Extraordinary Events Research Articles

A Graphic Transformation: A Qualitative Study of Transformative Learning in Medical Trainees during COVID-19 Using Comics as Data Presentation

Phenomenon: Transformative learning is a theory in which individuals construct new or revised interpretations of the meaning of an experience. COVID-19 offers a rare opportunity to better understand how individuals respond to and make meaning within the shared context of an extraordinary event. We aimed to examine if and how residents and fellows engaged in transformative learning when caring for COVID-19 positive patients during the initial peak of the pandemic (Spring 2020). Approach: We conducted an interpretive qualitative study to identify themes pertaining to transformative learning. We used semi-structured interviews of residents and fellows who were directly or indirectly involved in the care of COVID-19 positive patients admitted to the inpatient wards or the intensive care units during the first peak of the pandemic (defined as March 11th – May 28th, 2020) at our Mid-Atlantic academic health system. We used the medium of comics to depict select interviewees’ experiences during the pandemic as a novel way to represent themes from the interviews. Findings: Three main themes arose from our qualitative analysis. These included “a sense of guilt,” “the impact on training,” and “venues and processes for reflection.” In comparing their experiences with colleagues and friends at other institutions with higher COVID-19 case volume, trainees reflected on how they felt lucky, and this led to guilt, although not necessarily transformation. The impact of COVID-19 on the training environment had transformative potential. Trainees challenged their previously held assumptions on the necessity of various surgeries, in-person visits, and physical examination maneuvers when COVID-19 posed a barrier. Finally, while trainees recalled multiple situations throughout the pandemic when they believed they were engaging in reflection, such reflection did not appear to reach so deep as to alter participants’ underlying assumptions until the research interview itself, suggesting that transformation was incomplete. Insights: Our purposive sample of residents and fellows who cared for COVID-19 positive patients during the initial peak of the pandemic made meaning of their experience in multiple ways. The largest shift in worldview due to the pandemic appeared to be related to the instrumental utility of certain common medical practices or procedures. This, in turn, was the most prominent influence on how these trainees felt they would practice in the future, and translated to a shift in how they appraised evidence. However, lack of opportunity for reflection may have adversely impacted the ability for transformation to take place. Given that multiple trainees showed appreciation for the critical reflection venue that was the research interview, academic leadership should ensure similar venues exist during training, even after the pandemic ends.

Working from home in Australia in 2020: Positives, negatives and the potential for future benefits to transport and society.

The year 2020 has been marked by the most extraordinary event we have witnessed since World War II. While other health threats and geographical disasters have occurred, none have been on the global scale of COVID-19. Although many countries have experienced more than one wave of the pandemic throughout 2020, Australia has been largely able to contain the impact of the virus. While there are many reasons for this, a key component of reducing transmission has been restrictions on movement, and the widespread adoption of working from home (WFH) by those who can. In describing the experience Australian's have had with working from home across 2020, via three waves of data collection, we find that WFH become a positive unintended consequence in contributing to the future management of the transport network, especially in larger metropolitan areas. Evidence suggests that support for WFH will be continuing in the form of a hybrid work model with more flexible working times and locations, linked to largely positive experiences of WFH during 2020, an improved wellbeing of employees, and no loss of productivity to the economy. We highlight potential future benefits of WFH to society, including significant implications for congestion and crowding, concluding that WFH is a formidable transport policy lever that must become embedded in the psyche of transport planners and decision makers so that we can gain some benefit from the pandemic.

Cork Wars: Intrigue and Industry in World War II by David A. Taylor

Reviewed by: Cork Wars: Intrigue and Industry in World War II by David A. Taylor Brian E. Crim (bio) Cork Wars: Intrigue and Industry in World War II By David A. Taylor. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018. Pp. 240. David Taylor's absorbing account of how a seemingly innocuous substance like cork became a critical strategic material during World War II hopefully represents a trend in historical scholarship. Cork Wars is a work of "narrative nonfiction," Taylor writes in an author's note, "combining the fact-finding of journalism with literary techniques to create a dramatic story that is also true." Focusing on individuals whose lives revolved around the cork industry, Taylor places ordinary people at the center of extraordinary events, while still producing significant scholarly work in the fields of science and technology, economic history, national security studies, immigration, and environmental history. History is filled with examples of humanity elevating the importance of a resource, exploiting it, altering its natural place in the world, and quickly moving on once it served a purpose. Cork is one such substance, but the most compelling part of Taylor's book is how families of outsiders—immigrants from Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe—demonstrated unbelievable resilience and ingenuity in the face of hostility and deprivation at home and total war abroad. Cork Wars begins with the September 1940 industrial fire at the Crown Cork and Seal factory in Baltimore, a catastrophic event both for Charles McManus, a pioneer in the cork industry so crucial to the local economy, and for preparations for America's impending entry into World War II. With U-boats wreaking havoc on Allied shipping and the FBI hunting Nazi agents up and down the Eastern seaboard, thousands of Italian Americans working in vital industries like cork suddenly fell under suspicion. Like Japanese and German Americans, Italians eventually fell under the purview of the infamous Executive Order 9066, which allowed the government to imprison and seize the property of "enemy aliens" indefinitely. While the cause of the fire was never determined, the event underscored the importance of cork to national security. It also coincided with intelligence services on both sides of the Atlantic racing to secure access to the groves populating the Mediterranean basin, specifically the Iberian Peninsula and coastal North Africa. Why was cork so special? Initially used in construction and the beverage industry, cork became an indispensable sealant and insulator used in submarines, airplanes, tanks, and ammunition. Moreover, cork companies like Crown Cork and Seal and Armstrong Cork diversified during the war, helping build vital weapons like the B-26 Marauder. Cork Wars' complex transatlantic story is told through the eyes of three men and their families: Charles McManus Sr. and Jr., Irish immigrant [End Page 567] owners and operators of Crown Cork and Seal; Frank DiCara, a young Italian immigrant who worked for Crown and enlisted in the army when he came of age; and Melchor Marsa, a Catalonian immigrant who managed Crown's Mediterranean interests and was recruited by the newly created Office of Strategic Services to monitor Axis intentions in nominally neutral Spain and Portugal. Fearful the fragile cork trees could fall into the hands of the Axis powers and threaten war industries, the U.S. government invested in McManus Sr.'s "Cork Project," conceived with forester Wood-bridge Metcalf to transform California into a viable environment for cork. The project included enlisting thousands of Americans to lend their property for the experiment, importing and planting millions of acorns, extensive climate zone research, and a coordinated campaign between government and industry to transform the environment for strategic purposes. As the hot war concluded and a cold war took its place, cork remained an arena for competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, although the chemical revolution had the final say. Plastics and other synthetic materials ironically perfected and mass-produced by Nazi Germany diminished cork's relevance as a strategic material by the 1950s. For the McManus, DiCara, and Marsa families, cork featured prominently in their lives and defined their diverse and fascinating wartime experiences. Taylor's interviews with family members, access to personal collections, and impressive detective work in the...

Analisis Ekspor Karet Provinsi Jambi ke India pada Periode Tsunami Covid-19

The economy of Jambi Province is supported by the agricultural sector with a contribution to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) reaching 30.85 percent. The most dominant sub-sector is an annual plantation with palm oil and rubber as the main commodities. Nationally, the rubber plantation area of Jambi Province is in third place after the provinces of South Sumatra and North Sumatra. Rubber is a source of livelihood for the people of Jambi and a source of foreign exchange because rubber is the prima donna of Jambi Province exports. One of the rubber export destinations for Jambi Province in India. The Covid-19 tsunami that hit India in March-June 2021 is expected to affect Jambi Province's rubber exports. An analysis will be carried out on the development of Jambi Province's rubber exports during the Covid-19 tsunami period and see the effect of the Covid-19 tsunami in India on Jambi Province's rubber exports. This study uses descriptive analysis, normality test, and independent sample t-test to see the effect of the Covid-19 tsunami on rubber exports to India. The results of the Kolmogorov Smirnov normality test reached a significance of 0.200. Meanwhile, the normality test with Shapiro Wilk stated a significance of 0.720 before the Covid-19 tsunami and 0.161 during the Covid-19 tsunami. This means that Jambi Province's export data is normal because the significance is > 0.05. The results of the independent sample T-test on export data show that the Covid-19 tsunami did not affect Jambi Province's export activities to India. This can be observed from the significance value at equal variances assumed of 0.482 (> 0.05). This means that rubber exports to India will continue despite extraordinary events such as the COVID-19 tsunami.

The Church of S. Maria Delle Palate in Tusa (Messina, Italy): Digitization and Diagnostics for a New Model of Enjoyment

Cultural places represent the tangible part of the identity and historical heritage of a civilization as well as an extraordinary driving force for the economic development of a country. Within its huge asset, Italy counts a wide number of archaeological sites and monuments which, despite their cultural value, are totally cut off from the most important cultural routes. This paper aims to demonstrate how specific actions of digitization can contribute to valorize (restoring a cultural value) ‘marginal’ landmarks, promoting their knowledge and inclusion. The case study described is represented by the Church of “Santa Maria delle Palate”, located inside the well-known Archaeological Park of Halaesa Arconidea (Tusa, ME). The church, built in 1551 and subject to several renovations throughout the centuries, has been investigated as part of an interdisciplinary training and skill transfer project carried out by a CNR-IPCF research team. During the activities, the group of trainees approached a multi-analytic method for the study of many Sicilian places using different techniques such as laser scanning, photogrammetry, thermography and spectroscopy and collecting a large amount of information and data. In 2019, the building in question was the object of a complete architectural survey in order to obtain an accurate digital replica; moreover, the wall painting representing St. Francis, preserved in the southern nave, was investigated through non-invasive investigations (IR-imaging, XRF and Raman spectrometry) with the intention of collecting information about its state of preservation and nature of pigments used and help the restoration work, which would have been carried out in the following months. The result of the work is a combined “digital archive” useful not only for the purposes of conservation, monitoring and dissemination, but as a container of information enjoyable at different levels of depth. In addition to the scientific outcomes achieved for the study of the painting, relevant from the historical and artistic point of view, we must underline the importance of the work for the implementation of a web-based platform where expert and inexpert users can virtually access the church virtual tour and search for specialized contents (e.g., measures, analyzes results). Media such as this are finally demonstrated to be able to promote the inclusion (e.g., for people unable to reach the place or with reducing mobility) and accessibility to cultural places during ordinary (maintenance, closure) or extraordinary events (pandemic).

Circularity effect in the viability of bio-based industrial symbiosis: Tackling extraordinary events in value chains

The complexity of predicting the impact of extraordinary events in the bio-based industrial symbiosis (BBIS) emerges as the main challenge addressed in this study. Complex systems theory, value chain dynamics, and the geographic economy constitute the best available frameworks to shed light on the aim of identifying the relationship between circular economy (CE) and viable value chains in BBIS. The Bazancourt-Pomacle biorefinery was selected as the case study to be analyzed at the mesoscale via System dynamics modelling. A scenario-based approach was adopted to identify the most required conditions to implement circularity in the sugar-beet value chain in BBIS. Three scenarios have been proposed up to 2027, the baseline scenario, the second scenario that considers the non-viable value chain scenario due to climate change effects, and the third showing an outstanding implementation of CE strategies (risk mitigation; production changeover, re-design of products and by-products, capacity buffers, and responsiveness) applied to face COVID19 outbreak is the most circular among the three. Finally, the third scenario also ensures the viability of the sugar beet value chain when facing the COVID19 outbreak by triggering leagility (leanness + agility), resilience, and survivability making the shift from bioethanol to alcohol production possible and therefore maintaining the value chain functionality.

Мixed anxious and depressive reaction during adaptation disorder in participants during anti-terrorist operation

Adaptation disorder is caused by emotional and stressful factors. Stress - the state of tension of adaptation mechanisms. Since the war is still going on in our country, the military often has this nosology.
 These factors do not endanger a person's physical and mental health, but they do cause a pathological state of negative emotions that disrupts the adaptive response. Critical situations experienced by patients cause distress, which is experienced as grief, unhappiness, exhaustion and is accompanied by a violation of adaptation, control, prevents self-actualization of the individual.
 Thus, the occurrence of adaptation disorders (AD) in victims of the anti-terrorist operation (ATO), in people with extremely high personal anxiety, stress intensity, social situation in which he operates, personal characteristics of the victim and his biological vulnerability, with serious somatic diseases , disabled people, people who lost their parents in early childhood or lacked maternal care. Vulnerability to the disorder is also increased by premorbid burden of trauma.
 Clinical manifestations of patients with maladaptation were more often presented in the form of anxiety and depression. Mixed subvariant (anxiety-depressive) meets the diagnostic criteria of heading F 43.22 "Mixed anxiety and depressive reaction" and is characterized by a combination of clinical signs of two options in one patient.
 The article analyzes various psychological features of AD experience in combatants. It was found that 66.9% of soldiers out of 898 respondents who were demobilized from the ATO zone have pronounced anxiety and depressive symptoms of various degrees. The urgency of this issue is to determine the criteria for psychodiagnostics of the distribution of this condition, which is essential for the treatment of such patients.
 Purpose: to evaluate the algorithm of clinical psychodiagnostics of AD (F43) on the basis of research of clinical and psychopathological features and pathopsychological characteristics of patients affected by anti-terrorist operation. Mixed anxiety and depressive reaction (F 43.22).
 Materials and methods: On the basis of the municipal non-profit enterprise "Vinnytsia Regional Clinical Hospital of War Veterans of Vinnytsia Regional Council" (MNE "VRCHWV VRC"), for the period from 2016-2020 898 patients were examined, where the main research methods were: socio-demographic (questionnaire), clinical-anamnestic, clinical-psychopathological (clinical interview), psychodiagnostic, statistical.
 Results: In the course of this experimental study, the severity of emotional disorders in the study group was determined, data variability was determined and statistical and mathematical analysis of the survey results was performed. There was a significant correlation between indicators of situational, personal, general mental anxiety and depression by Pearson's correlation coefficients (P <0,01).
 Conclusions: AD occurs as a result of extraordinary events, as well as under the influence of stress, which does not reach an extraordinary or catastrophic level. The development of AD may be preceded by an acute stress reaction.
 Determining the clinical and psychopathological features of the predominant variants of adaptation disorders in the victims of the ATO is the basis for the development of new diagnostic algorithms and integrated approaches to the treatment of this contingent. With the timely detection of these symptoms, former combatants become less dangerous to others, thus having less traumatic impact on themselves and their families.
 A good prognosis correlates with the rapid development of symptoms, good social adaptation in premorbid, the presence of social support and the absence of concomitant mental and other diseases.

L’exercice de la médecine générale à l’épreuve des crises sanitaires : de Lubrizol à la COVID

Following the fire of the chemical products stored by the Lubrizol (Seveso upper tier) and Normandie Logistique companies on 26September 2019 in Rouen, a research group bringing together general practitioners (GP), anthropologists and sociologists has undertaken a multidisciplinary qualitative investigation of general practitioners. The initial objective was to study the practice of primary care health professionals following the event. Initiated in February 2020, this survey was strongly transformed by the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 changed the object of this study, imposed a reflection and a link between the two crises, where GPs found themselves once again on the front line. To analyze the practices of general practitioners in situations of uncertainty in the context of these extraordinary events, namely an industrial fire and a viral pandemic. Eighteen general practitioners were interviewed between February and July 2019 in semi-structured interviews conducted by a pair of researchers (sociologist and GP). An analysis inspired by the grounded theory was carried out on three levels (individual thematic analysis, paired confrontation, and collective restitution). In the health crisis contexts studied, GPs were confronted with more recurrent complaints while they had relatively little robust knowledge on which to base their responses. Finally, physicians responded to these situations of high uncertainty by drawing in original ways on their personal experiences of these crises.

Utilizing Requirement Testing Methods on Web-Based Swab Data Information System

The spread of the virus caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been designated as an extraordinary event so that the government to speed up the collection and management of this disease then appoints several hospitals that serve as referral hospitals for people who want to check themselves. One of the hospitals used as a reference by the government in West Sumatra is Andalas University hospital. In just one day, the hospital received thousands of samples for examination. The number of samples to be examined and the limited number of administrations that conduct data collection results in the length of the sample collection process. This article aims to design and implement an information system in the data collection of Swab Covid-19 using waterfall model system development methods. The requirement testing model is used for testing a web-based Covid 19 swab data information system whether it is in accordance with system users' needs analysis and design.

Utilizing Requirement Testing Methods on Web-Based Swab Data Information System

The spread of the virus caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been designated as an extraordinary event so that the government to speed up the collection and management of this disease then appoints several hospitals that serve as referral hospitals for people who want to check themselves. One of the hospitals used as a reference by the government in West Sumatra is Andalas University hospital. In just one day, the hospital received thousands of samples for examination. The number of samples to be examined and the limited number of administrations that conduct data collection results in the length of the sample collection process. This article aims to design and implement an information system in the data collection of Swab Covid-19 using waterfall model system development methods. The requirement testing model is used for testing a web-based Covid 19 swab data information system whether it is in accordance with system users' needs analysis and design.

‘A powerful, spiritual, win-win situation’: commercial authenticity in professional birth photography

Against a background of occlusion and medicalized portrayals, the emergent practice of birth photography allows women to see and to depict birth from their own perspective. Thus the delivery room, the digital camera, and the direct encounter between the artisan and her client enable exploring the possibility of alternative depictions in a neoliberal economy, and the significance of professionalism in a field dominated by expert amateurs. Drawing upon interviews with photographers and clients, our analysis highlights three tensions underlying birth photography as a documentary and entrepreneurial pursuit: the formulaic depiction of an extraordinary event; the exposure of an intimate experience; and the commercialization of the sacred. We find that in terms of content, birth photographs present restrained, conventional depictions, suitable for both the family album and the photographers’ social media portfolios. In terms of practice, although desired by their clients, birth photographers’ work is unstable and they must constantly invest in relational labor that balances intimacy and publicness, friending and advertising. We propose the notion of commercial authenticity to capture this contradictory amalgam of disciplined realism, edited documentation, and professional closeness that both clients and photographers expect, produce, and regard as appropriate in the context of artisanal photography.

Renaissance domestic affairs on stage: Clizia as Machiavelli's reading of Alberti's On Family

In this article, I challenge the critical assumption that the Clizia is only a pedestrian imitation of Plautus’ Casina and set out to demonstrate that, drawing heavily on Leon Battista Alberti's household theorization, Machiavelli structured his last play around key Albertian concepts, such as Fortune, marriage, social reputation, and thriftiness. Taking this intertext into account, I argue that Alberti's treaty On Family provides a theoretical framework within which all Clizia's characters move. The play then is not just an imitation of classical models, but also Machiavelli's answer to a hypothetical question: What happens when Fortune causes the Albertian paterfamilias to go suddenly astray? As Machiavelli shows, the household would succumb under Fortune's attacks if it were not for the character of Sofronia, who, adapting to the extraordinary events, becomes a Machiavellian wife to preserve the Albertian family model. Thanks to her amoral tactics, she saves the household from ruin, restores the hierarchical internal division of roles, and even forges a new alliance for the family. Blurring the boundaries between domestic and public sphere, through the Clizia Machiavelli proves that Machiavellianism belongs in the Albertian household.

Psikologi Maryam dalam Al-Qur’an

The Qur'an provides motivation or encouragement for humans to think about their personality, about the extraordinary creation of Allah SWT with all the uniqueness in every event. This is the impetus for humans to conduct research on the soul and its secrets. As contained in the letter Ali-Imran verses 42-48 regarding Psychology Maryam faced extraordinary events during the moments of the birth of the prophet Isa as. The formulation of the problem in this study is how Maryam's character is immortalized in the Qur'an, and how is Maryam's psychology in the Qur'an based on the thematic interpretation approach to Q.S. Ali-Imran: 42-48). The type of research used in this thesis is library research. Sources of data used in this thesis are in the form of primary library materials such as the Qur'an and interpretation books such as Tafsir Al-Azhar. The secondary data sources include commentaries, books and scientific papers related to research. The results of the study indicate that the character Maryam enshrined in the Qur'an is a woman chosen by Allah SWT because she comes from a good lineage, worships a lot, zuhud, is noble and purified from various forms of doubt and bad character. As for Maryam's psychology, based on the explanations of several commentators, namely Maryam has a good and tough personality, it can be seen from Maryam's obedient attitude and does not deny the news of her pregnancy which was conveyed through the angel Gabriel, even though Maryam is not married and has never been touched by any man. The good personality embedded in Maryam comes from a very conducive childhood background, she was born to pious parents and was raised by a prophet, namely the prophet Zakaria as.

Studi Komparasi Dan Analisis Terhadap Tindak Pidana Kesusilaan Zina, Pemerkosaan Dan LGBT Dalam Perspektif KUHP Dan RKUHP 2015

The law as we know it has three concepts that are the essence and foundation of the law itself, namely providing justice, providing benefits and certainty. Law is born, grows and develops with the community, meaning that the law undergoes a process of change at any time along with the development of people's behavior, therefore the law must be dynamic so that people are protected and their safety is guaranteed when they feel their life is threatened. One of the things that is rife in society lately is the occurrence of sexual harassment, rape and free same-sex sexual relations, all of which are troubling to us as a nation that has high civilization by upholding moral values, but it is tarnished by the rise of incidents such as illustrated above. Therefore, the law has an active role as a tool to protect and prevent that what has been described above is an extraordinary event in our country. So that peace, peace and the image inherent in our nation that upholds the honor of moral values can be guaranteed for its sustainability. Along with that, although all this research is normative, it aims to provide information to the public that the law must be dynamic and not stagnant considering that society is always dynamic along with the times, so that this research conducts a study and comparative study of the laws that apply now and in the future, which of course this is a form or manifestation of our concern and the state apparatus to ensure the safety and comfort of the community. From some of these explanations, the author takes the title "Comparative Study and Analysis of Crimes of Morality, Adultery, Rape and LGBT in the Perspective of the 2015 Criminal Code and RKUHP" with the following objectives:
 
 For the public in general, to know that the articles in the Criminal Code that regulate the issue of adultery, rape and LGBT are too specific and narrow so they need to be expanded to be more comprehensive.
 To let the public know that the legislative body has tried to make new breakthroughs by adding new articles in the Criminal Code regarding the rules regarding Adultery, Rape and LGBT.
 With the addition of articles in the new Draft Criminal Code, it is possible to contribute justice to all victims of adultery by means of violence or rape.
 It is also hoped that with this RKUHP people will no longer have same-sex intercourse, which is carried out freely without any sanctions for the perpetrators..
 
 Keyword: Comparative Study, Moral Crimes, Criminal Code and RKUHP

Comparison Between The Suspension and Capsule Preparation from Waste of Avocado Seeds As Antidiarrhea in Induced Mouse

Diarrhea is one type of disease with the most sufferers every year. Thus, it is considered an endemic disease in Indonesia and the potential disease of Extraordinary Events accompanied by mortality. One of the plants that can be used as a traditional medicine for diarrhea is the avocado seed, as it contains tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and glycosides, which act as antidiarrheals. This study aims to determine the antidiarrheal effect of avocado seed extract suspension on mice induced by Oleum ricini and the optimum concentration of avocado seed extract suspension and capsules with an antidiarrheal effect in white male mice induced by Oleum ricini. The dosage forms chosen were suspension and capsules. This study used an experimental method with a test sample of the avocado seed. Avocado seed Simplicia was extracted by the percolation method, then an oral suspension and capsule formulation were made from the avocado seed methanol extract. It was evaluated and tested for its effectiveness with mice to cure diarrhea. Normal data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tuckey Method. The results of this study showed that the administration of a suspension of avocado seed methanol extract at a dose of 800 mg/KgBB had the most optimum effect as an antidiarrheal against white male mice with a stool weight of 0.39 grams and a duration of diarrhea for 74 minutes. Furthermore, the administration of avocado seed extract capsules at a dose of 75 mg/KgBB had the most optimum effect as antidiarrheal against white male mice with Loperamide as a positive control. Therefore, it can be concluded that all suspension formulations and capsules of avocado seed methanol extract met the requirements for preparation evaluation. Suspension and avocado seed methanol extract capsules can cure diarrhea in white male mice.

The partisan consequences of liberation mentality: Ruling party support in Zimbabwe across space and time

In autocratic-leaning countries, the level of genuine public support for ruling parties and reasons driving it are often unclear. While such parties often rely on violence, electoral manipulation, and corruption to help maintain power, maintaining legitimate popularity is the ideal. Parties that emerged from national liberation struggles and other extraordinary events are thought to have developed strong branding and organizational structures. This paper tests the determinants of ruling party identification among Zimbabweans through seven geo-coded rounds of Afrobarometer data. First, genuine ruling party support is estimated to be exaggerated in public opinion surveys, but not insignificant. The ruling party’s base of support is centered in rural areas that experienced the greatest concentration of guerrilla activity during the liberation war. Respondents from the liberation generation are also more likely to support the ruling party, and view the party as tied to nationalism. The liberation war generated and solidified ruling party stronghold areas through democratic advantages such as nationalistic branding and robust party organization structures as well as autocratic tools such as the capture of traditional leaders, politicization of the military, and the use of violence against dissidents.

Paleoflood evidence for an upper limit of the maximum flood magnitudes along the Gold Gorge, the upper Hanjiang River, China

This paper provides an important archive of the largest paleoflood event along the Gold Gorge of the upper Hanjiang River, with a review of regional extraordinary flood magnitudes using historical, gauged, and paleoflood datasets. Paleoflood slackwater deposit (SWD) was identified using the sedimentological criteria and high-resolution physicochemical indexes. End-member model demonstrates the paleoflood SWD was dominated by sand component. Optical chronology indicates the paleoflood event was dated to 1000–900 a BP, corresponding to the North Song Dynasty (AD 960–1127). Paleoflood magnitudes derived from one-dimensional unsteady model vary between 23,000 and 34,000 m3/s. The paleoflood data provide a good representation of extraordinary flood event with a 10,000-years return period and greatly improve current flood frequency estimations. Moreover, the envelope curve for extraordinary floods was first established as Q = 50D0.65 and the paleoflood peak discharges are approximately 2–2.5 times of the largest gauged floods within the catchment. These results provide an upper limit of the maximum flood magnitudes along the upper Hanjiang River and also expand our understanding of rare and large magnitude floods in the middle Yangtze River valley.

PANDEMIC AS A CHALLENGE: FEATURES OF PHILOSOPHY IN EMERGENCY CONDITIONS

The article explores the specifics of philosophizing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Various versions of comprehension of a new reality, expressed by famous thinkers, are analyzed. The specificity of social and personal life is shown in the context of the theory of viral modernity in combination with the experience of global digital control. The modern pandemic situation has been rethought as an extraordinary event, which, in contrast to the temporality of familiar experience, radically changes the sense of time in the conditions of daily life of covid.

Monte Carlo Study of Electron and Positron Cosmic-Ray Propagation with the CALET Spectrum

Abstract Focusing on the electron and positron spectrum measured with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), which shows characteristic structures, we calculate the flux contributions of cosmic rays that have escaped from randomly appearing supernova remnants. We adopt a Monte Carlo method to take into account the stochastic nature of the appearance of nearby sources. We find that without a complicated energy dependence of the diffusion coefficient, simple power-law diffusion coefficients can produce spectra similar to the CALET spectrum, even with a dispersion in the injection index. The positron component measured with AMS-02 is consistent with a bump-like structure around 300 GeV in the CALET spectrum. One to three nearby supernovae can contribute up to a few tens of percent of the CALET flux at 2–4 TeV, while ten or more unknown and distant (≳500 pc) supernovae account for the remaining several tens of percent of the flux. The CALET spectrum, showing a sharp drop at ∼1 TeV, allows for a contribution of cosmic rays from an extraordinary event that occurred ∼400 kyr ago. This type of event releases electrons/positrons with a total energy more than 10 times the average energy for usual supernovae, and its occurrence rate is lower than one three-hundredth of the usual supernova rate.

Demam berdarah dengue di Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat Indonesia

Background: Dengue hemorrahagic fever (DHF) remains public health problem in some areas in Indonesia. As a tropical country, supported by heavy rainfall subsequently caused extraordinary events dengue every year. The low level of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the Indonesian regarding how to prevent and manage dengue has become a trigger for outbreaks in several parts of Indonesia. Objective: This study aimed to describe the incidence of dengue fever in the Bima city, East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia in 2020. Methods: This study used mix-method approach. Quantitative data were obtained from secondary data on dengue cases from January to July 2020 and in-depth interviews with the managers of the disease surveillance program at the Bima City Health Office. Results: The results of this study showed that the increase in the number of dengue cases from 2019 was 144 cases. While in 2020 the increase in dengue cases occurred in the Jatibaru Puskesmas work area in March 2020 as many as 246 cases. The majority of DHF sufferers are female and aged 5-9 years. Conclusion: Cross-program cooperation in health promotion efforts in the City of Bima needs to be increased to motivate the community to always carry out Clean and Healthy Living Behaviors (as well-known PHBS).