Extraordinary Events Research Articles

Landslides triggered by an extraordinary rainfall event in Central Italy on September 15, 2022

Timely and systematic collection of landslide information after a triggering event is pivotal for the definition of landslide trends in response to climate change. On September 15, 2022, a large part of central Italy, particularly Marche and Umbria regions, was struck by an anomalous rainfall event that showed characteristics of a persistent convective system. An extraordinary cumulated rainfall of 419 mm was recorded by a rain gauge in the area in only 9 h. The rainfall triggered 1687 landslides in the area affected by the peak rainfall intensity and caused widespread flash floods and floods in the central and lower parts of the catchments. In this work, we describe the characteristics of the landslides identified during a field survey started immediately after the event. Most of the mass movements are shallow, and many are rapid (i.e., debris flows, earth flows) and widely affecting the road network. Landslide area spans from a few tens of square meters to 105 m2, with a median value of 87 m2. Field evidence revealed diffuse residual risk conditions, being a large proportion of landslides located in the immediate vicinity of infrastructures. Besides reporting the spatial distribution of landslides triggered by an extreme rainfall event, the data collected on landslides can be used to make comparisons with the distribution of landslides in the past, validation of landslide susceptibility models, and definition of the general interaction between landslides and structures/infrastructures.

Refugia: islands of social awareness in disrupted earth systems

An organisational leader's evolving mindset at times of significant systemic disruption frequently determines the quality and efficacy of the organisation's response to dramatic change. This article describes patterns of conscious and unconscious thinking, emotion, and containment in a group of business leaders during a disruptive earth system trauma. The context is the Christchurch, New Zealand earthquakes of 2010 through 2014 and the critical incident narratives that inform the mental stance leaders assumed with their organisations. There has been little research on leaders' evolving mental stance or how they "show up" in traumatic times, in terms of the practices and behaviours they exhibit, and how these in turn manifest as containing environments within disrupted systems. I call these environments "islands of social awareness". Within these refugia, the organisation, with its collective sense-making potential and action optionality, cooperates on the critical tasks of survival, human connection, and activation of resilience. I propose that turbulent social unconscious processes and the leader response to consequent emotional arousal ultimately underlie leaders' motivation and behaviour in times of disruption. These same perspectives may be applied to other complex earth mega-system crises, informing organisational preparedness for extraordinary events.

Factors causing delays in the UAE construction industry amid the Covid-19 pandemic

PurposeThis paper aims to measure the severity, frequency and importance of the factors causing delays in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) construction industry following the Covid-19 pandemic onset. The study also measures the likelihood of the effects caused by these delays.Design/methodology/approachA mixed approach of both qualitative and quantitative. Literature review was conducted to extract 40 factors of delays and 10 effects of delays. A survey was then administered to construction professionals in the UAE to collect the perceptions on the severity and frequency of factors of the causes of delays using a Likert Scale of 1–5 where 1 represented very low and 5 represented very high. Similarly, the respondents were also asked to rate the likelihood of the occurrence of the effects of the delays based on a Likert scale of 1–5 as well. Furthermore, Spearman’s rank correlation was also conducted to compute the level of agreement between the different parties; owner, consultants and contractors.FindingsThe results revealed that the top five factors of delays include: award the project for the lowest bidder, delay in progress payment, change orders by the owner, poor subcontractor performance and inadequate planning and scheduling by the contractor. The findings of this study emphasize the financial challenges and economic crisis brought upon the construction industry due to the pandemic. Furthermore, the pandemic also shifted the perceptions of construction professionals, who are now more aware of the delays caused by awarding the project to the lowest bidder who would not have the required qualifications to conduct efficient planning and scheduling that are relevant in the case of extraordinary events such as Covid-19. Moreover, a high level of agreement between the consultants and contractors was observed, with a Spearman’s rank correlation of 0.804. Additionally, the most likely effects of delays concluded from this study were time overrun/extension and poor quality of work.Originality/valueLiterature review is very rich in the field of construction projects delays. However, there is very limited research on the impact of Covid-19 in the context of construction projects delays, and insights from construction professionals regarding this matter are particularly lacking in literature. Therefore, this paper bridges the gap in literature by providing perceptions of construction professionals on the impact of Covid-19 on the factors causing delays in the UAE construction industry. The findings of this research are expected to be an invaluable resource for future to help the construction industry heal faster when encountering similar epidemics or extraordinary events.

Adapting Betelgeuse’s Dimming Event to A High School Level Astronomy Exercise

This article outlines the process of designing a problem for Astronomy Olympiad at high-school level, based on a recent curious astrophysical event. Betelgeuse, one of the brightest star in the night sky and a supernova candidate, started dimming in October 2019 and reached a record minimum magnitude in February 2020. This extraordinary event piqued curiosity in professional astronomers, amateur astronomers as well as mass media. The problem presented here, tries to build a quantitative model of the event for the students, based on just high school physics. This problem included three models viz., a stellar pulsation model, an exoplanet transit model and a mass loss event model. The students were asked to calculate few physical quantities or parameters to deduce the most suitable model. The entire process of problem design including constraints involved, alternative approaches explored and discarded and the final draft is laid out. It is hoped that this discussion will serve as a guiding light to fellow problem designers and question setters.

CEO experience, managerial overconfidence and investment efficiency: Evidence from a natural experiment in China

We examine how the early lives and career experiences of CEOs impact corporate investment efficiency in the Chinese economy. We identify two extraordinary events that are likely to underlie CEOs' formative experiences: the economic reforms that commenced in 1978 and CEOs' prior career experiences. We show that CEOs who experienced the economic reforms and opening-up in their early adult lives tend to be more confident and overinvest more than those who grew up during the planned economy era. Furthermore, CEOs whose entire careers have been in the business sector exhibit greater levels of confidence and overinvestment than those with long-term public administration experience prior to their service as corporate executives.

Workshop Diagnosis of Escherichia coli on Well Water Samples

Diarrhea is an endemic disease in Indonesia and is also a disease that can potentially cause extraordinary events that are often accompanied by death. Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium, intestinal pathogen and extraintestinal pathogen that can cause urinary tract infections, meningitis, and septicemia. Most of the E. coli bacteria are in the digestive tract of animals as well as humans and are normal flora, but some are pathogenic that can cause diarrhea in humans (Bettelheim, 2000). Water is very potential in the spread of various diseases, for example water contaminated by pathogens and drunk by humans can cause disease (water born disease). Food and water contamination has been identified as a potential source of the spread of Escherichia coli pathogenicity in humans. The method has the disadvantage of taking a long time, a large number of samples, and an incorrect reading method of results. PCR technique is one of the molecular techniques used to identify infectious diseases caused by Escherchia coli. This method has many advantages that can produce accurate, fast, specific product amplification, requiring a small number of samples. and this method can be used to overcome the weaknesses of conventional diagnostics (cultures). The purpose of this study was to socialize the detection of Escherichia coli bacteria in well water samples by culture and PCR methods. From the examination that has been done obtained the results of cultural examination obtained colonies that grow on the medium Mac Conkey To appear round, flat edges, smooth surface with the color of the colony, then the results of pcr examination obtained 239 bp, which means bacteria found from the isolation of well water samples in the bottom of the identic pakam with Escherichia coli.As well as workshop participants can follow and understand the materials submitted and also the examination procedures carried out.

Factors causing Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Sikka District, East Nusa Tenggara Province

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by infection of the Dengue virus. The incidence of Dengue Fever in Sikka District is the highest in East Nusa Tenggara Province and even in Indonesia at the beginning of 2020. The condition of DHF occurrence in Sikka District is designated as an Extraordinary Event (EE). This study aims to identify some factors including the home environment, biological environment, and social environment that might lead to the occurrence of DHF in Sikka Regency and to determine the risk of a person getting DHF based on the factors. There were 170 respondents from the community of Sikka Regency, where 85 of them have suffered from DHF while the other 85 have never had DHF. The instrument used was a questionnaire containing 22 questions that have been tested for validity and reliability. This is a quantitative study, where the analytical method used is the logistic regression analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the factors that affect a person suffering from DHF are the size of the house, the color of the walls of the house, the habit of draining water reservoirs, the habit of using mosquito repellent, and the participation in cleaning mosquito nests. Based on the value of the odds ratio, it is known that a person with a house area of 36 m2 is more at risk of contracting dengue fever than someone with a house area of 36 m2. Likewise, households that did not participate in cleaning mosquito nests were compared to those who did participate. It is also found that house members who have light wall colors, have a habit of draining water reservoirs, and have a habit of using mosquito repellent are more at risk of contracting DHF than family members whose walls are dark in color, do not have the habit of draining water reservoirs, and do not participate in cleaning mosquito nests.

Provision of Basic Immunization for Toddlers during Covid-19 Pandemic in Mekarjaya Village Tangerang Regency

Background: Immunization is important in health services to protect vulnerable individuals from PD3I. Immunization efforts make a significant contribution to increasing the Human Development Index related to one of its components, such as life expectancy, because it can avoid unwanted deaths, if not addressed immediately it will have an impact on increasing cases of Extraordinary Events and the spread of disease will accelerate. Especially during the the Covid-19 pandemic which caused restrictions on activities which certainly had an impact on participation in immunization visits at Posyandu.
 Objective: To determine factors that influence the obedience of mothers bringing their toddlers to get basic immunization during the Covid-19 pandemic in Mekarjaya Village, Tangerang Regency.
 Methodology: Using a cross sectional approach, a sample of 100 mothers who had toddlers. The research instrument was a questionnaire that had been tested valid and reliable, bivariate analysis had been done by the Chi Square test.
 Results: there is a significant relationship between knowledge, attitudes, motivation, family support and the role of cadres with mothers' compliance to bring toddlers to get basic immunization during the co-19 pandemic in Mekarjaya Village.
 Conclusion: Internal factors are the main factor for mother's compliance to bring their toddler to get immunization. It is hoped that mothers who have toddlers can increase their knowledge about the importance of immunization through various media and reliable sources.

NATIONAL SECURITY AND STATE SECURITY (REMINISCENCES)

State security and homeland security are concepts that frequently appear in academic studies and are permanently enshrined in law. They are sometimes even treated as synonyms, despite sharing only a single element, that of security. Are they really identical concepts? Do they have relations indicating interpretative differences? Is there something common to these expressions that link them in their content? These are the questions that determined the formulation of the statements presented in this article, which reviews the standpoints of recognised Polish scholars, being supplemented by the author's comments. The considerations presented in this paper are aimed at identifying similarities and differences in the interpretation of the concepts in question. The results of the presented investigations point to significant interpretational differences and similarities proving the possibility of interchangeable application on the grounds of law, not so much science. The presented deliberations indicate that the provisions of the law imposing on the state as a political organisation emphasise the necessity of taking utmost care of counteracting and eliminating the effects of symptoms, threats, and extraordinary events, detrimental to common goods. This is related to the activity of obtaining those assets only when it is certain that it is not under threat. This activity is related to the use of the forces and means at the disposal of the state only on the basis and within the limits of universally applicable law, both with the whole and in conditions threatening the security of individual citizens and local communities when the circumstances are beyond their capabilities. The considerations presented further indicate that the interpretative doubts are rooted in the lack of an unambiguous definition of security commonly accepted by specialists in various fields and scientific disciplines. After all, how can concepts that have their tight links with such a condition be explained without it? And such, for all those dealing with theory and practice related to a particular form of security, are the terms 'national security' and the closely related 'homeland security

The clinical profile of individuals with symptoms of knee osteoarthritis referred to secondary care in Denmark: Across-sectional study of 282 people.

The clinical profile of individuals with symptoms of knee osteoarthritis referred to secondary care in Denmark: Across-sectional study of 282 people.

Intraguild Predation by Eurasian Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo on Booted Eagle Aquila pennata and Long-Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus

In August 2018 remains of several birds of prey were recorded at one Eagle Owl Bubo bubo eyrie in southeast Romania. Among these, still articulated wings and leg bones of an adult female Booted Eagle Aquila pennata, feathers and several bone fragments of one adult Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus and several individuals of Common Buzzards Buteo buteo were identified. While predation of Eagle Owls on different raptor species is well known, booted Eagles and Long-legged Buzzards are rarely preyed upon. Based on changes that occurred in the overall diet of owls at this particular eyrie, it is hypothesized that a shortage in the main prey species (induced by land use changes in the region) may be the cause of these extraordinary predation events. While predation of Eagle Owls on large diurnal raptors is more an exception than a norm, in areas where threatened diurnal raptors breed, the presence of Eagle Owls may cause conservation concerns/prove to be problematic.

Kebijakan Penanggulangan Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) pada Berbagai Daerah di Indonesia

The environment and behavior play an important role in the occurrence of health problems or diseases, such as Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). DHF problems always occur from year to year, especially the number of cases, both globally and nationally and even locally. In Indonesia each region has different policies- in addressing DHF problems in their regions. This paper aims to describe several local government policies in dealing with DHF problems in several regions based on research results published in several journals. This research is in the nature of a review or article review. The results of the research reviewed in this article are 6 (six) articles, namely the range of 2018-2022. The aspects that are looked at are the title, author, year, objectives, methods, results and conclusions. The results of the study found that most local governments have different policies in tackling DHF, but with the aim the same thing, namely reducing DHF cases and preventing extraordinary events (KLB), such as by community empowerment, field action strategies and utilization of local wisdom. The conclusion is that regional policies in tackling DHF from 2018 to 2022 are able to reduce or control the incidence of DHF. To overcome unresolved problems related to behavior, it is better to use the Emotional Demonstration (Emo Demo) approach.

The frequency, intensity, and origin of floods in Poland in the 11th–15th centuries based on documentary evidence

Documentary evidence is increasingly being recognized as a precious source for assessing flood records. We have used this type of proxy data to identify the occurrence of floods in Poland from the 11th to the 15th centuries. In addition, we estimated the intensity of each flood event using the best-known classifications for Europe (Barriendos and Coeur, 2004; Brázdil et al., 2006) and assessed their origin based on modified Lambor’s (1954) criteria. The database of floods in Poland contains 166 occurrences in the study period. Most occurred in the 15th century (61.4%). Of the studied regions, Silesia and the Baltic Coast and Pomerania regions were the two most affected by flood events, each accounting for 33–34% of instances. Based on the Brázdil et al. (2006) classification, 77 of the recorded floods are above-average or supra-regional. Also, the indexation of floods based on Barriendos and Coeur (2004) demonstrated that 99 were extraordinary flood events. Rain and its subtypes were the leading causes of floods, with 79 records (47.6%). Flood occurrence in Poland exhibited good spatial coherency with neighboring countries. The updated and most complete inventory of floods in medieval Poland that we present here with a detailed analysis of their frequency, intensity and origin, improves the existing knowledge about this phenomenon in Central Europe. The results of this study, similarly to many other previous studies, also confirm the great capacity for documentary evidence to provide valuable and reliable information about flood records for the pre-instrumental period.

Pelatihan Kader Survailans Berbasis Masyarakat Sebagai Upaya Penguatan Puskesmas

<p><em>Abstract</em></p><p><em>Community-Based Surveillance is a Surveillance activity that uses information sourced from the community as a basis for decision-making in terms of planning, implementing, monitoring, evaluating programs and increasing awareness and responding to extraordinary events (KLB) quickly and precisely by policy holders. The aim of the SBM Cadres is to increase the role of community members in efforts to detect early COVID-19 and Non-Communicable Diseases so that cases are immediately handled by Health Workers. Training Methods with debriefing material through power point presentations on COVID-19 and Vaccination, Stunting, Non-Communicable Diseases and the Role of SBM Cadres. The result of this service is that there is an increase in the knowledge of SBM cadres after carrying out health education and there is strengthening cooperation for the puskesmas. The conclusion in this community service is the commitment of cadres in strengthening puskesmas related to COVID-19, Vaccination, Elderly and Non-Communicable Diseases</em></p>

Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kota Sampang Jawa Timur

Aides aegypti or Aides albopictus is a type of mosquito that carries and transmits dengue virus to humans. Dengue hemorrhagic fever appears as an Extraordinary Event (KLB), causing panic in the community because it has the risk of causing death and spreads very quickly. Based on records from the Directorate for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (P2PM) until Week 36, the cumulative number of confirmed cases of DHF from January 2022 was reported as 87,501 cases (IR 31.38/100,000 population) and 816 deaths (CFR 0.93%). Sampang Regency, East Java, is currently starting to anticipate the possibility of an outbreak of dengue fever. After the local regency government released three districts that were considered prone to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), namely Sampang District, Omben District and Torjun District. The Health and Family Planning Service (Dinkes-KB) of Sampang Regency, East Java, noted that cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in the area have decreased in 2021 compared to the number of cases that occurred in previous years. This study aims to determine the implementation of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) prevention policies in Sampang District and what are the inhibiting factors. In this study, researchers used a qualitative descriptive method that used data collection such as interviews, observation and documentation studies. Based on the research results in assessing the Implementation of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Management Policies in Sampang Regency, it has not been maximized when viewed from several indicators of evaluating the implementation of public policies, namely (1) Policy resources such as a lack of health workers, sufficient health facilities and funds, (2) ) the disposition or attitude of the executors is not firm and the lack of community participation in PSN activities, (3) economic, social and political conditions that are not conducive.

Kemukjizatan Al-Qur’an dalam Pembuktian Sains Modern

The Qur'an is a miracle passed down by the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Miracles are extraordinary events that occur through a person who claims to be the Prophet, as his prophetic evidence, who is given to the doubtful, to do or bring about the same, but they are unable to serve the challenge. Only Allah is able to give miracles to the Prophet, one of which is the Prophet Muhammad in the form of the Qur'an. The Qur'an is a guide for Muslims in which there are rules of command and prohibition. There are so many in the Qur'an the evidences described about the miracles of the Prophets are even related to Science. Science is a science in which there is an element of fact. This was already proved before the creation of heaven and earth. Then the evidence of the miracles of the Qur'an can be seen in the surrounding natural phenomena related to science.

Joint extreme risk of energy prices-evidence from European energy markets

We investigate joint tail events behavior of prices risk in European energy markets and to explore its interlinkages with supply and demand, financial market panics, policy uncertainty, and environmental regulation. Results reveal that extreme occurrences have a short-term memory, and the occurrence of extreme high prices lowers the likelihood of extreme high prices the following year, in contrast to extreme low prices, indicating a negative seasonal impact. The influence of same extraordinary events on extreme highs and extreme lows is asymmetric. Additionally, different exogenous shocks have varying effects on extreme pricing, as shown through intervention analysis under several shock scenarios.

Socialization of Maintaining Environmental Cleanliness in the Face of the Covid-19 Pandemic

The beginning of 2020 was an extraordinary event for the whole world. This is because almost all parts of the world are hit by the Covid-19 outbreak which causes unrest and has a big impact on every field. The COVID-19 pandemic makes people have to maintain their health by washing their hands, maintaining distance, not crowding, and maintaining cleanliness (Abidin, et al., 2021). Buhungo (2012) explained that environmental cleanliness is a condition where the environment is free from various kinds of dirt and disease that can cause losses to the community, both from activities and the environment. The condition of the COVID-19 pandemic forces every community to maintain cleanliness, both their personal hygiene and also the cleanliness of their environment. To provide assistance to the community, especially in the village of Kedisan Kintamani, the Faculty of Economics and BEM-FEB Universitas Pendidikan Nasional (UNDIKNAS) Denpasar collaborate in holding community social activities which are also under the auangan of LP2M and the Dean of FEB UNDIKNAS. The community social activities were held with the theme "Economy Social Care". This activity aims to help the community around Kedisan Kintamani village in maintaining the cleanliness of their surrounding environment.
 Kondisi Pandemi covid-19 memaksa setiap kalangan masyarakat untuk tetap menjaga kebersihan, baik kebersihan dirinya dan juga kebersihan lingkungan mereka. Untuk memberikan bantuan pada masyarakat terutama pada desa Kedisan Kintamani, Fakultas Ekonomi dan BEM-FEB Universitas Pendidikan Nasional (UNDIKNAS) Denpasar melakukan kolaborasi dalam mengadakan kegiatan sosial masyarakat yang juga berada dibawah nauangan LP2M berserta Dekan FEB UNDIKNAS. Adapun kegiatan sosial masyarakat tersebut diadakan dengan mengusung tema “Economy Social Care”. Kegiatan ini memiliki tujuan untuk membantu masyarakat sekitar desa Kedisan Kintamani dalam menjaga kebersihan lingkungan sekitar mereka.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cryptocurrency Markets: A DCCA Analysis

Extraordinary events, regardless of their financial or non-financial nature, are a great challenge for financial stability. This study examines the impact of one such occurrence—the COVID-19 pandemic—on cryptocurrency markets. A detrended cross-correlation analysis was performed to evaluate how the links between 16 cryptocurrencies were changed by this event. Cross-correlation coefficients that were calculated before and after the onset of the pandemic were compared, and the statistical significance of their variation was assessed. The analysis results show that the markets of the assessed cryptocurrencies became more integrated. There is also evidence to suggest that the pandemic crisis promoted contagion, mainly across short timescales (with a few exceptions of non-contagion across long timescales). We conclude that, in spite of the distinct characteristics of cryptocurrencies, those in our sample offered no protection against the financial turbulence provoked by the COVID-19 pandemic, and thus, our study provided yet another example of ‘correlations breakdown’ in times of crisis.

Emerging infections

Emerging infections are defined as newly appeared infections in a population or infections have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. They are caused by various factors, including zoonotic diseases, climate change, and global travel but these are mainly due to viral infections. For example, SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is believed to have originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through an intermediate animal host. Similarly, Zika virus, which caused an outbreak in Brazil in 2015, is spread by Aedes mosquitoes and has been linked to increased global travel. A public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) is a formal declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) which is an extraordinary event to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of a serious, sudden, unusual or unexpected disease and it potentially require a coordinated international response” to combat spread beyond the affected state’s national border” and “may require immediate international action”. SEVEN infections were declared PHEIC – in this millennium and these are: SARS – 2004, H1N1 influenza pandemic - 2009, Ebola (West African outbreak - 2013-20and outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo 2018-2020,Poliomyelitis - 2014,Zika –2016,COVID-19 -2020 – 22,Monkey Pox - July, 2022.Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a rarely and deadly disease, common in sub-Saharan Africa, very much infectious, can manifest as Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Four variants and case fatality rates range from 25 to 90 percent. Fever, headache, bodyache, muscle pain, pain abdomen with GI symptoms are common clinical features. Rapid antigen detection tests by semiautomated nucleic acid tests help in diagnosis. Management is mainly supportive. In 2020, USA FDA approved the use of INMAZEB & EBANGA, monoclonal antibodies for Zaire ebolavirus. Corona virus or Covid 19 virus, medium sized, enveloping a positive – stranded RNA virus commonly affects respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract resulting much mortalities and morbidities in human populations. Though vaccinations are helpful to combat the disease but mutations may result a human epidemic. Monkey pox virus is a DS DNA virus, zoonotic mild disease and fatality rate of around 3-6%. Cases are found in India mainly in Kerala and Delhi. Three stages of monkey pox are febrile, rash and recovery stages and diagnosis by RT-PCR from lesions and body fluids. ZIKA virus- SS RNA virus discovered in Uganda, transmission by mosquito bite and other modes vertical and sexual. Most cases are asymptomatic but may present as fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, conjunctivitis and etc. Congenital Zika Syndrome results decreased brain growth. Diagnosis is usually done by serology – Zika IgM antibody. Treatment is supportive. In conclusion, five out of seven PHEIC of this Millennium occurred in last decade all are zoonotic in nature. Monkey Pox, Ebola, Zika along with COVID 19 is important PHEIC of viral diseases of last decade. Ebola are most notorious for high mortality. Zika - we are highly concerned for its mother to child transmission with a consequence of 15-20% incidence of microcephaly. Bangladesh J Medicine 2023; Vol. 34, No. 2(1) Supplement: 177