Extraordinary Events Research Articles

PRINSIP KETERBUKAAN INFORMASI (FULL DISCLOSURE) DALAM PROSES IPO PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

The background of this research issue is based on the importance of information disclosure to companies that conduct public offerings in the capital market as a determinant for investors to make decisions because the Covid-19 pandemic is one of the extraordinary events that greatly affect several sectors, one of which is in the capital market. This thesis aims to review the fulfillment of the principle of information disclosure in the IPO (Initial Public Offering) process during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is library research, examines the momentum that is happening at this time and relates the prevailing laws and regulations to support research. The analysis method used is normative juridical by using statute approach, as well as conceptual approach. In this study using three main legal materials used, namely, the primary legal material consists of Law No. 8 of 1995 on Capital Market, Law No. 8 of 1995 on Capital Market, Law No. 21 of 2011 on Financial Services Authority, and Bapepam Regulation Number IX.A.2 on Registration Procedures in the Framework of Public Offerings. The results showed that OJK issued several regulations for the capital market sector due to the Covid-19 pandemic that had an impact on companies and investors, but OJK has not issued specific regulations for the application of information disclosure principles in the IPO process during the pandemic so that there are still existing regulations related.

Sustainable policies for air pollution reduction after COVID‐19 pandemic: Lessons learnt from the impact of the different lockdown periods on air quality

AbstractDue to the COVID‐19 pandemic, governments imposed several mobility restrictions which can be used to evaluate their impact on air quality and generate better‐targeted policies to improve it. Therefore, this study aimed to define sustainable mitigation measures to reduce air pollution based on quantifying the impacts of the restrictions imposed during the COVID‐19 pandemic on air quality in Portugal. Thus, hourly concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, CO and SO2 were obtained from the Portuguese Air Quality Monitoring Network. Data was then divided into six periods (2020–2021) and compared with the corresponding historical periods (2015–2019). Furthermore, the satellite data of NO2, CO, and absorbing aerosol index (AAI) from the sentinel‐5P TROPOMI was collected to complement the analysis conducted for the monitoring data. Overall, air quality improved in all study periods and areas, except in industrial sites. The satellite data corroborated the results herein achieved and thus validated the real effect of the measures adopted in the country during the pandemic on air quality. Sustainable policies to improve air quality could include remote (or hybrid) work whenever possible as a long‐term measure and prohibition of travelling between municipalities when an extraordinary event of high air pollution is predicted or occurs. Other policies should be adopted for industrial areas. Given this, and as the restrictive mobility measures had a strong effect on reducing air pollution, the post‐COVID era represents an opportunity for society to rethink future mobility and other emerging policies, that should favour softer and cleaner means of transportation.

Cattle Monitoring System: The Innovation to Increase Dairy Farmers Empowerment in Providing Animal Logistics to Anticipate Anthrax Outbreak in Boyolali Regency

Boyolali Regency had a very high potential in the production of cow milk. This area dominated as much as 65% of the dairy cow population in Central Java. However, Boyolali Regency farmers found difficulties in avoiding various diseases that attack dairy cattle, such as the anthrax outbreak which became an Extraordinary Event in 2011. Therefore, the government made an innovation as a solution to anticipate the outbreak through the Cattle Monitoring System named in Indonesian as Sistem Monitoring Sapi (which later called SIMAPI as the acronym). This study aimed to describe the innovation of increasing the empowerment of dairy farmers in providing livestock logistics to anticipate an anthrax outbreak in Boyolali Regency based on information technology This study used a qualitative descriptive method. The data collection techniques used interview method, observation, and document analysis. The data validity technique used in this research was triangulation method and interactive analysis model was used as data analysis technique. SIMAPI was an innovation that has been carried out by Boyolali Regency since 2008. This system recorded each dairy cow owned by the farmer, by placing an ear tag on the ear of the cow in the form of a label labeled with a barcode made from atomic plastic. This application could accommodate 7.000 characters of information related to the identity of cows and farmers, to the health condition of the cow. Farmers or buyers can scan the ear tag barcode with the SIMAPI application to find out the health history of the cow. In the future, SIMAPI needs to be developed, considering that there were some data which need to be synchronized with other institutions, such as the Slaughterhouse or in Indonesian called Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH).SIMAPI is a solution in increasing the empowerment of cattle farmers in dealing with anthrax outbreaks in Boyolali Regency. The selling value of cattle has stabilized, and buyers have given trust to cattle farmers again.

Civilizational epic of Alexander Lyusyi: author's means of ideological suggestion

The author of the book under review is known in the reading world as a heuristically arranged scientist and publicist, whose research method allows one to “embrace the immensity”. He opened more than one channel for the development of domestic humanities: he was the first to show the productivity of the geopoetic vision and the semiotic concept of local supertext on the Crimean literary material — he singled out the Crimean literary placers in the Crimean text and approved its special status in the all-Russian cultural space (“Crimean text in Russian Literature”. — St. Petersburg, 2003; “The Heritage of the Crimea: Geosophy, Textuality, Identity”. — M., 2007); it was he who managed, plunging into the cultural depths of the regions of Russia, to hear the “hum of the Russian civilizational space” and build a new concept for comprehending Russian literature through the super-meanings of regional literatures (“Russian literature as a system of local texts”: Dissertation Doctor of Philosophy. — Vologda, 2017), which is perceived today as a key for research that develops and deepens national self-consciousness. A new book by such an author is an extraordinary cultural event.

Invisible mother-daughter heredity

Abstract Background The type of maternal caregiving impacts children’s growth and can lead to heritable changes in gene expression. When women become mothers, they adopt parents’ behaviours similar to those received in the family of origin. The study investigates if a birth’s social and cultural content can be seen as heredity transmitted from mother to daughter. Materials and methods A retrospective study was conducted on a group of mothers recruited across Italy through the social network Facebook. The study was carried out using a questionnaire administered from July to September 2021. The survey consisted of 21 questions. The analysis was carried out using STATA 14. Results Our sample consisted of 6051 mothers; the mean age was 37.7 years. Womens born by spontaneous birth has 2.1 times higher risk of having a spontaneous birth for their first child. Those born by operative labour have 2.7 times higher risk of having an operative delivery for their first child. Finally, those born by caesarean section are 2.3 times more likely to have a caesarean section for their first child. On the other hand, those born by preterm labour have 1.8 times higher risk of delivering their first child preterm. Those who were breastfed have 2 times higher risk of breastfeeding their first child. Women who have been told their birth is an extraordinary event are 2 times more likely to consider the birth of their first child as a problematic but still extraordinary event. Those who received a description of childbirth from their mother as a problematic event are twice as likely to consider the birth of their first child as a traumatic event overall. Conclusions The results show that transmission, written in the psyche, in preverbal and in internalisations derived from the relationship with one’s mother, is true and strongly present. Also, the ways of one’s own birth are so strong as to have repercussions on the daughter’s own and subsequently also on her children. Key messages • The unconscious objects, which are projected onto the children, can also take the form of both physical and psychic somatisations, which are repeated cyclically between generations. • The way in which birth is cared for and the quality of care provided at this unique time in a woman’s life will leave an imprint not only on the woman herself, but also on future generations.

The rise and fall of job insecurity during a pandemic: The role of habitual coping

Crises like the COVID-19 pandemic can trigger concerns about loss of employment and changes in work conditions, and thereby increase job insecurity. Yet, little is known about how perceived job insecurity subsequently unfolds over time and how individual differences in habitual coping moderate such a trajectory. Using longitudinal data from 899 US-based participants across 5 waves (March to June 2020), we investigated the trajectory of job insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic and how this trajectory depended on habitual coping strategies such as planning, reappraisal, and distraction. Results from latent growth curve analysis indicated that, on average, job insecurity initially increased and then decreased after signing of the coronavirus stimulus bill, suggesting a pattern of shock followed by adjustment. During the shock phase, habitual use of distraction was related to less increases in job insecurity. Later during the adjustment phase, decreases in job insecurity were more pronounced for individuals with higher habitual use of planning, but were not affected by reappraisal or distraction. Hence, different coping strategies appear beneficial in different phases of adjustment, and the beneficial effect of planning may take time to manifest. Altogether, our study highlights how in the context of extraordinary and uncontrollable events, coping strategies can impact the trajectory of a stressor.

Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: A WTO Perspective

Times of emergency in international relations are, indeed, a true test, not just for individuals but also for legal frameworks, including the one of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This article aims to assess the ability of the WTO legal framework to address challenges that have arisen due to the Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This is done through a two-pronged approach covering: (1) a general assessment of provisions of the relevant WTO Agreements and their role for addressing the current conflict in Ukraine; (2) an assessment of potential limitations to the system that may preclude effective response to the conflict. The article demonstrates that despite the fact that WTO Agreements do not provide for specific set of rights and obligations to regulate trade in times of war, they contain various mechanisms that help to ‘keep finger on the pulse’ to maintain order on the international trade arena. This is done, inter alia, via the various exemptions and exceptions WTO Members may resort to in times of extraordinary events. It further argues that despite its potential limitations, WTO law provides for a whole range of instruments to dissuade or ward off actions like the unpreceded invasion of Ukraine. WTO, war or other emergency in international relations, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, GATT 1994, GATS, MFN, customs duties, quantitative restrictions, trade facilitation, expulsion

Exploring the Position of Modern Technologies in Activating the Remote Audit Approach in Light of the Corona Pandemic - a Big 4 Case Study –

Abstract The extraordinary events of the COVID-19 pandemic have led Big 4 Audit Firms, like many other global companies, to a place where everything is different. Overnight, all practitioners worldwide have been forced to work in an entirely new environment that requires them to scramble for survival. However, the same destructive forces and the challenges of maintaining business continuity, as well as the widespread working home methods and providing remote services, have offered enormous opportunities and potentials for audit firms [in particular, Big 4 audit firms] to develop their digital innovations and increase reliance on modern technologies. Therefore, the main objective of our research lies in exploring the position of modern technologies (particularly in Big 4 audit firms) in activating the remote auditing approach considering the COVID-19 pandemic. So, in achieving the objectives of the research, we relied on the documentary descriptive approach, through which we reached several results, most notably that Modern technologies have contributed to drawing the line between what is possible in the external audit profession and what can only be imagined, by expanding the circle of possibilities and enabling auditors to practice their jobs anywhere, anytime and in real-time with the auditee, which translates into activating the remote auditing approach.

A REVIEW OF THE MONKEYPOX OUTBREAK IN INDONESIA IN 2022

Monkeypox disease (monkey smallpox) is a disease that has never been found in Indonesia since it was first discovered in humans in the Congo in 1970. So if there is one positive confirmed event, then the disease is an Extraordinary Event (KLB). This disease has become a global concern because since May 13, 2022, WHO has received reports of Monkeypox cases from non-endemic countries. It has expanded to 4 WHO regions: Europe, America, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific. Until now, further investigations and studies are still being carried out to understand more about the epidemiology, sources of infection, and transmission patterns in non-endemic countries that have reported new cases, such as Indonesia. Until now, no specific treatment has been proven to treat Monkeypox infection. Currently, the therapy used is symptomatic support. The antiviral tecovirimat, or TPOXX, developed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) as a Monkeypox therapy in 2022 based on research, has not been marketed freely. In addition, antivirals such as cidofovir and brincidofovir have been shown to be effective against orthopox virus in vitro and in animal studies. However, the effectiveness of this drug against monkeypox in humans is not yet known. However, this disease can be prevented by vaccination. In Indonesia, the Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) vaccine is recommended to prevent Monkeypox disease. The existence of the outbreak report is important to discuss, explore, and understand more about the disease and its management and prevention.

Hungary’s Disaster Management Tasks in the Light of the Challenges of Defence and Security in the 21st Century

Every constitutional state has a duty to protect its citizens. It is with this duty in mind that it shall establish its system of State and Law, build up its system of public administration and set up the organisations through which it shall carry out, and perform its protective function. The security environment has changed in recent decades, prompting states to review their defence functions and respond to new challenges as quickly as possible. Hungary has also had to face the security threats of the global world, which has resulted in the restructuring of its defence management system to be able to intervene effectively, rapidly, and with unified organisational management against threats to both the state and its citizens. It is essential to build up the resilience of a nation by preventing natural and industrial disasters, armed attacks and extraordinary events, by preparing society, by establishing appropriate legislation, and by strengthening and coordinating the public administration system. To this end, Hungary gives priority to the development of the population’s defence awareness, the high level of professional preparedness of state, municipal, and other organisations involved in defence tasks and their personnel, their rapid and effective intervention and the smooth operation of vital systems.

Analisis Spasial Sebaran Kejadian Kasus Diare dengan Keberadaan E. Coli Pada Air Sumur Dan Kepadatan Penduduk Di Kalurahan Tirtonirmolo, Kec. Kasihan, Kab. Bantul

In 2018, diarrhea in Indonesia was classified as a potential endemic disease of Extraordinary Events which was often accompanied by death. Well water can be a medium for transmitting diarrhea in the community, this transmission can occur because well water is contaminated with E. coli. In addition, population density can be a factor in the occurrence diarrhea. This study aims to determine the spatial analysis of the distribution diarrhea cases with the overlay method, which was carried out by analyzing the distribution pattern using Average Nearest Neighbor and Spatial Autocorrelation Report. Of the 26 scattered cases, the results of spatial analysis related to the presence of E. coli showed that there was a relationship between the incidence of diarrhea cases and the presence of E. coli, whose distribution pattern was clustered. The level of risk the presence of E. coli in well water with other environmental risk factors (wastewater disposal facilities, latrines and garbage disposal) showed that the most points found were those with moderate risk. In addition, the results of spatial analysis distribution diarrhea cases with population density showed that there was no significant relationship between the distribution diarrhea cases and population density, the distribution pattern was random.

Knowing the unknown: The underestimation of monkeypox cases. Insights and implications from an integrative review of the literature.

Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which is an infectious agent belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus. Currently, commencing from the end of April 2022, an outbreak of monkeypox is ongoing, with more than 43,000 cases reported as of 23 August 2022, involving 99 countries and territories across all the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. On 23 July 2022, the Director-General of the WHO declared monkeypox a global public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), since the outbreak represents an extraordinary, unusual, and unexpected event that poses a significant risk for international spread, requiring an immediate, coordinated international response. However, the real magnitude of the burden of disease could be masked by failures in ascertainment and under-detection. As such, underestimation affects the efficiency and reliability of surveillance and notification systems and compromises the possibility of making informed and evidence-based policy decisions in terms of the adoption and implementation of ad hoc adequate preventive measures. In this review, synthesizing 53 papers, we summarize the determinants of the underestimation of sexually transmitted diseases, in general, and, in particular, monkeypox, in terms of all their various components and dimensions (under-ascertainment, underreporting, under-detection, under-diagnosis, misdiagnosis/misclassification, and under-notification).

Evaluation of the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Eradication Program in Palembang

Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has the potential to cause Extraordinary Events (KLB), hence the government has made efforts to control DHF, one of which is through the PSN program. Evaluation is necessary to determine how the implementation of the PSN program is following the planned objectives and whether the program can control the breeding of mosquito larvae to reduce the number of dengue cases in Palembang City.
 Methods: This study utilized a qualitative method with an analytical descriptive approach. The CIPP evaluation model was used to evaluate the context, input, process, and product to determine the success of the PSN program. The information was obtained from twelve informants who were recruited by purposive sampling.
 Results: The study data was collected in the form of interviews, observations, and a document review to evaluate the dengue fever mosquito nest eradication program (PSN) in Palembang City in 2022. In general, the PSN program has gone well but is still constrained by budget. Furthermore, SOPs related to eradicating mosquito nests do not yet exist and there is a lack of community participation.
 Conclusion: It is anticipated that Palembang City Health Office can use these study findings as a basis to justify budget allocation for the mosquito nest eradication program and develop SOPs regarding the eradication of mosquito nests to facilitate the program. They could also improve coordination, participation, and community empowerment to implement a larva-free village competition and providing a reward for villages that have been declared larva-free by the Puskesmas to encourage community participation in the eradication of mosquito nests.

Epidemiology of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Using Surveillance Data in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is currently a health problem in Southeast Sulawesi Province. It requires serious attention from all stakeholders. This disease has the potential to lead to an extraordinary event (KLB) which is a threat to the wider community. This study used various data from the Indonesian Government Agencies. Data on cases of DHF was obtained from the Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Health Office and the Kolaka Health Office from 2016 to 2020. The conclusion is that most of the DHF sufferers are male with a distribution that tends to decrease every year. The prevalence of the fever has seen a significant decrease. It did not show an increase in trend during the five-year cycle.
 Keywords: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Kolaka, Indonesia

Rapid warming of the Arctic troposphere in the winter during 2015–2016 and its relationship to the mid‐high latitude teleconnection wave train

AbstractDuring the winter of 2015–2016, an extraordinary warming event occurred in the troposphere in the Arctic region. The above‐normal temperatures extended from the surface to 300 hPa in the Arctic. The number of extremely warm days derived from the surface air temperature revealed that this event was the most significant warming event since 1980. It was found that the tropospheric warming anomaly was not fully dependent on the warming anomalies at lower levels, and it formed earlier than the lower anomalies. In December 2015, there were three obvious warm centers in the troposphere in the mid‐high latitude regions in eastern North America, northern Europe, and western Asia. Albeit the strongest warming anomaly occurred in North America, the prominent warm advection to the Arctic region was transported from northern Europe during the initial stage of the Arctic mid‐upper tropospheric warming. Further investigation revealed that the teleconnection wave train stretching across North America to the North Atlantic and northern Europe contributed significantly to the existence of a poleward transport channel from northern Europe to the Arctic. The wave train spread from west to east and produced a strong southerly wind disturbance over the warm region in northern Europe. As a result, extraordinary poleward heat and water vapour transport occurred across the polar boundary causing substantial warming in the Arctic mid‐upper troposphere. During the extreme Arctic tropospheric warming event, the dynamic processes related to the heat transport over northern Europe directly contributed to the advanced rapid warming in the Arctic mid‐upper troposphere; whereas, the dynamic and thermal processes associated with the transport across the Arctic boundary jointly maintained the late stage of Arctic warming.

Journey into the Local Market in Search of “Glitter” Microparticles: Mini Product Investigation and Relative Chemical-Physical Characterization

There is one type of primary microplastic, glitter, which has not received the same attention as microbeads. The general thought associates the use of glitter with extraordinary and rare events, in reality, its presence in everyday life is much more ubiquitous than one might think. The main objective of this preliminary study was to create a mini product survey with the aim of analyzing the distribution and composition of glitter in the local market of the city of Trieste (Italy), thus creating a starting point for larger future studies. The analysis of a real context served as a snapshot for the description of the phenomenon, from which useful information was obtained: glitter is everywhere, cheap, disperses easily in the environment, is made of different materials, often has sharp-edged shapes, and mainly affects sensitive audiences, such as children. It is time to put glitter in the spotlight.

Hyalomma spp. in Austria-The Tick, the Climate, the Diseases and the Risk for Humans and Animals.

Recently, ticks of Hyalomma spp. have been found more often in areas previously lacking this tick species. Due to their important role as a vector of different diseases, such as Crimean-Congo-hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), the occurrence and potential spread of this tick species is of major concern. So far, eight Hyalomma sp. ticks were found between 2018 and 2021 in Austria. A serological investigation on antibodies against the CCHF virus in 897 cattle as indicator animals displayed no positive case. During observation of climatic factors, especially in the period from April to September, the year 2018 displayed an extraordinary event in terms of higher temperature and dryness. To estimate the risk for humans to come in contact with Hyalomma sp. in Austria, many parameters have to be considered, such as the resting place of birds, availability of large livestock hosts, climate, density of human population, etc.

الغزل العذري: أدب نسوي في العصر الأمويPLATONIC LOVE POETRY: FEMINIST LITERATURE IN THE UMAYYAD ERA

Readers of Platonic Love pieces, that were popular in the Umayyad era and spread in Arab society until almost a century after its demise, observe its uniqueness in terms of presenting the personalities of poets in a distinguished way as to men in that time in respect of cultural features. The stories also include extraordinary events that drive them away from the real framework, which critics used to believe, and puts them in an artistic framework that seeks to present a possible reality that is not achieved in actuality. Perhaps this is due to the reasons; one of the most important being the need of the Arab society to receive this kind of narration. This need goes back to the Free Arab woman who belongs to the middle class in society. This class, made up of the majority of the population of Hijaz cities in the Umayyad era and Iraqi cities such as Basra, Kufa and Baghdad at the beginning of the Abbasid era, formed the time of prevalence of this art. As to the delivery of this artistic message, it was done by narrators who have taken for themselves specific places such as bars, or people gathered in the evening near their homes, to present the stories of poets and their poems that were sung or chanted. The narrators have formulated or developed this news, they also added events in poems in order to meet the needs of women for this kind of art at that time, where women's gender identity contributed greatly, and indirectly to the formulation and dissemination of Platonic Love stories, regardless of its existence on a real basis or not. Interest in this art declined only with the change of material and cultural ways of life in the Abbasid society, cross-pollination of Arabs with non-Arabs, and the free exit of women from their social shell through methods invented by themselves; some being under the titles of maliciousness, deception, provocation and others. So other stories began to invade the Abbasid Arab society, such as the stories of One Thousand and One Nights, which replaced love stories in both of its genres. Other tales that are not closely related to women continued to be the news of heroes and their stories, such as the biography of Antara bin Shaddad, Al-Zeer Salem and other news of heroism and wars that served to emphasize masculinity and its authority in society at that time.

Legal and organizational aspects of destructive information impact counteracting: the experience of Ukraine and the European Union

With the functioning of the global Internet, the geopolitical struggle between the states has intensified significantly in the information sphere. Transformations of the security space in modern conditions are leading to extraordinary events in cyberspace in Europe and other countries, which are becoming more frequent and large-scale. This situation requires intensification of international cooperation in the field of information space protection. A significant part of the risks in the information sphere arises due to the «lag» of legal regulation from scientific and technological progress. This has led to problems of protection of personal data of citizens and ensuring the sustainable operation of information and telecommunications systems of critical infrastructure. One of the main ways to overcome the «lag» is timely and proper regulation of these processes. Effective international cooperation to protect the information space will be facilitated by: improving coordination of actions and cooperation within international organizations in order to strengthen cyber resilience; purposeful fight against cybercrime in Ukraine and the world; development of cybersecurity dialogue at the national and international levels; close public-private partnership in the institutional provision of information and cybersecurity management.

Positive Predictions of International Institutions, Demographic Bonuses and Covid-19: Will Indonesia Really Enjoy the Demographic Bonus Amid the Raging Covid-19 Pandemic?

This study aims to provide a description of the positive predictions of international institutions, demographic bonuses and covid-19: will Indonesia really enjoy the demographic bonus in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic? This study uses a qualitative method that uses a type of literature study which is carried out by examining several theories that depart from a problem then analyzed from various literatures ranging from available journals, the internet, and various existing facts. The data collection method used is through data reduction techniques, namely the selection, simplification, and transportation of data so that results or conclusions are drawn up systematically. This study concludes that the experiences of South Korea, China, and the United States are very different from Indonesia, these countries can enjoy a demographic bonus without any barrier variables in the form of the Covid-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, the demographic bonus with the growth of baby boomers in the Golden Indonesia era was obtained by this extraordinary event. Both indicators and parameters will of course differ from these countries. So this is a very big gamble for Indonesia to be in accordance with what has been predicted by the international institutions or vice versa.