Extraordinary Events Research Articles

Exploring the Literary Representation of Trauma in Contemporary Iraqi Fiction from Socio-historical Perspective

The present study aims to critically review the aspects of war in selected Iraqi war novels— Sinan Antoon, The Baghdad Eucharist (2017), Corpse Washer (2013) Zauhair Jabouri, The Corpse Hunter (2014)—that focus on depicting vividly the traumatic experiences of Iraqi, particularly after the US-led invasion of Iraq 2003 and how these novels could recur constantly to humanist themes and traumatized figures, the psychological suffering of minorities and the oppressed. In other words, it aims to make visible specific historical instances of trauma in Iraqi war fiction. The present study undertakes an in-depth investigation of the socio-political and historical dimensions of Cathy Caruth’s literary trauma simply because trauma experiences in Iraq were emanated from several causes such as social injustice, the oppression of minorities, political despotism, and the persecution of religious minorities, the displacement of Iraqis from the homeland, and the genocidal policies of jihadist. The study has found that Iraqi war fiction depends on the stylistic technique of repeating certain expressions, phrases, and lexical items to intensify the extraordinary events. It is a narrative of traumatic haunting known for its non-linear and circular style that often leads to ambiguity where readers are often unable to decode the authorial intentions, deriving its ambiguity from the traits of dreams and nightmares, the interpretations of which are continually and unredeemably haunted by the memory of loss.

STUDI KOMPARASI MOTIVASI DAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA SMK KELAS X PADA PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN DARING DI ERA PANDEMI COVID-19

The Covid-19 pandemic is an extraordinary event that is currently hitting various parts of the world. Many of the consequences caused by this outbreak of this virus. Limitation of social interaction (social distancing) in an effort to break the chain of the spread of Covid-19 was taken and followed government health protocols. Online learning as an alternative to learning in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. Learning that is carried out indirectly and is in a network, of course, makes students must have strong learning motivation to achieve maximum learning outcomes. There are two objectives in this study, namely 1) to analyze and test the differences in learning outcomes of class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah Kartasura in offline learning before the Covid-19 pandemic era and in online learning in the Covid-19 pandemic era, 2) Analyze and test the influence of motivation on outcomes. class X student of SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Kartasura in online learning in the Covid-19 pandemic era. This research uses a quantitative approach with the type of comparative causal research. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences in the average learning outcomes of Class X Vocational School students in offline learning before the Covid-19 pandemic era and in online learning in the Covid-19 pandemic era. Student learning outcomes in offline learning are higher than in online learning. Meanwhile, the one-way Anova test results show that there is an influence of motivation on learning outcomes of class X Vocational High School students in online learning in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. Students have high motivation to learn in the high and low groups.

Effects of beach width variability on recreational function: A case study of NE Brazil

Beaches have historically been recognized as one of the main spaces for leisure and recreation for residents and tourists worldwide. They are maintained by the combined action of waves, tides, currents, and winds that directly affect their composition, shape, and size. Subject to morphological variations on a short-term scale (hours and days) as a result of the action of storm waves or extraordinary tidal events, the geomorphic and sedimentary characteristics of the beach are important for determining recreational function. Considering that the beach profile changes seasonally owing to the conditions of sea agitation and sand supply, some uses may not adapt to these variations. Thus, there must be a minimum beach width for recreational functions to be developed. The method used to measure beach width is an important parameter to study erosion and accretion on beaches around the world. However, the detection of long-term changes in beach width is challenging because it is necessary to have observational data on the beach morphological change. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the variability of the width of the emerged beach and its effects on recreational function in a stretch of Tabuba beach, Caucaia, Ceará.

September 11 as a Terrorist Atack in Lawrence Ferlinghetti's "History of the Airplane"

The September 11 attacks, also called the 9/11 attacks, the series of plane hijackings and suicide attacks perpetrated in 2001 by 19 militants connected with the Islamic extremist organizations Al-Qaeda against goals in the United States, are the deadliest terrorist attacks and an extraordinary event on American soil. The attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. caused widespread death and destruction and sparked a massive United States counter-terrorism efforts. This study aims to explore the main trend of contemporary American poetry that deals with the topic of the September 11 attacks and to show the impact of September 11, 2001, on contemporary American poets. Many contemporary American poets in the period following the attack on the Twin Towers were influenced by the September 11 attacks. Many of the American poets consider the September 11 attacks a terrorist attack, and these poets are the ones who believe in the theory of terrorism, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti is one of them.

The Relationship between Knowledge and Attitude with Behavior of Preventing Leptospirosis in Healthcare Workers at the Binjai City

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by spirochete from the genus Leptospira, namely Leptospira interrogans which is pathogenic for both humans and animals. L. interrogans infection is often associated with flooding, where L. interrogans is carried from soil contaminated with animal urine reservoirs and settles in water. Leptospirosis is estimated to cause 1030000 cases and 58900 deaths annually worldwide. Until now, Leptospirosis is still a threat to public health because it causes Extraordinary Events (KLB) in several regions in Indonesia. Leptospirosis outbreaks are related to the presence of risk factors, namely the high population of rats as reservoirs of Leptospira spp., poor environmental sanitation, and the increasing number of flood areas in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitude with the behavior of preventing Leptospirosis in healthcare workers at the Sub-District Health Center, Binjai Timur, Binjai City, against Leptospirosis. This research is an analytic study with a cross sectional design. The research was conducted using a questionnaire instrument of knowledge level about Leptospirosis, attitudes towards Leptospirosis, and preventive behavior towards Leptospirosis.

Is What Mickey Mouse Says Impossible? Informant Reality Status and Children’s Beliefs in Extraordinary Events

ABSTRACT As children get older, they become better able to discriminate between impossible and improbable statements and they realize that improbable events can occur in reality while impossible ones cannot. However, when children hear about extraordinary events from fictional entities (e.g., popular characters from children’s media), they may be more likely to doubt that the events can occur in reality. The current studies examine how an informant’s reality status and familiarity influence children’s belief in statements about improbable and impossible events. Across two studies, children ages 4, 6, and 8 (N = 362) heard impossible and improbable statements from an unfamiliar person, a familiar character, or an unfamiliar character (Study 1) or a real or pretend person (Study 2) and judged whether each statement could happen in reality. As in previous studies, older children were more likely than younger children to believe improbable events could occur. Additionally, for both types of statements, children’s judgments about the possibility of the events were similar regardless of the informant. These results suggest that when children hear extraordinary statements described by fictional characters, they pay more attention to the content of the statement than to the source.

"People are Crying, but I Can’t Stop Laughing": Protest Reaction of the Deportees of Tomsk region to Joseph Stalin’s Death

The research featured special reports from the Tomsk Department of State Security about the “anti-Soviet” protest movement of Tomsk deportees in the first months after Joseph Stalin's death. The analysis revealed how the deportees adapted to the authority demands and imitated their loyalty to the system, even when the regime positions was clearly weakened. The author analyzed the sanctions imposed on the deportees and the behavior of the local punitive officials, who received no instructions from Moscow. Most likely, the “anti-Soviet” behavior was not so much a purposeful protest as an irrational reaction to such an extraordinary event as Joseph Stalin's death. The responsive actions of the Regional Department of State Security did not follow the new course of Soviet policy but rather the behavioral patterns formed during the Stalin era: violators were identified and punished severely and demonstratively.

Are Temperate Alpine Plants With Distinct Phenology More Vulnerable to Extraordinary Climate Events Than Their Continuously Flowering Relatives in Tropical Mountains?

Alpine plants are perceived as some of the most vulnerable to extinction due to the global climate change. We expected that their life history strategies depend, among others, on the latitude they live in: those growing in temperate regions are likely to have a distinct phenology with short seasonal peaks, while tropical alpine plants can potentially exploit favorable year-round growing conditions and different individuals within a population may flower at different times of the year. In species, whose flowering is synchronized into short seasonal peaks, extraordinary climate events, which may become stronger and more frequent with climate change, can potentially destroy reproductive organs of all synchronized individuals. This may result in reducing fitness or even extinction of such species. We studied field populations of five groups of closely related Andean alpine plant species to test our expectations on their latitude-dependent synchronization of flowering. Our results confirmed these expectations: (i) Tropical alpine species were least synchronized and flowering peaks of different individuals in their populations were distributed across many months. Thus, in tropical alpine species, if an extraordinary event happens, only some individuals are affected and other members of the population successfully reproduce in other parts of the long season. (ii) Higher synchronicity in flowering of temperate and subtropical alpine plants resulted even in some of these species using only a part of the short growing season to reproduce, which increases their vulnerability to extraordinary climatic events. However, we did not find any unique pattern valid for all species, groups and regions. The diversity in flowering phenology (i.e., different levels of seasonality and synchronicity) that we found increases the likelihood of plants successfully coping with climate change.

Extraordinary Events

Extraordinary Events

Evidence of climate change in the hyper-arid region of the southern coast of Peru, head of the Atacama Desert

The effect of climate change in this region is considered as one of the driest in the world, according to the evidence found and recorded, may be favorable or unfavorable for water availability. In this work, we seek to evaluate and validate the evidence of climate change such as droughts and floods that are occurring in the southern region of Peru and northern Chile called the headwaters of the Atacama Desert. The analysis of the interrelationships and climate trends was carried out, to demonstrate conditions of climate change about the occurrence of alluviums. In recent years, extraordinary precipitation events have occurred that have generated surface storage, vegetation growth, and alluvial surface flows in areas where they were not normal. The return periods of said extraordinary events were calculated. Likewise, la mancha caliente (“the hot blob”) ―detected by NOAA― brought with it, temperature anomalies between 4 and 6 ° C, and has a high probability of being the agent causing local rainfall in the study area. We consider these events as evidence of climate change; the normal conditions have been altered and the damage is irrefutable, it must be specified, for example, that a large part of the road infrastructure, services, buildings, etc., are not designed to take these conditions into account current climate, therefore, it is necessary to establish the safety regulations and adaptation of buildings to these new conditions that are being presented.

The Grunwald Swords and Lech Wałęsa’s Ballpoint Pen. Ordinary objects – extraordinary events

The article is devoted to the Grunwald swords and Wałęsa’s ballpoint pen as material correlates of concrete events and objects that can deliver a message whose content depends on the current political, social and cultural context.

Media and Local Communities in the Context of Humanitarian Aid

The subject of the article is creating the image of local communities in the media in the context of humanitarian aid. The rationale for taking up the topic are extraordinary events and the resulting humanitarian needs as well as the media creating the image of the victims and the need to help them. The information presented by the media is a signpost for donators of humanitarian aid. They make it possible to recognize the needs of the victims and provide them with full-value assistance. The assistance provided enables the local community to readapt, and also draws attention to the situation in a given area. The article adopted the research goal of defining the role of the media in creating the image of the local community in the context of providing humanitarian aid. The research goal adopted in this way allowed for a hypothesis that the media constitute the basis for creating the image of local communities in need of humanitarian aid. Composing a social view of humanitarian aid beneficiaries appoints the media as an organ that determines the type, direction and volume of humanitarian aid. The formulated hypothesis was verified thanks to the use of research methods in the form of a case study, desk research and an analysis of the scientific literature. The article presents the media as a key area in creating the image of humanitarian aid beneficiaries.

Prototype of Simulation model of Socio-epidemiological and economic consequences on the example of Russian Federation subjects

Processes associated with extraordinary events that are difficult to control and evaluate, as a rule, are built on patterns of past events or historical analogues, but the spread of coronavirus infection is a kind of unique phenomenon that has affected all spheres of life of states and the world as a whole. This article is a continuation of a study related to the assessment of the socio-epidemiological and economic consequences that led to the spread of COVID-19. Previously, the architecture of the model was created taking into account world practices for building such blocks for simulation models. The prototype combines three fully functional blocks. At this stage of the study, a prototype model was formed, which takes into account demographic, epidemiological and economic processes that are closely related to each other. The simulation has been running continuously since 2018 and covers three chronological periods - before the pandemic, during the pandemic and the forecast period. The experiment ends in 2025, after which a set of statistical indicators is produced for the three aligned blocks. The prototype model has prospects for expansion to all subjects of the Russian Federation. Also, if you add a loading module, it can be launched using supercomputer technologies on a scale of 1: 1 in terms of the number of agents that form an artificial society on the basis of which scenario experiments were carried out.

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC PRINCIPLES OF WORKING WITH CLIENTS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF INJURY

The article discusses the psychotherapeutic principles of working with clients at various stages of trauma. A definition of a psychotraumatic event or situation is provided. A distinction is made between extraordinary and extreme psychotherapeutic situations and events. The signs of traumatic situations and events are grouped together, the impact they have on a person is described. The factors that cause differences in reactions and the strength of the impact of a traumatic event on a person are considered. The definition of psychotrauma, its causes, and the duration of its course are proposed. Ways of receiving an injury and signs of a person experiencing psychotrauma are highlighted. The rules and principles of the psychotherapist's work at the stage of the client's experience of trauma are proposed. It was emphasized that the main task at the stage of living with the injury is the stabilization of the client's mental state. After the stage of experiencing the trauma, the stage of the traumatic process, which is accompanied by a stress disorder, is highlighted. At this stage, attempts are made to integrate the traumatic experience. The mental processes that occur at the stage of the traumatic process are given: adaptation, displacement of the traumatic experience and its constant invasion. The signs and rules of the psychotherapist's work at the stage of the traumatic process have been elaborated. The stages of a psychotherapist's work with a client who has experienced a traumatic experience and turned in at the stage of the traumatic process are given. A scheme of the development of the injury process depending on the level of stress and time has been developed. The stages of trauma and the corresponding psychological states are given. The signs of the third stage of trauma – the post-traumatic process have been analyzed. It was found that this stage is accompanied by post-traumatic stress disorder. Definition of the concept and diagnostic criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder are proposed. It is emphasized that the main task of the psychotherapist at this stage of trauma is the integration of the client's traumatic experience and his return to his usual life.

An Extraordinary Dry Season Precipitation Event in the Subtropical Andes: Drivers, Impacts and Predictability

An Extraordinary Dry Season Precipitation Event in the Subtropical Andes: Drivers, Impacts and Predictability

Economic crises, labour reforms and employment: the Spanish case

Economic crises, labour reforms and employment:the Spanish case Nunzia Castelli (bio) There is no doubt that we have been living in a situation of 'permanent exceptionality'1 for several years now. In little more than a decade, extraordinary and/or global events have taken place that have had a substantial impact on economic and social relations at all levels2. Spain has not been left out of these phenomena that have had repercussions on the country, acquiring the specificities derived from the characteristics of the national context. Among them, one of the most outstanding has always been the special sensitivity of employment to the recessive economic phases of the national economy. Thus, the main and most immediate consequence of the different economic crises that have shaken the system throughout recent decades has traditionally been both the activation of an intense -and not comparable with the other EU member countries-process of employment contraction3, as well as an exponential increase in unemployment, which reached its peak in the first quarter of 2013 with more than six million unemployed (practically 27 percent of the population)4. The high level of fluctuation in employment in relation to variations in GDP and the equally high 'job creation threshold' -understood as the increase in national wealth capable of generating employment-are therefore specific characteristics of the Spanish context5. It is also characterised by presenting a marked level of dualisation of the labour market with rates of temporary employment and rotation in employment that have always been well above the European average6. These specific characteristics of the Spanish context have marked the economic and social evolution of the country from the very configuration of the democratic model of labour relations7. This has represented a burden for the political, social and economic development of the Country since it has reacted to the different economic shocks mainly by unloading the weight of the adjustment on employment and, therefore, on the working class. Spain has been shaken by economic crises: in 2013 unemployment peaked at more than six million (practically 27 percent of the population) The re-orientation of public policies towards the postulates of the neoliberal aspect of global capitalism has also contributed to this, which, since the 1980s, has pushed for an increasingly insistent 'blaming of labour rights' both from sources legal and conventional8. Hence, the different reforms of the regulatory framework that have occurred since the early 1980s, and which have intensified during periods of crisis, have always passed, although with variable intensity, around the objectives of flexibility, deregulation, or re-regulation calibrated solely on the promotion of business interests of productivity and competitiveness via the reduction of labour costs9. The cycle of reforms undertaken between 2010 and 2013 represents the clearest manifestation of this, with the 2012 reform being the one that has undoubtedly had the greatest impact on the democratic structuring of labour relations in the country10. The paradigm shift: the labour reform of December 2021 Regarding the model summarily described above, the current Legislature presents significant peculiarities11. The response to the crisis derived from the pandemic has been addressed from the perspective of protecting employment and the productive fabric, with a series of measures-this time all agreed within the framework of social dialogue-that have privileged the maintenance of employment over its destruction, have sustained the economic sectors most affected by the consequences of the health crisis, and have reinforced the coverage and quality of social benefits. An attempt has also been made to remedy some of the main weaknesses and dysfunctions of the Spanish model of labour relations (high volatility of employment, rates of temporary employment and job rotation well above the European average, strong gender inequality, low coverage and quality of social protection...) and to adapt it to the changes produced by the irruption of digitalisation, through regulatory interventions aimed at modernising the labour market and the social protection system. The important reform of the labour market (approved with RD-Law 32/2021, of 28 December 2021) has also moved in this direction. The reform has been described as 'historic' insofar as it has been the first major regulatory change in...

On the Issue of the Dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan in March 1995. T. Kvyatkovskaya's Lawsuit: Historical Aspect

In the 1990s, a completely new, somewhat unusual socio-political situation developed in the vastness of the entire post-Soviet space, including in Russia and Kazakhstan. Perhaps the most high-profile cases that caused a wide resonance in society were the political crises that occurred in September — October 1993 in Russia and in March 1995 in Kazakhstan. The ways of solving the problems caused by these parliamentary crises were completely different, but at the same time they had something in common. Based on the documentary data of the Kazakh archives, memoirs and interviews of eyewitnesses, the author tried to analyze the main stages of the most difficult process of the dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The history of this extremely extraordinary event in the history of the post-Soviet states has not yet been deeply researched both in Kazakhstan and abroad, except for individual interviews or publications in the media.

ТИПОЛОГІЯ ЗА ПОКАЗНИКАМИ МОРАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО СТАНУ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ З КОНВОЮВАННЯ, ЕКСТРАДИЦІЇ ТА ОХОРОНИ ПІДСУДНИХ

One of the main indicators of combat readiness and combat capability of servicemen to perform military-professional tasks is the moral and psychological state. The latest extraordinary events that took place in the military unit 3021 showed that soldier A. Y. Ryabchuk  fired from automatic weapons at the guards, as a result  4 servicemen and one civilian were killed, 5 servicemen received serious gunshot wounds. Thatʼs why for high-quality performance of military guards of the National Guard of Ukraine missions the servicemen must have a set of necessary professionally important qualities, as well as sufficient psychological resources of the individual. Using cluster analysis on the indicators of moral and psychological condition, the types of servicemen of the units of the National Guard of were Ukraine for convoying extradition and protection of defendants determined. a comparison and determination of the effectiveness of the existing methods of assessing the moral and psychological condition of the security and defense sector of Ukraine. The general component of the moral and psychological state represents the acquired attitudes, professional competencies, practical experience, professional quality, motives and interaction and works as a stability, pre-formed personality characteristics. The situational component is the peculiarities of the implementation of the general component in specific circumstances and at a specific time. The level of the situational component depends on: to what extent the general component is appropriate to the situation of its implementation; to what extent pre-formed professionally important qualities, competencies and dispositions (values, attitudes) of the individual correspond to specific conditions and tasks. The situational component is projected on the basis of the general component for each specific situation. The typology developed by cluster analysis according of moral and psychological condition of servicemen of the National Guard of were Ukraine for convoying extradition and protection of defendants determined is quite well correlated with those included in the questionnaire «Assessment of moral and psychological condition of servicemen of units of the National Guard of Ukraine». For servicemen of the National Guard of were Ukraine for convoying extradition and protection of protection of defendants, who have reduced (satisfactory) indicators of the moral and psychological state on all scales, it is necessary to develop measures to increase the components of the moral and psychological state (moral, psychological, socio-political and military-professional) and practical recommendations to military officials. management (commanders of units, their deputies for work with personnel, officers of the psychological support service) on the possibility of involving such servicemen in the implementation of service and combat missions the for convoying extradition and protection of protection of defendants.

LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVITY UNDER THE EMERGENCY CONDITIONS: PANDEMIC AND WAR.

The aim: Study of the system of pharmaceutical activity legal support in emergency conditions, namely, the period of epidemics outbreak and during the war. Materials and methods: In the mentioned study, we analyze the state of the governmental pharmaceutical policy during the pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Legal norms and doctrinal positions of scientists regarding the above-mentioned issue are studied. The work analyzes the information presented by specialists in various scientific publications, and also uses scientific methods from a medical and legal point of view. This material is based on dialectical, comparative, analytical, synthetic, and complex research methods. This study analyzes the activities of pharmaceutical enterprises in the emergency state and the problem of ensuring patients' rights to medical care and epidemic safety. As part of the above-mentioned methods, we investigated the problems of pharmacies utilizing questionnaires. A survey of representatives of pharmacy chains, managers of purchasing pharmaceutical products and their pricing, in the cities of Kharkiv, Poltava, Kyiv, Mykolaiv and Lviv in the number of 460 specialists, shows negative trends in price gouging. This is a violation of patients' rights to affordable pharmaceutical products. Conclusions: The pharmaceutical industry of Ukraine was not prepared in advance for extraordinary events, such as a pandemic and martial law, as well as for other natural disasters and foreseeable emergencies. This negatively affected and continues to affect the health of patients.

Krízové situácie v prostredí Slovenskej republiky

Protection of life, health, property and environment of the inhabitants is a need of all countries in the world. In order for states to be able to manage difficult crisis phenomena, it is necessary to have support in the law. In Slovakia, there are several states of crisis that can be declared or terminated under certain circumstances. The article is focused on the analysis of individual laws that deal with the issue of crisis situations. The article also analyzes individual crisis situations that existed in Slovakia during a certain period. The issue of crisis situations is supplemented by comparative tables of extraordinary events and II. and III. degree of flood activity. These events often precede the declaration of a state of crisis. During II and III. degree of flood activity, rescue works are carried out to prevent the occurrence of floods. That is why the article is supplemented with an analysis of these case in the environment of the Slovak Republic.