Sea Cucumber Extract Research Articles

The Effect of Golden Sea Cucumber (StichopusHermanii) Extract on the Healing Process of the White Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Indicated by Oral Ulcer– A Literature Review

Background Indonesia is a maritime country that is rich in marine resources. There are many marine resources that can be used as herbal medicine. One of them is the golden sea cucumber which is thought to be used as an alternative medicine to speed up the healing process of oral ulcers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopushermanii) on the wound healing process in rats with oral ulcers.Method This research is a descriptive study with a literature review design. The articles used are articles published in international and national journals in the 2015-2020 period and are indexed by Scopus, Thomson Reuters, Web Science, Scimago and Sinta.Result The results of the scoping article show that there are active compounds in golden sea cucumbers, namely glycosaminoglycans that consist of hyaluronic acid, heparin / heparan sulfate (HP / HS), chondroitin sulfate / dermatan sulfate (CS / DS) and keratin sulfate (KS) which can form proinflammatory cytokines to trigger the emergence of immune defense cells and can bind to growth factors such as FGF2, VEGF, TGF-b, which will provide stimulation to accelerate the angiogenesis process, fibroblast ploriferation, endothelial differentiation, epithelial differentiation so as to accelerate the wound healing process.ConclutionThe conclusion of this study is the golden sea cucumber has the potency to accelerate the wound healing process by increasing fibroblast formation, collagen synthesis, endothelial differentiation and epithelial differentiation.

Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of cultivated sea cucumbers from Bali, Indonesia

Sea cucumber is marine commodity widely distributed throughout Indonesian waters, Indonesia exported sea cucumber to Hongkong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia and Australia. This study aims to characterize sea cucumber, determine the antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of cultivated sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers are cultivated in the pond for 12 months, with the weight and size average 160.9 grams, and 15.3 cm at harvest. The sea cucumbers were characterized by measuring their proximate and heavy metals content. The samples were extracted using water at 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and soxhletation with 70% ethanol. Furthermore, the antibacterial analysis was tested on three bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli and antioxidants were analyzed using the ABTS method. The results showed that the sea cucumber protein content was 78.77%, fat content was 1.66%, and carbohydrate was 3.80%. Heavy metal content of cultivated sea cucumbers, including as 1.12 mg/kg, Pb 0.15 mg/kg, Ni, Hg, and Cd were not detected. Antibacterial test results showed all the extract of sea cucumber could not inhibit the growth of bacteria. The best antioxidant activity was found in dried sea cucumbers extracted using the soxhletation method with IC50 value 62.72 μg/mL.

Influence of the Oil Phase on the Wound Healing Activity of Sea Cucumber Extract-Based Cream Formulations

Sea cucumbers are attractive marine natural sources as they are enriched with functional biomaterials that can contribute in accelerating wound healing. The present study was carried out to prepare cream formulations comprising extract of sea cucumber with different type of oil phase, namely F1 (olive oil), F2 (tea tree oil) and F3 (lemongrass oil) to assess the influence of the oil on the physicochemical properties and the wound healing efficacy of the creams. The formulated creams showed satisfactory physicochemical characteristics such as homogeneity, spreadability, rheology, pH, and showed no evidence of phase separation even when the creams were kept at extreme conditions. The ex vivorelease profile of sea cucumber extract from the formulated creams was determined by using a Franz diffusion cells. F3 demonstrated a constant and yield the highest release percentage of sea cucumber extract, followed by F2 and F1. Topical application of the formulated creams on the excision wound in rats showed a significant wound healing efficacy compared to the control group. Among the creams formulation, F1 demonstrated a significantly higher rate of wound closure compared to F2, F3, and positive control. The wound healing efficacy of the formulated creams were not dependent on the ability of the oils in promoting skin permeation for the release of sea cucumber extract. This study depicted that lemongrass oil acted as a good skin permeation enhancer for the release of sea cucumber extract while olive oil worked in a more synergistic manner with sea cucumber extract in promoting wound healing.

Effects of Golden Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopus Hermanii) on Fasting Blood Glucose, Plasma Insulin, and MDA Level of Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Induced with Streptozotocin

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of disease that its incidence increases every year worldwide. The condition of DM can cause various complications caused by oxidative stress. Stichopus hermanii (SH) or golden sea cucumber extract contains antioxidant compounds that have been proven to reduce oxidative stress conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Stichopus hermanii extract on condition of diabetes mellitus by looking at changes in fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and malondialdehyde levels in animal models of Wistar rats. This study was a laboratory experimental study using Randomized Control Trial Design with Post-test only control group design. Thirty-five male Wistar rats divided into five groups, i.e normal control group, positive control, negative control and two treatment groups with SH extract dose 8.5 and 17 mg / kgBW for 14 days once daily after induction of Streptozotocin at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University. Fasting blood glucose level was measured by a glucometer, plasma insulin measured by ELISA and MDA level was measured by a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed statistically by using One Way ANOVA test and Kruskal Wallis. There were significant results of SH extract can reduce fasting blood glucose (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.030) and MDA (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.042) but not in plasma insulin (ANOVA, p=0.130). The lowest MDA level occurs in the K4 group that given SH extract dose 17 mg/kg BW than another experimental group. As the conclusion, this study showed SH extract can decrease fasting blood glucose and oxidative stress in diabetic-induced rats.

Peredaman Radikal DPPH oleh Ekstrak Metanol Spirulina platensis dan Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii)

Spirulina platensis dan teripang emas (Stichopus hermanii) merupakan biota laut yang memiliki khasiat bagi kesehatan. Salah satu manfaat S. platensis dan S. hermanii adalah sebagai sumber antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol dan mengidentifikasi kandungan golongan senyawa bioaktif S. platensis asal Jepara, teripang emas asal Flores. Pengukuran aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan radikal DPPH sebagai oksidan. Identifikasi kandungan senyawa bioaktif menggunakan uji fitokimia secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol S. platensis, teripang emas, dan campurannya masing-masing memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 324,92±4,06 ppm, 2.696,09±329,28 ppm, serta 2.445,80±164,18 ppm. Ekstrak metanol S. platensis mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, dan steroid sedangkan ekstrak metanol S. hermanii mengandung saponin, alkaloid, dan triterpenoid.

Monosex male formation of juvenile redclaw crayfish using natural steroid hormone from gamma sea cucumber and different doses of honey bee

In a new commercial commodity aquaculture, tropical freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, it is known that female has a slower growth rate than male. One way to increase production rate is through monosex cultures comprising all-male population by using genital reversion technique. This biotechnology method can be applied by using hormones and natural products. The natural hormones extracted from gamma sea cucumber, Stichopus variegatus has bioactive substances including steroid compounds, while honey bee contains chrysin compounds that act as aromatase inhibitors. Therefore, the combination of both substances expected can increase in testosterone level and accelerate production in the male monosex population of juvenile crayfish. The purpose of the study is to determine the most effective dose of honey bee in masculinization of juvenile freshwater crayfish combined with 2 mg. L−1 steroid extract of gamma sea cucumber. Furthermore, a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was designed in the experiment with five different dose of honey bee treatment and dipping method in 2 mg. L−1 steroid extract of gamma sea cucumber for 18 h. Each treatment with four replications. The highest male formation was found in the dose of 20 ml. L− 1 honey bee at 83.75% and the lowest was in control. The present of honey bee at different doses in 2 mg. L−1 of gamma steroid extract did not significantly give an effect on percentage of female, intersex formation, survival, and growth rate of juvenile redclaw crayfish.

Toxicity of traditionally dried processed Holothuria extract by fisherman in Kakara Islands, North Halmahera, Indonesia

Empirically, sea cucumber as a food ingredient that is believed to have efficacy as medicine (nutraceutical) because it contains bioactive compounds like terpenoid, saponin, essential amino acids, glycosaminglycan, chondroitin sulfate, sulfate polysaccharides, lectins, phenol and peptides. The aim of this research were to identify processing method performed by fisherman in Kakara Pulau and to determine the toxicity of dried sea cucumber extract againts Artemia salina larvae with three different solvents. The result showed that there were 8 types of sea cucumber that were dominant caught ny fisherman namely Kongkong, Joko, Susu, Kalengkong, Nanas, Benang, Badara dan Pasir. Most of them, process sea cucumber using a combination of smoking and drying. Based on the toxicity test, dried sea cucumber extract is included in the toxic category, which has the potential to be developed as an antibacterial.

Cox-2 inhibition activities of creams containing anguilla bicolor and sea cucumbers extract on croton oil induced inflammation in mice

The fatty acids, like EPA and DHA, were known as anti-inflammation. It works on inflammatory tissue, brought by edema plasma, and changed into resolvins, protectins, and maresins by the enzyme reaction. Anguilla bicolor and Sea cucumber fish are known to contain EPA and DHA. This study analyzes the inhibition Cox-2 effect of the combination of Anguilla bicolor oil with Sea cucumber extract as an active ingredient in a cream preparation. This experiment used 7 groups of male BALB/C strain mice: normal control; negative control; positive control; A. bicolor oil cream; H. leucospilota extract cream; a combination of A. bicolor : H. leucospilota (2:1) cream; a combination of A. bicolor : H. leucospilota (1:2) cream. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the amount of inflammatory cell, the thickness epidermis, and the amount of cell expression COX-2 on mice's back skin tissue induced by croton oil (0,1 %). After 3 days, histopathological skin tissues were made. The data were analyzed statistically by One Way ANOVA followed by LSD to know each group's differences at a significance level of 0.05. The experiment results showed that the formula with the best anti-inflammatory activities is the combination of A. bicolor and H. leucospilota (2:1) cream. The decrease of the amount of inflammatory cell (75.97%), the thickness of the epidermis (43.88%), and the amount of COX-2 cell expressions (60.52%) from the formula did not differ significantly with the positive control (p>0,05). It can be concluded that A. bicolor and H. leucospilota have anti-inflammation activity based on the experiment results.

The Effects of the Supplementation with Snakehead Fish and Sea Cucumber Extracts on Platelet-Derived Growth Factor in Post-Operative Patients

Wound healing is a complex process that involves the interaction between Extracellular Matrix (ECM) cells and mediated by cytokines and various growth factors, especially platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which plays a role in almost every phase of wound healing. Applying snakehead fish and sea cucumber extract containing amino acids and fatty acids in post-operative patients is expected to increase PDGF levels and enable the acceleration of the wound healing process. This study was a double-blind randomized control trial with a pre and post-treatment approach which involved 34 post-operative patients divided into two groups; the control group (K1) and treatment group (K2) and was carried out from April to June 2019 at Dr. Moewardi Hospital in Surakarta. Independent sample T-test was used for data with normal distribution to determine the mean differences between the control and treatment groups, while the Mann-Whitney test was used for data with the abnormal distribution. Also, to determine the mean difference before and after the treatment of one paired group, a paired T-test was used for data with normal distribution, while the Wilcoxon test was used for data with the abnormal distribution. p < 0.05 was significant with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). The supplementation of snakehead fish and sea cucumber extract significantly increased PDGF levels in the treatment group (K2) compared to the controls group (K1) (p <0.001). Our findings showed that snakehead fish and sea cucumber extract were able to increase PDGF levels in post-operative patients on the fourth day.

Novel marine‐based gold nanocatalyst in solvent‐free synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives: Green and sustainable protocol

We report an ecofriendly synthetic approach for the fabrication of biogenic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using electron‐rich sea cucumber extract as a bio‐reductant and stabilizing agent in reducing gold cations into AuNPs at the optimal conditions. The produced AuNPs are spherical in shape with an average particle size of 11 ± 1.5 nm in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and exhibited a crystal structure of face‐centered cubic in X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Our results indicated that bioinspired AuNPs demonstrate superior catalytic activity in the safe and facile one‐pot synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives under solvent‐free reaction conditions. This green route encompasses multiple benefits including highly recyclable bioinspired catalyst (5 cycles), short reaction times, convenient workout, high to excellent product yields (82%–97%), and nonhazardous conditions.

Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of sea cucumber (Muelleria lecanora) from Barrang Lompo Islands, Makassar South Sulawesi

Barrang Lompo Island Waters is home for different species of marine biota of sea cucumber (Muelleria lecanora). Many sea cucumber species have been used as health supplements because they contain bioactive compounds that are beneficial to people in Indonesia. Given this, our study was designed to investigate the phytochemical, and antibacterial properties of crude acetone, methanol and hexane extract of sea cucumber using maceration extraction methods. The sea cucumber extract was prepared and the phytochemical profile was studied by analysing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that the extracts were a complex mixture of numerous compounds; many of which were present in trace amounts antioxidants and antimicrobial; hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid (z) -, methyl ester (stearic acid methyl ester), octadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-[(hexadecyloxy)methyl]oxirane, cholest5-en-3-yl acetate, ergosta-14,22-dien-3-ol, acetate,(3.beta.,5.alpha.,22e), 5,8,11,14- eicosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester, (all-z) epa/omega 3, pentacosane, hexatriacontane, and 9-hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z). The extract was also evaluated for activity against three pathogenic bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella) using the disc diffusion method. The extract exhibited clear zones of inhibition against the tested bacteria. Maximum inhibitory zone concentration values were demonstrated to be: Escherichia coli = 6.84 mm , Staphylococcus aureus = 7.22 mm, and Salmonella = 7.87 mm. These results revealed the significant potential of sea cucumber as a source of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents and also highlight the necessity of further purification and characterisation of solitary bioactive compounds for their prospective applications in pharmaceutical industries, food, and nutraceutical (food functional)

Antibacterial activity of Stichopus hermanii and Stichopus variegatus methanol extract

Since 500 years ago sea cucumber has been used as wound healing medicine. Sea cucumbers are thought to function as a cell growth factor and have the potential as an antibacterial agent. This study aims to determine whether the methanol extract of sea cucumber has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa so that it can be used to help diabetic wound healing of people infected with the same bacteria. The extraction method used was maceration with methanol to dried frozen simplicia. The simplicia was obtained by freeze drying to liquid preparation of heated fresh sea cucumber. The antibacterial activity test was performed using well diffusion method. There were no any antibacterial activity found in the two methanol extracts of sea cucumber.
 Keywords: antibacterial agent, Stichopus hermanii, Stichopus variegatus

The Effect of Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) Extracts to Serum LDL Cholesterol level as a Result of Insulin Resistence

ABSTRACT
 Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by conditions of hyperglycemia as a result of abnormalities in the secretion of the insulin hormone, the work of the insulin hormone, or both. Metabolic disorders caused by diabetes cause lipolysis to increase, thereby increasing the level of VLDL, which will be converted to LDL. LDL disorders are the effects of insulin resistance. Streptozotocin (STZ) can increase serum LDL cholesterol serum levels due to the mechanism of ROS formation. Golden sea cucumber act as anti-hyperlipidemic because they contain EPA-DHA, saponins, and flavonoids. The purpose of these studies to determine the effect of Golden sea cucumber act as anti-hyperlipidemic. Experimental laboratory research is done using the post-test only control group design method. Using simple random sampling with 25 white male Wistar rats divided into five groups, all rats were given standard feeding. Group 1 without STZ induced, group 2-5 were induced STZ first, and then group 3-5 were given golden sea cucumber extract for 21 days with dose 4,25 mg/kg BW, 8,5 mg/kg BW, 12,75 mg/kg BW, per day respectively. At the end of the study, the LDL serum level was measured. The result of One – Way Anova test showed LDL cholesterol serum levels of group rats with STZ induction and given 12,75 mg/kg BW golden sea cucumber extracts (x=7,4 mg/dl) significantly decreased (p=0,005) compared to LDL cholesterol levels of group rats which were only induced by STZ without given golden sea cucumber extracts (x=12,6 mg/dl). This research showed that the administration 12,75mg/kg BW of golden sea cucumber extracts for 21 days reduced serum LDL cholesterol levels because golden sea cucumber contains compounds that work as antioxidants.

Optimizing antioxidant substances extraction produced by Holothuria atra using ultrasonic with response surface method

This study was to discover the effect of ultrasonic extraction based on the factors of extraction time and amplitude, to increase the yield recovery of H. atra extract and antioxidant activity (IC50). The process in optimizing ultrasonic extraction was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). H. atra extract produced by the 2 different extraction methods indicated a significant difference in yield (maceration 5.48%, ultrasonic 10.43%) and antioxidant activity (maceration 149.38 ppm, ultrasonic 84.85 ppm). The antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. aureus), also the toxicity LC50 at 457.77: 443.63 ppm were not significantly difference. It was found that ultrasonic extraction method needs shorter time with higher yield and more antioxidant activity. The sea cucumber extract that was produced from the ultrasonic method contains alkaloid, triterpenoid, and saponin, while steroid undetected, and from the maceration method contains no alkaloid and steroid.

A Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer

Introduction: Cancer is an abnormality in body tissue cells that continues to grow and develop uncontrollably. One type of cancer that is dangerous and can cause death is oral cancer. The content of sea cucumbers is useful as an anti-virus, help the growth of new cells, and as an anti-cancer. Objective: The purpose of this literature is to look based on literature, the treatment of oral cavity cancer using sea cucumbers as herbs. Methods: Scientific evidence and clinical cases are taken from the literature to support this review and information about sea cucumber herbs as an alternative treatment for oral cancer. systematic review of the literature is carried out by searching for related articles. The article search begin on April 22nd, 2020, with keywords; cancer, sea cucumbers. The following searching database is: google. Results: It is using sea cucumbers or Holothuria atra as an ingredient to be assessed for its anti-cancer properties. This study used 20kg of sea cucumbers, which were then extracted by the maceration method with 96% alcohol for 24 hours, then filtered with Whatman paper and repeated up to 6 times at room temperature. Triterpene glycosides are a type of saponin in sea cucumbers whose structure contains a sugar group. Triterpene glycoside compounds are compounds that can inhibit the mechanism of division and trigger apoptosis of cancer cells. The effects of cytotoxic on three types of sea cucumbers such as H.scabra, H.parva, and H. leucospilota are then extracted using organic extracts namely, n-Hexane , ethyl acetate and methanol by using several organs in specimens such as body wall , gonads , intestine tract , respiratory tree , coelomic fluid and cuverien tubules. Conclusion: Bioactive compounds isolated from sea cucumbers for use as anti-cancer agents have attracted the attention of cancer researchers because of their natural origin and long history as nutritious foods. The detailed mechanism of anti-cancer activity of sea cucumber compounds is still unclear, and a comprehensive study identifying this mechanism is still needed. Sea cucumber extract has a promising future to be developed as a functional food. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Amiruddin Eso, Herlina Uinarni, Thomas Tommy, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu, Iwan Kurnia Effendi, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto, Hutasoit Charles Martamba, Evi Mustikawati Arifin, Ferra Olivia Mawu, Bayu Indra Sukmana, Huldani. Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer. SRP. 2020; 11(5): 299-307. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.44 Web Style Amiruddin Eso, Herlina Uinarni, Thomas Tommy, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu, Iwan Kurnia Effendi, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto, Hutasoit Charles Martamba, Evi Mustikawati Arifin, Ferra Olivia Mawu, Bayu Indra Sukmana, Huldani. Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=108860 [Access: March 29, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.44 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Amiruddin Eso, Herlina Uinarni, Thomas Tommy, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu, Iwan Kurnia Effendi, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto, Hutasoit Charles Martamba, Evi Mustikawati Arifin, Ferra Olivia Mawu, Bayu Indra Sukmana, Huldani. Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer. SRP. 2020; 11(5): 299-307. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.44 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Amiruddin Eso, Herlina Uinarni, Thomas Tommy, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu, Iwan Kurnia Effendi, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto, Hutasoit Charles Martamba, Evi Mustikawati Arifin, Ferra Olivia Mawu, Bayu Indra Sukmana, Huldani. Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer. SRP. (2020), [cited March 29, 2021]; 11(5): 299-307. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.44 Harvard Style Amiruddin Eso, Herlina Uinarni, Thomas Tommy, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu, Iwan Kurnia Effendi, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto, Hutasoit Charles Martamba, Evi Mustikawati Arifin, Ferra Olivia Mawu, Bayu Indra Sukmana, Huldani (2020) Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer. SRP, 11 (5), 299-307. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.44 Turabian Style Amiruddin Eso, Herlina Uinarni, Thomas Tommy, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu, Iwan Kurnia Effendi, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto, Hutasoit Charles Martamba, Evi Mustikawati Arifin, Ferra Olivia Mawu, Bayu Indra Sukmana, Huldani. 2020. Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (5), 299-307. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.44 Chicago Style Amiruddin Eso, Herlina Uinarni, Thomas Tommy, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu, Iwan Kurnia Effendi, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto, Hutasoit Charles Martamba, Evi Mustikawati Arifin, Ferra Olivia Mawu, Bayu Indra Sukmana, Huldani. A Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 299-307. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.44 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Amiruddin Eso, Herlina Uinarni, Thomas Tommy, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu, Iwan Kurnia Effendi, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto, Hutasoit Charles Martamba, Evi Mustikawati Arifin, Ferra Olivia Mawu, Bayu Indra Sukmana, Huldani. A Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Cancer. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.5 (2020), 299-307. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.44 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Amiruddin Eso, Herlina Uinarni, Thomas Tommy, Ryanto Karobuana Sitepu, Iwan Kurnia Effendi, Yustinus Charles Ariestiyanto, Hutasoit Charles Martamba, Evi Mustikawati Arifin, Ferra Olivia Mawu, Bayu Indra Sukmana, Huldani (2020) Reviews on Use of Sea Cucumber as a Treatment for Oral Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (5), 299-307. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.44

Anti-Fouling Effects of Saponin-Containing Crude Extracts from Tropical Indo-Pacific Sea Cucumbers.

Sea cucumbers are bottom dwelling invertebrates, which are mostly found on subtropical and tropical sea grass beds, sandy reef flats, or reef slopes. Although constantly exposed to fouling communities in these habitats, many species are surprisingly free of invertebrate epibionts and microfouling algae such as diatoms. In our study, we investigated the anti-fouling (AF) activities of different crude extracts of tropical Indo-Pacific sea cucumber species against the fouling diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. Nine sea cucumber species from three genera (i.e., Holothuria, Bohadschia, Actinopyga) were selected and extracted to assess their AF activities. To verify whether the sea cucumber characteristic triterpene glycosides were responsible for the observed potent AF activities, we tested purified fractions enriched in saponins isolated from Bohadschia argus, representing one of the most active anti-fouling extracts. Saponins were quantified by vanillin-sulfuric acid colorimetric assays and identified by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS analyses. We were able to demonstrate that AF activities in sea cucumber extracts were species-specific, and growth inhibition as well as attachment of the diatom to surfaces is dependent on the saponin concentration (i.e., Actinopyga contained the highest quantities), as well as on the molecular composition and structure of the present saponins (i.e., Bivittoside D derivative was the most bioactive compound). In conclusion, the here performed AF assay represents a promising and fast method for selecting the most promising bioactive organism as well as for identifying novel compounds with potent AF activities for the discovery of potentially novel pharmacologically active natural products.

Antibacterial activities and bioactive compounds of the ethyl acetate extract of the sea cucumberHolothuria forskalifrom Tunisian coasts

AbstractPrevious scientific studies have listed chemical compounds from sea cucumber species. The ability to produce bioactive metabolites derives from their response to various ecological stresses and avoidance of predation. In view of this, the present work aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and quantitatively assess the active components of different organs of the sea cucumberHolothuria foskalicollected from the north-east of Tunisia. The antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts was tested againstBacillus subtilis,Bacillus cereus,Escherichia coliandPseudomonas aeruginosa. It was revealed thatEscherichia coliandBacillus subtiliswere inhibited by the sea cucumber extracts. To identify the composition of these extracts, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) methods were used. The GC-MS revealed the presence of 25 major components, the most concentrated ones were characterized as C26H27N5O6Morphinan-4,5-epoxy-3,6-diol, 6 amino;C17H31F3O23-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane; C31H50O2Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol,acetate; C11H14O21-Phthalanol,1,3,3-trimethyl 1-phenyl; C30H48O2Ergosta-5,22-dien-3-ol,acetate and C25H40O2(9E)-8-Phenyl-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester; while the LC-MS revealed the presence of eight molecules, identified as phenolic acid, phytosterol and fat-soluble vitamins. Some molecules are interesting and deserve to be explored for their potential uses as ingredients in functional foods or as raw materials for new drug forms.

Mechanism of Pancreatic Islet Number Improvement on Hyperglycemic Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) After Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) Extract Administration

Diabetes mellitus constitutes a metabolic disorder indicated by a decrease in insulin secretion, insulin insensitivity, or a combination of both. Golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) is a natural resource of Indonesian waters with benefit for reducing blood sugar levels. This research aimed to determine the anti-hyperglycemic mechanism of golden sea cucumber.This study used a experimental laboratory research with Post-test Only Control Group. The sample of this study consisted of 25 male rats aged 60-70 days, divided into 5 groups: K(-), K(+), P1, P2, and P3 randomly. Rats from K(+), P1, P2, and P3 groups were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) with a dose of 50 mg/kg BW. Treatment was administered for 21 days. K(-) and K(+) groups were fed normally while P1, P2 and P3 groups were given golden sea cucumber 80% ethanol extract with a dose of 4,25 mg/kgBW/day, 8,50 mg/kgBW/day and 12,75 mg/kgBW/day respectively. On the 22nd day, fasting blood sugar level was measured and the number of pancreatic islet was counted with histopathological examination. The administration of golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) extract on rats with hyperglycemia does not reduce blood sugar level, but the extract administration increases the number of pancreatic islet. Golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanni) extract may improve the number of pancreatic islet and prevent the progressive damage of pancreatic islet.C

Antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activities of ultrasonic extract from Stichopus japonicus

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis activities of an ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus, collected from Jeju Island. Methods: Antioxidant activity experiments were assessed by an electron spin resonance system and a cellular model of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) to determine its radical scavenging activity and protective effects against 2,2’-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress. Anti-melanogenic activity of the ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber was also examined using the melanoma cell model B16F10 and mushroom tyrosinase. Following the induction by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, the effects of the ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber on intracellular tyrosinase activity, melanin content and the melanogenic protein expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related proteins (TRP-1, and TRP-2) were examined. Results: The ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber significantly scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and alkyl radicals [IC50: (0.924±0.035) and (0.327±0.006) mg/mL, respectively], as well as showed a protective effect against oxidative stress and attenuated generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species on AAPH- induced HaCaT cells, with no cytotoxicity (12.5-400 μg/mL). The ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber also exhibited a tyrosinase inhibitory effect [IC50: (2.750±0.006) mg/mL]. On α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells, the ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber (25-200 μg/mL) significantly inhibited not only melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, but also protein expressions of microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2. Conclusions: The ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber shows antioxidant and anti-melanogenic potential and may be a natural candidate for anti-aging as well as a whitening agent in the cosmeceuticals industry.

Acute Wound Healing Potential of Marine Worm, Diopatra claparedii Grube, 1878 Aqueous Extract on Sprague Dawley Rats.

Diopatra claparedii which is colloquially known as Ruat Sarung can be found along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The species has a unique ability to regenerate anterior and posterior segments upon self-amputation or injury, thus having potential as a wound healing promoter. In this study, the wound healing potential of D. claparedii aqueous extract on acute wound model in rats was revealed for the first time. Various concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0% w/w) of D. claparedii ointment were formulated and tested on Sprague Dawley rats through topical application on full-thickness skin wounds for 14 days. The wound healing effects were investigated via behaviour observation, wound contraction, and histopathological analysis. Quality assessment was performed via skin irritation test, microbial contamination test (MCT), and heavy metal detection. The study also included test for antibacterial activities and detection of bioactive compounds in D. claparedii. One percent of D. claparedii ointment showed rapid wound healing potential with good soothing effects and more collagen deposition in comparison to the commercial wound healing ointments such as acriflavine (0.1% w/v) and traditional ointment gamat (sea cucumber extract) (15.0% w/v). No local skin irritation, microbial contamination, and insignificant concentration of heavy metals were observed, which indicate its safe application. Moreover, the aqueous extract of D. claparedii exhibited antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value at 0.4 g/ml. 1H NMR analysis of the aqueous extract of D. claparedii revealed some metabolites that might be responsible for its wound healing properties such as amino acids, halogenated aromatics, organic acids, vitamins, and others. Altogether, these results suggested that the aqueous extract of D. claparedii could be utilised as an alternative natural wound healing promoter.