework revealed that the method reliably can segment complex and incomplete point clouds of industrial facilities, yielding 82% class segmentation accuracy. Compared with the current state of practice, the proposed framework can realize estimated time-savings of 30% on average. CLOI is the first framework of its kind to have achieved geometric digital twinning for the most important objects of industrial factories. It provides the foundation for further research on the generation of semantically enriched digital twins of the built environment.

RENOVATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS

The relevance of this study is devoted to overcoming a complex of social, environmental and economic problems in urban planning associated with the effective use of former industrial territories and the creation of public spaces with the preservation of architectural monuments. Foreign experience has shown the possibility of using former industrial areas through their renovation. Full use of all territories of the city ensures its integrity and connectivity of the transport system. Creation of new functions in buildings and on the territories of historical industrial enterprises, rethinking the architecture of industrial buildings (renovation, reconstruction and rehabilitation), which will lead to an influx of funds and investors, will make it possible to reproduce and maintain former industrial facilities at a new historical stage. Identifying ways to harmonize and develop the urban environment through the renovation of industrial areas is one of the urgent tasks in the formation of the concept of sustainable development of the city. Recommendations are presented for the implementation of the renovation of industrial territories, an analysis of the existing experience in the renovation of industrial territories, trends in the further development of their architectural and planning structure are revealed. The main aspects of the renovation of industrial territories are given, which will allow creating a more comfortable urban environment, developing social infrastructure and convenient public spaces. Industrial areas and former factory and factory buildings that are being renovated have a number of features that make it possible to use these features as an aid to new opportunities. Former industrial territories are often located in the central parts of cities and by activating these territories, this area can bring income to the economy, improve the environment, and itself provide comfort for each resident.

Genomic Studies of White-Rot Fungus Cerrena unicolor SP02 Provide Insights into Food Safety Value-Added Utilization of Non-Food Lignocellulosic Biomass.

Cerrena unicolor is an ecologically and biotechnologically important wood-degrading basidiomycete with high lignocellulose degrading ability. Biological and genetic investigations are limited in the Cerrena genus and, thus, hinder genetic modification and commercial use. The aim of the present study was to provide a global understanding through genomic and experimental research about lignocellulosic biomass utilization by Cerrena unicolor. In this study, we reported the genome sequence of C. unicolor SP02 by using the Illumina and PacBio 20 platforms to obtain trustworthy assembly and annotation. This is the combinational 2nd and 3rd genome sequencing and assembly of C. unicolor species. The generated genome was 42.79 Mb in size with an N50 contig size of 2.48 Mb, a G + C content of 47.43%, and encoding of 12,277 predicted genes. The genes encoding various lignocellulolytic enzymes including laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, cytochromes P450, cellulase, xylanase, α-amylase, and pectinase involved in the degradation of lignin, cellulose, xylan, starch, pectin, and chitin that showed the C. unicolor SP02 potentially have a wide range of applications in lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Genome-scale metabolic analysis opened up a valuable resource for a better understanding of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and oxidoreductases that provide insights into the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms for lignocellulosic degradation. The C. unicolor SP02 model can be used for the development of efficient microbial cell factories in lignocellulosic industries. The understanding of the genetic material of C. unicolor SP02 coding for the lignocellulolytic enzymes will significantly benefit us in genetic manipulation, site-directed mutagenesis, and industrial biotechnology.

A semi-decentralized control architecture for high-mix-low-volume factories in Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 introduces a shift towards a more decentralized planning and control architecture in order to combat the changing production environment. Hence, this paper presents a semi-decentralized control architecture for the high-mix-low-volume industry to improve production planning and control. The proposed architecture consists of three components: the ERP system, a global control unit, and shop floor planning. The system’s performance is improved through better use of knowledge and creation of virtual manufacturing cells on the shop floor, allowing for better control in case of uncertainties or changes within product mix and volume.

Community engagement in the prevention and control of COVID-19: Insights from Vietnam.

IntroductionCommunity engagement (CE) is an effective public health strategy for improving health outcomes. There is limited published knowledge about effective approaches to CE in ensuring effective responses to COVID-19 throughout lockdowns, travel restrictions and social distancing. In this paper, we contribute to bridging this gap by highlighting experience of CE in Vietnam, specifically focusing on migrant workers in Vietnam.MethodsA cross-sectional qualitative study design was used with qualitative data collection was carried out during August-October 2020. Two districts were purposefully selected from two large industrial zones. Data was collected using in-depth interviews (n = 36) with individuals and households, migrants and owners of dormitories, industrial zone factory representatives, community representatives and health authorities. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis approach. The study received ethics approval from the Hanoi University Institutional Review Board.ResultsThe government’s response to COVID-19 was spearheaded by the multi-sectoral National Steering Committee for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19, chaired by the Vice Prime Minister and comprised different members from 23 ministries. This structure was replicated throughout the province and local levels and all public and private organizations. Different activities were carried out by local communities, following four key principles of infection control: early detection, isolation, quarantine and hospitalization. We found three key determinants of engagement of migrant workers with COVID-19 prevention and control: availability of resources, appropriate capacity strengthening, transparent and continuous communication and a sense of trust in government legitimacy.Discussion and conclusionOur results support the current literature on CE in infection control which highlights the importance of context and suggests that future CE should consider five key components: multi-sectoral collaboration with a whole-of-community approach to strengthen governance structures with context-specific partnerships; mobilization of resources and decentralization of decision making to encourage self-reliance and building of local capacity; capacity building through training and supervision to local institutions; transparent and clear communication of health risks and sensitization of local communities to improve compliance and foster trust in the government measures; and understanding the urgent needs ensuring of social security and engaging all parts of the community, specifically the vulnerable groups.

Economic and environmental assessment of thermal insulation. A case study in the Italian context

An analysis of the state of the art has shown how current European policy underpins the importance of assessing the impact of different energy efficiency strategies during the life cycle of buildings. In this study a framework is developed for the identification of the optimal material to be used to achieve the highest level of energy efficiency in building retrofits, taking into account environmental and economic elements and comparing different scenarios. For each of these scenarios the Life Cycle Cost Analysis was applied together with related environmental analysis in terms of the production of CO2. The research was applied to an industrial factory in Italy. Results showed that, among ten material with different origin, namely plant, animal, mineral and fossil origin, the optimal thickness varied between 0.023 m of the line fiber, and 0.082 m of the rock wool. From the economic point of view, saving was between 1.58 €/m2 with the linen fiber, and 9.63 €/m2 with the rock wool. Finally, considering the environmental aspect, savings in terms of CO2 was possible only for three of the ten materials, namely cork, sheep wool and fiber glass, respectively equal to 0.14 Kg/m2, 0.65 Kg/m2 and 0.34 Kg/m2. The study has important implications mainly regarding the issue of energy efficiency. Specifically, the opportunity to analyse and compare economic and environmental aspects of a series of alternative materials to improve energy efficiency may provide stakeholders with calculated and objective input for the support of sustainable actions. Sum up, this research has identified a "result oriented" methodology comparing traditional and sustainable materials and measuring the benefits from the correct insulation of a building. These benefits are mainly of an economic and environmental nature and, in this regard, the study helps to strengthen the leadership of the EU for a sustainable use of natural resources within an efficient bioeconomy, essential to achieve Sustainable Development Goals.

Field measurement of spatiotemporal distributions of ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds around a high-tech industrial park using a drone

A quadrotor drone, carrying a 3 L Teflon bag and an active sampling pump, collected ambient air samples around a high-tech industrial park to investigate the distribution characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A total of 490 air samples were collected in winter, spring, summer and autumn in one year and analyzed. Ambient VOC samples were obtained using a drone on the ground and at the altitude of 50 m which is approximately the heights of chimney outlets of the factories once per month at four sites around the high-tech industrial park. Acetone, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), p-xylene, m-xylene and ethyl acetate were the most commonly detected VOCs; these are commonly used solvents in semiconductor, LCD panel and optoelectronics manufacturing in the high-tech industrial park. The highest total VOC concentration (TVOC) on the ground was 346.8 μg/m3 (including acetone of 107.9 μg/m3 and m,p-xylenes of 65.4 μg/m3) and that at the altitude of 50 m was 278.3 μg/m3 (including acetone of 104.0 μg/m3 and m,p-xylenes of 36.3 μg/m3) on an August day. Based on the concentration ratios of m,p-xylenes to ethylbenzene, the exhaust of VOCs from neighboring plants affected air quality at the altitude of 50 m. The VOC-rich air affected the ambient air quality that was supplied to clean rooms, increasing the operating cost of the high-tech industrial factories in the park.

PEDOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOILS IRRIGATED FROM DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES IN THE AREA NORTH EAST TANTA CITY, GHARBIA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

The current work was performed aiming to study the morphological, physiochemical characteristics as well as classification and capability evaluation for soils irrigated fromdifferent water sources in the area north east Tanta city, Gharbia governorate, Egypt.The study area is located in the Middle of Nile Delta between latitudes 30⁰ 45′ to 30⁰ 50′ N and longitudes 31⁰ 00′ to 31⁰ 05′ E, covering an area of about 78.97 km2 (18802.30 fed.). The area has many different irrigation water sources namely, Nile water, agricultural drainage water, waste and sewage water canals. Many industrial factories discharge their waste fluids and remnants into these different canals which intermixed with their waters and could be used for irrigation of the surrounded agricultural land in the area. Ten soil profiles were chosen including: three representing the soils use the fresh Nile water, five representing the soils use the agricultural drainage water and two representing the soils use sewage water for irrigation. The land and site features are observed and registered. The soil profiles were dug, morphologically described, and then samples were collected representing the subsequent layers in each profile for integrated physical and chemical analyses. Also, water samples were collected from the different irrigation water resources for chemical analyses. The studied area has almost flat topography with deep soil profiles and freely well drained. These soils have swelling clay loam to clay texture with moderate medium to coarse angular blocky structure and mostly grayish brown color.There are no clear differences in the morphological characteristics of the studied soils irrigated with different kinds of irrigation waters. The physiochemical properties revealed that, the studied soils are moderately alkaline and non- to slightly saline. All of the soils using Nile water haven’t sodicity effect. While, most of those using drainage or sewage water have moderate sodicity effect. Organic matter (OM) is almost lowand decreases with depth.The soils are slightly to moderately calcareous. Some soils from those irrigated with drainage or sewage water have relatively moderate OM and CaCO3 contents especially in the surface layers besides relatively high ESP. This could be ascribed to the interaction of factorial waste fluids and remnants in the irrigation water used for these soils. Most of the studied soil profiles haven't any diagnostic horizons, therefore they were classified under Entisols order.Some soils from those irrigated with agricultural drainage water or sewage water seem to have Natric horizons and classified under Aridisols up to sub great group level. The land capability evaluation using ASLE model indicated that, all of the studied soils are considered as a good class (C2). The quality evaluation of irrigation water samples indicates that, there is a slight restriction upon using the drainage and sewage waters for sensitive crops.

Wuthigrai Siriphon: Highlighting tradition

The innovative output of Wuthigrai Siriphon draws on his Thai heritage and extensive knowledge and practical experience of regional textile craft techniques. But whilst his work often references historical forms and colour palettes, his studio textiles are far from staid, exhibiting a modernist sensibility frequently verging on the spectacular. Securely pigeonholing such a creative practitioner is always problematic, but any attempt at categorization is made even more difficult so once the viewer acknowledges the layered nature of South East Asian textile practice. This is a region where traditional understandings of fabric and colour still compete with modernist perspectives on design, material selection and colour application and rural craft weavers continue to make a living alongside industrial factories. Wuthigrai and his ouvre is a product of this complex and vibrant material culture, highlighting tradition whilst retaining its contemporary relevance.

ANALISIS STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN AGROINDUSTRI IKAN AIR TAWAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT (Studi Pada Nelayan Bendungan Batu Bulan Desa Maman)

This study aims to know the impact of internal and external factors of the BatuBulan Dam Freshwater Fish Agroindustry in Increasing the Income of the Maman Village Fisherman Community and to know the strategy of developing BatuBulan Dam Freshwater Fish Agroindustry.The type of this study was descriptive qualitative. The number of informants in this study were 65 which consisted of 58 of key informants and 5 of main informants. The data used in this study was primary. Method used to collect data was through interviews. The data analysis tool used was SWOT analysis. The results of study showed that based on the results of the SWOT analysis that strategy for the development of the Freshwater Fish Agroindustry of Maman Village could be done based on consideration of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats showed that if it was managed properly and maximally, the income and economy of the fishermen community in Maman Village would increase. The strength factor in this study was the large amount of fish catch and varies, good response from the community and increased community income after the existence of agro-industry. While the weaknesses were the lack of facilities and infrastructure, there were not industrial factory yet and the lack of processing equipment of cath.

Coordinated allocation production routing problem for mobile supply chains with shared factories

The mobile supply chain (MSC) is a new development that aims to help companies implement these ideas. In MSCs, production, distribution, and delivery of a product family is performed by a mobile factory (MF), which can be carried by truck and shared among different production sites. In this paper, a real-world application of mobile factories in the chemical industry is studied. Critical production assets (e.g. reactor) are carried by truck and can produce a product family locally. For this purpose, a mixed-integer mathematical model is developed to optimize the logistics costs of MSCs, concerning retailer/job-order allocation, production scheduling, and MF routing. The proposed optimization model is overly complex due to the three NP-hard sub-problems. Therefore, a neighborhood search and an evolutionary algorithm are developed to solve the problem in large-scale data sets. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms can find a near-optimal solution in a reasonable time.

Exergy, economic, and optimization of a clean hydrogen production system using waste heat of a steel production factory

In this present research study a multi-generation energy system which is coupled with CO2 capture unit which is based on Rankine cycle, organic Rankine cycle, ejector cooling system and absorption chiller has been analyzed via energy, exergy, exergy-economic aspects by developing MATLAB, also to achieve the optimum operating condition genetic algorithm has been applied for system optimization. The objective of this study is to propose an optimized efficient integrated energy system to recycle the energy waste of a typical industrial factory. The optimization has been illustrated on a Pareto frontier to achieve the optimum scheme of the multi-generation system regarding technical and economic viewpoints. Results indicate the optimal condition of this system has occurred at 0.37 exergy efficiency with 0.03 $/s. Furthermore, by surging the mass flow rate of waste gases up to 70 kg/s, net power output augmented up to 7500 kW. Besides, hydrogen production and produced desalinated water rise up to 8.5 g/s and 16 kg/s, respectively.

The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among applicants for receiving the health card

Intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) is a public health problem in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of IPIs among applicants for receiving health card in Zarch –a city in Iran-. The current study is a crosssectional descriptive study. This study was conducted with the participation of all food-related people who had referred to Zarch–in Yazd province of Iran- health center to receive a health card in 2020. Finally, the study data were analyzed by SPSS version 22. The results of this study showed that out of 600 participants related to food industry, only 1.3% had intestinal parasites. Also, the frequency distribution of the age of the clients showed that the highest number of participants is related to the age group of 26-35. The education level of the participants showed that more individuals (41.5%) had a diploma. Occupationally, 24% of the participants were related to food industry factories, followed by bakeries. In order to further reduce in the level of contamination with IPI, it is necessary to provide the necessary training to those involved in related- jobs specially the food industry

Comparison of Compressive Strength and Wood Powder Absorption and Coffee Grade Aggregate With Uniform Grade

In Indonesia, there are many industrial wood processing factories that have a lot of waste or sawdust that has not been utilized. One solution to the utilization of sawdust waste is to use it as a construction material. Wood sawdust is waste obtained from the results of wood craftsmen who use machines or manually. Utilization of wood waste is now used as material for making cabinets and gardening. One solution to the utilization of sawdust waste is to use it as a construction building material. Food industry waste can cause problems in handling because it contains carbohydrates, proteins, fats, mineral salts and also chemical residues used in processing and cleaning. Waste that is increasing and piling up will smell and become a source of microbial development which in the end will also cause various kinds of diseases, so that food industry waste needs good handling. Coffee grounds are also food industry waste produced from processing coffee beans. As with other food industry waste, coffee grounds waste has the potential to be used as a substitute material for cement.