Factor-based Approach Research Articles

Particle Swarm Optimization Based Wheeling Price Calculation for IEEE 14 Bus System by Using MVA-MILE And MVA-MILE Approaches

In the deregulated power system, it would be difficult to assess and evaluate the prices for transmission lines in the power factor-based approach. In the Indian power sector, different electrical power users follow a regional price method of wheeling power rates. Because of the policy change, the postage stamp system is no longer suitable for the Indian electricity generation. It is because nonlinear power flow is very influential in creating prices between transmission lines. The MW-mile method is used for real power wheeling price assessment, and MVA-mile method is employed for the accurate and reactive power wheeling price assessment. For various flow-based processes to be efficient, decision-makers should consider the different optimization techniques. This paper proposes a new method by which wheeling prices can be allocated for the Indian utility IEEE 14-bus system using the MVA-mile and MW-mile method based on the PSO algorithm approach for optimum power flow calculation In this paper, MW-Mile based, MVA-Mile based incremental cost of power demand addition and power factor-based approach are utilised. Sensitivity analysis will take place. It is also pertinent to study the DC load flow based costs.

First Trimester Screening for Preeclampsia: An Asian Perspective

AbstractPreeclampsia (PE) is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disorder has profound short-term and long-term impacts on both the affected woman's and her child's health. Early-onset PE requiring preterm delivery (preterm PE) is of particular importance because it is associated with a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than term PE. First trimester screening model developed by the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF), which uses Bayes-theorem to combine maternal characteristics and medical history together with measurements of mean arterial pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index, and serum placental growth factor, has been proven to be effective and have superior screening performance to that of traditional risk factor-based approach for the prediction of PE. Identification of high risk pregnant women for preterm PE and giving aspirin prophylaxis before 16thweek of gestation would reduce the incidence of preterm PE. In Asia, although the prevalence of PE is slightly lower than the global estimation, early screening and prevention of this life-threatening condition is still crucial. The FMF Bayes-theorem based screening method has been validated in a large-scale prospective Asia-wide study and revealed that the first trimester triple test achieves the highest detection rate, compared with the traditional risk factor-based approaches, and that the screening performance is comparable to the published data from the FMF in East Asian women. However, in order to achieve optimal screening performance, the key is to establish standardized methods for biomarker measurements and regular biomarker quality assessment, as each biomarker is susceptible to inaccurate measurement, thus affecting performance of screening. Furthermore, it is of great importance to emphasize that the optimal preventive effect of aspirin on preterm PE is clearly associated with good compliance to treatment. In conclusion, global implementation of an effective first trimester “screen and prevent” program for preterm PE would provide the opportunity to reduce the risk of both short-term maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, with the possibility of intergenerational prevention of future chronic diseases for both the mother and her offspring.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Assessing the Reliability of Risk Factor-Based Screening in a Rural Nigerian Hospital

Implementation of the 2013WHO diagnostic criteria for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), with lower threshold values required for the diagnosis of GDM, may be associated with further rise in the number of missed cases, especially among “low risk women”. This prospective study determined the proportions of women with GDM who were low risk. A hundred and seventeen pregnant women of gestational age 24-32weeks were screened with 50-g glucose challenge Test (GCT) and their GDM risk factor status noted. GCT positive women had 75-gOGTT, using 2013WHO GDM diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of GDM was 7.7% and about 55% of women with GDM had “low risk” status. There was no significant difference in the plasma glucose values of low risk and high risk women. With more than 50% of women with GDM being low risk, risk factor-based screening approach may be very unreliable in screening for GDM.

Abstract 13603: Utility of the 6-minute Walk Test in Coronary Artery Disease Screening Before Kidney Transplant

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) screening is a cornerstone of kidney transplant (KTx) evaluation, but existing approaches result in excess testing and low intervention rate. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that aerobic performance, based on a simple office test (the 6-minute walk test, 6MWT), may help risk stratify KTx candidates. Methods: We performed 6MWT in waitlisted patients who were nearing KTx. Results were used for frailty counselling and not for cardiac evaluation. CAD screening was done according to our center protocol: invasive angiogram for patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-invasive testing for other patients with risk factors and at the evaluating transplant nephrologist’s discretion. We used subdistribution Cox regression and time-dependent receiver operator curve to evaluate time to CAD event (revascularization, myocardial infarction, waitlist removal for CAD, or cardiac death), treating waitlist removal for non-CAD and non-cardiac death as competing events. Results: Of the 360 patients, 200 and 161 patients had 6MWT results <400 meters and ≥400 meters (~4 metabolic equivalents), respectively. Patients with lower 6MWT results were older (59±10 vs 50±12 years) and more likely to be female (54% vs 34%), have DM (61% vs 33%) or known atherosclerotic disease (44% vs 22%), and have had prior cardiac evaluation (72% vs 61%). They were also more likely to exhibit cardiac symptom during 6MWT (36% vs 6%) and more likely to be censored due to waitlist removal for non-CAD reasons (follow-up 391±337 vs 541±277 days). 6MWT was not associated with CAD event (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.00 [0.90-1.10], 1-year area under the curve [AUC] 0.54). 196 patients had invasive (52%) or non-invasive (48%) CAD testing within 6 months of 6MWT: 6MWT did not predict the CAD test result (odds ratio 0.96 [0.81-1.14], AUC 0.54). Of the 94 patients who had concurrent non-invasive CAD testing, the 1-year AUC of 6MWT, symptom (at rest or during 6MWT), AST guidelines, or non-invasive testing for CAD event were 0.64, 0.52, 0.46 and 0.66 respectively. Conclusions: The 6MWT did not perform better in risk stratification for CAD events compared to a symptom- or risk factor-based approach.

Practical Applications of Fundamental Factors That Improve Your Investments:A Practical Guide

Practical Applications Summary In Fundamental Factors That Improve Your Investments: A Practical Guide, from the October 2019 issue of The Journal of Investing, authors Pim Lausberg (of APG Asset Management), Alfred Slager (of TIAS School for Business and Society), and Philip Stork (of VU University Amsterdam) explore the influence of fundamental factors—rather than style factors—on portfolio returns. The authors present an intuitive framework for measuring and steering fundamental factors in a portfolio and provide examples showing how to identify factor concentration risks and tilt portfolios to desired exposures. They also offer suggestions on how investors can embed the factor-based approach in their existing investment process. TOPICS:Analysis of individual factors/risk premia, portfolio construction, performance measurement

Multiscale study on determining representative volume elements size for mechanical behaviours of complex polymer nanocomposites with nanoparticulate agglomerations

Representative volume elements (RVE) have been widely employed to describe and predict the various effective properties of heterogeneous composite systems. In this present study with an interphase property degradation model, a multiscale analysis is performed to investigate the mechanical behaviours of polymer nanocomposites containing nanoparticulate agglomerations. Using the Fourier transform approach on the structural property variation at given cell lengths, the smallest RVE size (the minimum allowable length for an approximate description of the material system) is determined based on the coefficient of variation. It is reasonable to select an RVE size that is equal to a quarter of the most dominant wavelength as the minimum RVE size. A novel user-defined factor-based approach similar to the concept of margin of error is proposed to determine the optimal sampling number at a specific RVE size. The precision approach can provide accurate estimation of the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites with reduced computational cost.

Assessing absolute stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation using a risk factor-based approach.

To assess the risk of stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) based on risk factor combinations of the CHA2DS2-VASc score. Using nationwide Danish registries, patients with AF were included from 1997 to 2015 in this retrospective observational study. A multiple logistic regression, including interactions of history of stroke with age at AF, calendar year of AF, and the CHA2DS2-VASc score risk factors (congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, vascular disease, and female sex) were used to predict the personalized risks of stroke within 1 year. A total of 147842 patients with AF were included in the study cohort (median age 76 years, range 20-100 years, 51% females). Within the first year, 6% of the cohort were diagnosed with stroke. The predicted personalized 1-year absolute risk of stroke varied widely within each CHA2DS2-VASc score. To estimate the personalized risk of stroke an online calculator was created, the Calculator of Absolute Stroke Risk (CARS), which allows calculation of all the possible combinations of the CHA2DS2-VASc score (https://hjerteforeningen.shinyapps.io/riskvisrr/). Calculation of the individual risk using a risk factor-based approach as opposed to using average risk for a particular CHA2DS2-VASc score can improve risk estimates. Furthermore, CARS can assist in the communication of the stroke risk for a more evidence-based shared decision-making of whether to initiate oral anticoagulation therapy.

Risk-Factor Based Lead Screening and Correlation With Blood and Bone Lead Levels in Pregnancy [27K

INTRODUCTION: Lead exposure has devastating neurologic consequences for children and may begin in utero. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends prenatal lead screening using a risk factor-based approach rather than universal blood testing. The clinical utility of this approach has not been studied. We evaluated the association of bone and blood lead with a prenatal risk assessment questionnaire. METHODS: We enrolled a convenience sample of parturients ≥34 weeks’ gestation, with a singleton pregnancy, who were admitted from the obstetrical triage unit. We measured blood lead before delivery and bone lead ≤4 days postpartum using a portable X-ray spectrometer. We defined detectable blood lead as ≥2 ug/dL and detectable bone lead as ≥10 ug/g. The IRB approved the study. RESULTS: We enrolled 102 participants, of whom 100 had lead measured. We identified ≥1 risk factor among 78% of participants; none had clinical blood lead testing. The median blood lead was 0.2 ug/dL (0.2–0.4) and median bone lead was 3.8 ug/g (2.0–6.6). Blood lead, but not bone lead, was significantly higher for parturients born outside the US (P=.01). Two participants (2.2%) had detectable blood lead, while 16 (16.2%) had detectable bone lead. The questionnaire had good sensitivity but poor specificity when using blood (sensitivity 100%, specificity 22%), and bone (sensitivity 94%, specificity 25%) as the gold standard for lead exposure. CONCLUSION: This study showed that a risk-based approach for detecting lead exposure identifies parturients with high lead levels, but this approach was infrequently used clinically and has poor specificity.

The extension of continuous carbon emission monitoring system in China’s thermal power plants under the carbon market

China is facing severe climate pollution, thus the CO2 emissions of thermal power plants which consume a lot of fossil energy, need to be strictly monitored. At the same time, the thermal power plants and the government will face brand new environment, where the exactly appropriate monitoring approach of CO2 emission remains ambiguous. This study aims to distinguish monitoring approaches between Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) and factor-based approach on the basis of the operation features of China’s thermal power plants, analyzing the extension of CEMS. We review the major reducing greenhouse gas initiative in China—carbon market, and different emission monitoring approaches at first. We present the prospects of extension in CEMS’s technical features by analyzing an example of two generations using coal and gas, respectively, finding that CEMS is more accurate and dynamic. This study also presents the challenges by analyzing the refinement of factor-based monitoring approach. However, In contrast to many previous studies, we consider different influence in prospect and challenge from the market itself, the application experience and equipment installation basis. We finally draw an important conclusion that the factor-based monitoring approach is more suitable for China’s thermal power plants currently, but CEMS is more promising.

Improvised multi‐objective model predictive control of matrix converter using fuzzy logic and space vectors for switching decisions

Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) has lately received noteworthy attention in the control of power converters. Such converters have a finite number of switching states, which ensure a small sample space of predictions and minimum computational burden. Although unanimously popular in most converters, multi-objective FCS-MPC (Mo-FCS-MPC) is a particularly attractive choice in the control of matrix converters (MCs), as it enables attainment of multiple objectives with relative ease. Conventionally, a weighing factor-based approach is undertaken in the implementation of Mo-FCS-MPC wherein a cost-function is framed such that each of its constituent objectives, is assigned a relative weight according to its significance. However, the tuning of weights is empirical in nature and hence tedious. This study proposes an improvised technique for implementing Mo-FCS-MPC in MCs while simultaneously meeting a number of objectives such as load current, source current, and input power factor control. Sector information from space vectors of reference output voltages and reference input currents, coupled with a fuzzy decision-making criterion is used to make the final switching decision, hence eliminating the conventional weighing factor-based approach. The inclusion of space vector modulation into predictive control enhances the quality of both loads as well as source current waveforms.

Universal testing for group B streptococcus during pregnancy: need for a randomised trial.

A third of developed countries do not test for maternal group B streptococcus colonisation in pregnant women and follow a strategy of identifying maternal risk factors for EOGBS disease in the baby, and offering those 'higher risk groups' intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis. Hasperhoven et al (BJOG, 2020) present an updated systematic review of culture-based testing for group B streptococcus (GBS) colonisation in women or risk factor-based approach for prevention of newborn early-onset GBS (EOGBS) disease. The review identified 17 observational studies, of which 15 provided data for a meta-analysis and 11 directly compared screening protocols with risk-based strategies.

The clinical assessment of acts of violence: mental mechanisms and subjectivity

SUMMARYApproaches to assessing violence in clinical practice have been influenced by developments in the field of risk assessment. As a result, there has been a focus on identifying and describing factors associated with violence. However, a factor-based approach to assessing violence in individual cases has limited clinical utility. In response, the benefits of a formulation-based approach have been promoted. This approach is enhanced by an understanding of the specific mental mechanisms that increase the likelihood of violence in the individual case. Although there is an empirical evidence base for mental mechanisms associated with violence, this literature has not been distilled and synthesised in a way that informs routine clinical practice. In this article the authors present the key mechanisms that are known to be associated with violence in a way that is relevant to the clinical assessment of violence and, in turn, can inform clinical and risk management.

Changes in incidence and etiology of early-onset neonatal infections 1997\u20132017 \u2013 a retrospective cohort study in western Sweden

BackgroundThe objective of the study was to evaluate data on early-onset neonatal invasive infections in western Sweden for the period 1997–2017. To identify changes in incidence, etiology and mortality and compare to previous studies from the same area starting from 1975.MethodsObservational epidemiological, retrospective study on infants 0–6 days of age with a positive culture in blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid between 1997 and 2017. A comparison was made of the incidence between 2008 and 2017 compared to 1997–2007. Changes in the incidence of infections due to Group B streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic Gram-negative rods were assessed from 1975.ResultsThe total incidence, including both recognized pathogens and commensals as causative agents, was 1.1/1000 live births. The incidence declined from 1.4/1000 LB in 1997–2007 to 0.9/1000 LB in 2008–2017 but the case-fatality rate remained unchanged, (8/119 vs 7/90), at 7%. Among the 209 patients identified during 1997–2017 with sepsis or meningitis the most common organisms were Group B streptococci (40%, 84/209), S. aureus (16%, 33/209) and E. coli (9%, 18/209). The incidence of Group B streptococci infections went from 0.9/1000 live births 1987–1996 to 0.45/1000 live births 1997–2017 and all cases were within 72 h. The proportion of extremely preterm infants (< 28 weeks gestation) rose steadily during the study period but there was no rise in infections due to Gram-negative organisms. The spectrum of cultured organisms changed after 72 h as commensal organisms started to emerge.ConclusionThere has been a decrease in the incidence of neonatal early-onset infections compared to previous studies in western Sweden. The incidence of GBS infections was not as low as in other reports. Further studies are needed to assess if screening-based intra partum antimicrobial prophylaxis instead of a risk factor-based approach for identifying candidates for intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis would be a better option for this study area.Key notesThis study is one of the longest running follow-ups in the world, a follow-up of 43 years of early-onset neonatal infections.The incidence of early-onset GBS infections is higher in Western Sweden compared to other local reports.No difference in the incidence of early-onset GBS depending on the definition of early-onset being within 72 h or 7 days of life.

Effect of different shot peening conditions on the fatigue life of 300 M steel submitted to high stress amplitudes

The axial fatigue life of 300 M steel subjected to a high stress amplitude was investigated for 3 peening conditions. Peening-induced roughness, residual stresses and their relaxation during cyclic loading were quantified. B-basis analysis was employed to compare the peened and unpeened specimens' fatigue lives. It was observed that a competition between the detrimental effect of roughness and the beneficial effect of compressive residual stresses determines the fatigue crack initiation site. A stress-intensity factor-based approach was proposed to predict a lower bound for fatigue lives. These analytical fatigue life predictions agreed with the statistical B-basis values for conditions exhibiting low scatter.

Fundamental Factors That Improve Your Investments: A Practical Guide

We explore how investors can use the factors that drive their portfolio returns, focusing on fundamental factors instead of the widely discussed style factors. Fundamental factors explain the majority of the return variation among assets. There are times that a given factor sensitivity offers exceptionally high or low rewards in all assets exposed to it. We present an intuitive framework for measuring and steering fundamental factors in a portfolio. Practical examples show how to identify factor concentration risks and tilt a portfolio toward desired exposures. We argue that investors best use a factor-based approach in conjunction with traditional asset allocation, rather than as a substitute. In addition, we provide suggestions on how to embed the factor-based approach within an existing investment process.

Tailored Practical Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Risk Factor-Based Approach.

The management of antithrombotic therapy for thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has been recently evolved by the progressive replacement of vitamin K antagonists with the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). However, while these drugs are effective in reducing ischemic stroke/systemic embolism, a still high rate of cardiovascular events is present in the AF population. A tailored integrated approach to patients with AF is therefore necessary to reduce both thromboembolic events and cardiovascular disease. This approach should consist in the assessment of individual risk factors for ischemic and bleeding events in order to choose the most appropriate anticoagulant treatment according to patient's characteristics and preference. To this purpose, several risk scores have been developed and validated to stratify thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risk. This review provides an individual-based strategy for the management of patients with AF, from a risk-factor based approach to a tailored prescription and monitoring of NOACs. In particular, we reported an updated practical management strategy for AF patients in specific clinical situations such as those (1) experiencing a major bleeding, (2) requiring a switch to another antithrombotic regimen, (3) restarting anticoagulation after acute ischemic stroke, (4) suffering from an acute coronary artery disease (acute coronary syndrome or undergoing cardiac revascularization).

Heterogeneous dimensions of SERVQUAL

The purpose of this paper is to analytically and empirically show that the dimensions of SERVQUAL are not stable across service industries and even in the same service industry, because customers’ evaluations on service quality are heterogeneous. This paper presents a purification model that purifies the measured quality of service attributes through excluding the effects of service types and customer types on the quality levels of service attributes. It also derives SERVQUAL dimensions from the purified quality of service attributes via two alternative approaches (the factor-based approach and the cluster-based approach). Furthermore, based on the two alternative approaches, it analytically and empirically demonstrates that it is more logical to interpret that SERVQUAL dimensions may be heterogeneous across services, and that two grand dimensions (tangibles vs. non-tangibles) can be more stable than the five dimensions of SERVQUAL. This finding implies that there is no need to stick to the five dimensions of SERVQUAL, because they do not represent a customer’s psychometric dimensions of service quality.

Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in a risk factor-based prevention setting: A 15-year population-based study.

Intrapartum chemoprophylaxis reduces early-onset group B streptococcal disease (EOGBSD) in newborns. Some guidelines advise that intrapartum antibiotics should be offered following universal antenatal screening for GBS carriage and others recommend intrapartum antibiotics based on clinical risk factors alone. Since 1999, Queensland guidelines have recommended a risk factor-based approach. We examined trends in EOGBSD rates over time in Queensland in the setting of these guidelines and whether management of cases reflected the recommendations. A state-wide retrospective search of pathology databases, allowing near-complete, population-based case identification, was conducted to detect live-born infants from January 2000 to December 2014 with GBS cultured from blood or cerebrospinal fluid within seven days of age. A nested audit of EOGBSD cases comparing two epochs, 2000-2010 and 2011-2014, was performed to determine patient characteristics and guideline adherence for each case. Mean incidence of EOGBSD in Queensland from 2000 to 2014 was 0.33 per 1000 live births (SD± 0.08) with no changing trend over time. The case-mortality rate in the 2011-2014 epoch was 1.2% compared to 11.9% in 2000-2004 (odds ratio (OR) 0.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.002-0.67). The proportion of EOGBSD cases who were preterm infants decreased from 29.8% to 13.3% (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14-0.84). Of cases with risk factors in the 2011-2014 epoch, 46% received intrapartum antibiotics compared to 25% in 2000-2004 (OR 2.49, 95% CI 0.86-7.58, P=0.09). EOGBSD incidence rate in Queensland remained low during 2000-2014. However, both the 2011-2014 case-mortality rate and the proportion of preterm cases significantly decreased. Missed opportunities for intrapartum chemoprophylaxis remain.

S49. EFFICACY OF HIGH-FREQUENCY REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON PANSS FACTORS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA WITH PREDOMINANT NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS – RESULTS FROM AN EXPLORATORY RE-ANALYSIS

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the left frontal lobe is discussed to be a promising add-on treatment for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) has been used as outcome parameter in several previous rTMS trials, but studies focusing on PANSS factor analyses are lacking.For this purpose, we used the available PANSS data of the ‘rTMS for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia’ (RESIS) trial to calculate different literature-based PANSS factors and to re-evaluate the impact of rTMS on negative symptoms in this trial.MethodsIn an exploratory re-analysis of published data from the RESIS study (Wobrock et al. 2015), we tested the impact of rTMS applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on two PANSS factors for negative symptoms in psychotic disorders as well as on a PANSS five-factor consensus model intending to show that active rTMS treatment improves PANSS negative symptom subscores.ResultsIn accordance to the original analysis, all PANSS factors showed an improvement over time in the active and, to a considerable extent, also in the sham rTMS group. However, comparing the data before and directly after the rTMS intervention, the PANSS excitement factor improved in the active rTMS group significantly more than in the sham group, but this finding did not persist if follow-up data were taken into account. These additional analyses extend the previously reported RESIS trial results showing unspecific improvements in the PANSS positive subscale in the active rTMS group.Our PANSS factor-based approach to investigate the impact of prefrontal rTMS on different negative symptom domains confirmed no overall beneficial effect of the active compared to sham rTMS.DiscussionThis secondary analysis of the RESIS trials has several limitations. First of all, the analysis of the primary endpoint was negative [24] and all subsequent secondary analyses showing a positive effect of the intervention (here: change in PANSS excitement factor) are of limited statistical power and therefore subject to uncertainty. On the other hand, our analyses confirm the negative finding of the original publication extends this finding to a broader negative symptom definition. Moreover, the new analysis provides a possible, but hypothetical explanation for the previously described effect of active rTMS on PANSS positive subscale. Of course, many other PANSS factor models are available and in pharmacological research the Marder factors [23, 35] have particular significance. However, the here used five-factor consensus model [21] includes the Marder factor results and our negative symptom factors overlaps with those factors. Another limitation is that it may be possible that our sham stimulation (coil tilted over one wing at an angle of 45°[24]) may still have been slightly biologically active as discussed elsewhere [24].

Efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on PANSS factors in schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms – Results from an exploratory re-analysis

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the left frontal lobe is discussed to be a promising add-on treatment for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) has been used as outcome parameter in several previous rTMS trials, but studies focusing on PANSS factor analyses are lacking. For this purpose, we used the available PANSS data of the ‘rTMS for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia’ (RESIS) trial to calculate different literature-based PANSS factors and to re-evaluate the impact of rTMS on negative symptoms in this trial. In an exploratory re-analysis of published data from the RESIS study (Wobrock et al. 2015), we tested the impact of rTMS applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on two PANSS factors for negative symptoms in psychotic disorders as well as on a PANSS five-factor consensus model intending to show that active rTMS treatment improves PANSS negative symptom subscores. In accordance to the original analysis, all PANSS factors showed an improvement over time in the active and, to a considerable extent, also in the sham rTMS group. However, comparing the data before and directly after the rTMS intervention, the PANSS excitement factor improved in the active rTMS group significantly more than in the sham group, but this finding did not persist if follow-up data were taken into account. These additional analyses extend the previously reported RESIS trial results showing unspecific improvements in the PANSS positive subscale in the active rTMS group. Our PANSS factor-based approach to investigate the impact of prefrontal rTMS on different negative symptom domains confirmed no overall beneficial effect of the active compared to sham rTMS.