Extralinguistic Factors Research Articles

THE ROLE OF MULTIMODAL MEANS IN EXPRESSING PROHIBITION

The article deals with the study of verbal and non-verbal means’ interaction actualising the speech acts of prohibition communicated in the spheres of publishing and advertising, as the ones aimed at engaging readers or consumers by making use of catching slogans and powerful graphic means. To define the specificity of techniques used to influence the recipients, the author singles them out into two main types: verbal (language means that represent the concept of prohibition), and visual (non-textual content of a message which consists of such aspects as graphic images, colour, and font). The study results were based on the analysis of 53 front covers of the British journal “The Economist” as well as the ads that contain the idea of prohibition. By way of using the outlined language means’ interaction, it has been found out that actualisation of prohibitive speech acts in advertising and publishing is ensured by the predominance of verbal means that contain the formula do + not + verb serving as a straightforward appeal to the recipient. The verbal message of prohibition is supplemented by colourful images, pictures, multimodal lexical units, or symbols which draw people’s attention to the encoded problem. In this case the prominence is given to colour as a dominant constituent part that not only accentuates the message visibility in the advertisement in the first place, but also helps convey its particular deep meaning, like a set of values of a country or a variety of common associations that it traditionally brings up in different cultures. Such a characteristics can be explained by a concise form of an advertisement and consequently the creators’ purpose to influence the recipient within a short period of time. Thus, the decoding of such multimodal images requires orientation in the general notions the senders refer to, as well as the time or period when it was released since extra-linguistic factors carry additional semantic loading. In view of this, the author concludes that the application of the detailed description of instrumentality to the study of multimodal means’ interaction makes it possible to present a comprehensive description of invariant patterns typical of published multimodal texts belonging to different genres.

Мессізалежний vs мессізалежність: iсторія двох неологізмів у футбольному інтернет-дискурсі

In modern football discourse, speakers often verbalize actions, phenomena, signs and processes associated with the team leader, which creates the image of an idol, a star. This leads to the creation of neologisms that can enter different languages and be codified in lexicographic works. The article analyzes the history of the neologisms мессізалежний ( Messidependent) and мессізалежність ( Messidependence) in the football internet discourse of European languages. It is proved that the components ‑ залежний (‑ dependent) and ‑ залежність (‑ dependence) are suffixoids. It was found that the innovations мессізалежний ( Messidependent) and мессізалежність ( Messidependence), which derive from the surname of the Argentinian football player Lionel Messi, were coined on the basis of Spanish at the end of the 2000s. Spanish‑language variants were actively used by the football linguistic community, which led to their calquing in other European languages, including Ukrainian, and their lexicographic fixation in online dictionaries. The history of the formation and development of these neologisms is determined by extralinguistic factors related to Lionel Messi’s football career, first of all, his inspirational play for the Catalan team “Barcelona” and the Argentine national side. The availability of calqued equivalents in more than 20 European languages confirms the internationalization of football language, the tendency towards its monosemantic character, its common mutual understanding and demonstrates the interaction of different lexical systems.

¿(Está/Es) Difícil?: Variable Use of Ser and Estar by Heritage Learners of Spanish

The current study examines variation in copula selection in Spanish by looking at the written productions of three groups of language learners in the United States, including heritage learners, those with English as an L1, and international students with English as an L2. Research on copula variation in Spanish has pinpointed several key linguistic and social factors that influence selection; this study aims to apply these findings to heritage learners in order to determine how their acquisition differs from that of non-native language learners. This analysis used the COWS-L2H corpus of Spanish from the University of California, Davis. Examining over 8000 tokens of [adjective + copula] constructions in variable contexts where both ser and estar were used, the study tracks how linguistic and extralinguistic factors condition copula selection within the three learner groups and how these results compare to previous findings. Seven factors were predictive of copula selection: resultant state, frame of reference, adjective class, experience with study abroad, essay prompt, student age, and course level. Heritage learner copula use was found to be governed by a different set of predictors than that of learners, hinting at the variable motivations and backgrounds that influence use and reflect the identity goals of these speakers.

Lithuanian Feminine Surname Debates from a Central European Perspective

Contemporary Lithuania remains the only European country in which official feminine surnames indicate their bearers’ marital status, and this has been the object of fierce public debates over the past decade. Czechia and Slovakia grapple with surprisingly similar issues, even though Czech and Slovak feminine surnames do not reveal marital status. Similar debates in Poland took place a century earlier, a fact which may indicate the possible direction of the changes in the three countries studied. The aim of this article is to present debates concerning feminine surnames in Lithuania from a wider perspective, regarding contemporary Czechia and Slovakia, as well as Poland in the interwar period, and to show from a wider Central and Eastern European perspective that, despite the obvious differences in naming patterns, Lithuanian discussions are not exceptional, and they are part of a larger tendency towards more freedom in the choice of official surname forms for women. It is evident that, although female surnames are inexorably embedded in the language systems of the countries in which they function, their future largely depends on extralinguistic factors such as societal attitudes. While feminine surnames in European states generally seem to be on the decline, the most controversial remain those types that reveal marital status or imply male possession of women, though pragmatic factors might play some role as well, particularly in the case of minorities.

Лингвостилистика духовных писем иеросхимонаха Макария Оптинского

The aim of the research is to identify the main linguostylistic features of the spiritual epistolary works by Hieroschemamonk Macarius of Optina and their connection with extralinguistic factors. The study is novel in that it is the first to present the results of a comprehensive linguostylistic analysis of the spiritual epistolary heritage of Hieroschemamonk Macarius of Optina, outlining the main characteristics of his writing style and examining the spiritual and ideological foundations of formation of the textual field in his spiritual epistolary works. The research demonstrates that the analyzed material actively utilizes intertextemes referring to biblical and patristic texts, metaphors based on Christian cultural imagery, allegories typical of various church-religious genres, epithets that give the texts an archaic and elevated tone and stylistic figures with linguistic units denoting religious concepts, church-religious etiquette formulas.

Linguistic and Extra-Linguistic Factors of Somatic Idioms in English

As an essential part of the general vocabulary, idioms reflect the environment, life, history, and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirits and feelings. The question emerges that these idioms could have had both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that could have influenced their appearance. In this article we aim at examining both linguistic and extra-linguistic features and ways of somatic idioms emergence in the English language. To be explicit we will compare English somatic idioms having different human part body key words to various body parts with somatic expressions of the same nature in the Romanian language.

Пожелание заказчика или содержание текста? (Об одной дискуссионной проблеме современного переводоведения)

The traditional understanding of translation as an interlanguage text transmission (in most cases, taking into account the relevant extralinguistic factors) began to undergo a significant rethinking at the end of the 20 — beginning of the 21 century. This led to the emergence of a number of concepts in translation studies. The most famous is the scopos theory of K.R. Reiß and H.J. Vermeer. It brings to the fore the concept of the purpose of translation and the figure of its customer. The theory proclaims “the lowering of the source text from its pedestal” and the actual denial of the need to analyze the relationship of the translated text from the point of view of their equivalence. The authors of this article consider this point of view to be one-sided, since with its consistent implementation, the very concept of translation loses its certainty.

The metaphor of the coronavirus in the Chinese Internet space

The object of the study is headlines about a new coronavirus infection in the Internet space. The subject of the study is the metaphors used in the representation of COVID-19 in the headlines of the Chinese media. As a result of the analysis of more than one hundred and fifty headlines of articles about coronavirus infection in the Internet space of China, published in the period from 2019-2021, the author identified more than fifty metaphors. The aim of the study was to identify metaphorical groups and translate metaphorical representations of coronavirus into Russian, taking into account extralinguistic factors. The relevance of this study is determined by the interest in the coronavirus pandemic and China as the alleged source of the disease. Mass media have a great influence on all spheres of human activity, and in the era of intensification of life and economy of linguistic efforts, a special role in the modern information space is assigned to the title. To identify and analyze the features of the COVID-19 representation, such research methods as the method of linguistic and cultural analysis, contextual analysis, component analysis, classification method, comparison method, generalization method, quantitative calculation and descriptive method are used. As a result of the analysis, seven thematic groups of metaphors were identified, the percentage was distributed as follows: 1.Coronavirus as a war - 37% 2.Coronavirus as a threat uniting people - 17% 3.Coronavirus as a dark entity - 14% 4.Coronavirus as a warning to humanity - 12% 5. New heroes in the conditions of the coronavirus epidemic - 10% 6.Coronavirus as an unpredictable event - 6% 7.New objects and phenomena in the conditions of coronavirus - 4% The studied language material allows us to observe the dynamics of the emergence and development of the coronavirus metaphor as a military action. The author concludes that the use of the metaphorical model "War" is one of the most active ways to conceptualize the spread of Covid. Interlanguage studies are of particular theoretical and practical importance in order to determine the national specifics of metaphors and linguistic universals.

Situational model of bullying in business communication

The subject of the study is speech activity affecting the participants of bullying situations in the context of business communications; linguistic means of implementing business bullying strategies and tactics when creating a negative media image of companies and persons in the context of information attacks; media linguistic characteristics of texts related to bullying phenomena in business communication (structure, vocabulary, style, etc.); extralinguistic factors influencing the manifestation and perception of bullying in the business environment, including socio-cultural, psychological and economic aspects. The object of the study is destructive verbal content with signs of business bullying placed in open communication channels, including its media and linguistic manifestations. Within the framework of this work, the emphasis is placed on the specifics of the media linguistic analysis of business communication texts in the context of bullying, as well as on external factors that can influence this process. Special attention is paid to the structure of subject-object relations in the practice of information aggression directed against business. The methodology has developed under the influence of modern media linguistics, when an activity-procedural, praxeological approach to the analysis of the media text is implemented. The thematic discourse of business bullying is distinguished by the length of time, complex interactions, and multicomponent structure of the linguistic architecture of media communication, so the basic method was the praxeological transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary integration of research methods, procedures and techniques – formed the basis of the work. The relevance of the research is due to the combination of the rapidly changing digital landscape, the social responsibility of business and the need for effective strategies to prevent or respond to bullying cases in business communication. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of linguistic signs of business bullying and the construction of communication models of business bullying. The results obtained can be used both in academic research and in the practical activities of the business community. The author proposes to build communication situational models of bullying in the context of business communication on the basis of subject-object relations, which allow to determine patterns of information aggression, analyze components, specify the role of participants, isolate manipulative practices, build business risk strategies, formulate strategies to combat and overcome the consequences of business bullying.

Семантика слова «кукла» в русском языке (динамический аспект)

The article is devoted to integrative research into dynamic processes in modern Russian. It examines the peculiarities of the functioning of the noun "kukla (doll)" in the Russian language of the 20 th and 21 st centuries. Based on the analysis of the linguistic experiment results, the materials from the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRL), as well as lexicographic sources, the subject-conceptual content of the word "kukla (doll)", its pragmatic features and some characteristics of attributive distributors are considered. According to the analysis of frequency based on materials from the NCRL 2010–2021, it was found that over the past ten years the recurrence of the word "kukla (doll)" has decreased by 2.3 times. At the same time, lexicographic sources of the late 20 th – early 21 st centuries recorded new lexical meanings of the noun "kukla (doll)": "a soulless / weak-willed person", "a pack of fake banknotes", formed as a result of metaphorical transfer. Generalisation of the data obtained as a result of an associative linguistic experiment made it possible to record the expansion of the semantic meaning of the lexeme "kukla (doll)", which occurred due to both linguistic processes and the influence of extralinguistic factors. The connotative components of the word "kukla (doll)" meanings have been described, their majority is established to be ameliorative and neutral. Pejorative connotation is represented insignificantly. The results achieved prove the high expressive potential of the lexeme "kukla (doll)" in the Russian language within the analysed period.

러시아어 단어내적반의어(enantiosemy) 연구

This article is devoted to the problem of enantiosemy - one of the most special phenomena in the lexical-semantic aspect of the Russian language. This sphere attracts the interest of many researchers but not yet sufficiently studied and determined by nonsystematic approach of the described object. Research of an enantiosemy as multi-sided and difficult linguistic unit demands studying of a wide range of the questions explaining its contradictory nature. So, the author suggests to approach not only from classic term, so-called enantiosemy (ENS), which means “intra-word antonymy” but also consider the terms of antagonym or contronym, reflecting their asymmetric feature of semantic polarity. The article analyses the category of ENS and the mechanisms of their formation and classifies 3 main types of ENS. Firstly, ENS with superficial negation, secondly, ENS with inversion of diathesis (agent - patient), thirdly, interlingual ENS with panchronic adoption. ENS may be the result of a semantic reconsideration of the word and a revision of connotation in individual word usage such as metonymy and metaphor (one of the typical mechanisms of ENS). Also, linguistic and extralinguistic factors function as mechanism of ENS and reflect the points of view of the participants (agens-patiens) of the communicative situation. ENS is, first of all, multi-temporal in nature, and their opposite meanings, associated with the same root (Proto-Slavic). This semantic syncretism can be traced at different diachronical and synchronical stages of Slavic language development. That’s why ENS is widely represented in colloquial speech, dialects, jargon and conspicuous for two opposite meaning in many Slavic languages. The author comes to a conclusion that the essence of ENS with its semantic ambiguity lies not in the occasional deviation from the norm, but in a realization of effective communicative strategy.

SEMANTIC PROCESSES INMODERN KAZAKH TERMINOLOGY

This paper describes semantic processes in Kazakh terminology (polysemy, broad meaning (eurysemy), semantic shift (broadening/narrowing), terminization and non-terminization of archaisms and terminization of neologisms, the phenomenon of variability) and linguistic data are given. For example, although polysemous terms are the names of different objects and phenomena in several fields, their meanings are closely related and not far from one another, while scientific definitions of terms with broad meanings (eurysemous terms) are far from one another.The article also states that the article is based on terms created as a result of the expansion of meaning in terminology, the names of objects and phenomena, actions characteristic of the life of the Kazakh nation, i.e. formed metaphorically on the basis of national cognition.The main influence on the terminologization and determinalization of archaisms in the Kazakh language are various extralinguistic factors (political situations, change of state formation, etc.).Neologisms, one of the sources that currently replenish the Kazakh terminological base, are classified into two types: 1) neologisms created due to the emergence of new concepts that have never existed in the language; 2) neologisms created by renewing, modernizing and transforming names that already exist in the language. At the same time, the lexical units belonging to the first group are introductory words, and in the second group are neologisms that arose in the process of term formation based on national cognition, which began to gain priority in modern Kazakh terminology. Currently, the vast majority of neologisms the Kazakh language are terms that have entered the Russian language from English.At present, in the Kazakh language, the parallel use of terms is widely observed. In industry terms dictionaries, legislation, and scientific works, the terms that have entered the Russian language from European languages are used simultaneously with their equivalents in Kazakh. Such a phenomenon of variability can be divided into the following types: 1) parallel use of the Kazakh language version of a term in Russian from European languages and its equivalent in Kazakh: 2) use of several alternatives in Kazakh for a term in Russian or from European languages.

Non-Pronominal Intransitive Verb Variants with Property Interpretation: A Characterization

In this paper, we study a syntactic construction that has received little attention in the study of Spanish grammar (La masa de pizza congela perfectamente, ‘Pizza dough freezes perfectly’). It is characterized by the presence of a verb in a non-pronominal intransitive variant, with property interpretation. This construction is related to mediopassive sentences or generic middles (Las camisas de algodón se lavan fácilmente, ‘Cotton shirts wash easily’), as well as to the anticausative construction (La camisa se secó al sol, ‘The shirt dried in the sun’), a relationship that has not always been highlighted in previous studies, which are usually based on a short list of verbs. Taking as a point of departure both the verbal classification found in ADESSE and data from Corpus del Español: Web/Dialects, the construction under study is described, paying special attention to the types of verbs found in it in order to check if they coincide with the verbs found in mediopassive sentences or the anticausative construction. In addition, our study provides new data on the linguistic factors (presence of a manner adverb or other modifiers, negation), as well as on the extralinguistic factors (type of text, geographical distribution) involved in this phenomenon.

Demonstration of the politician’s national identity with the help of culture-bound elements

The article is devoted to the actualization of national identity of a political individual subject with the help of linguistic means (based on the government statements of the former German Chancellor A. Merkel). Given that the construction of national identity takes place in the language, it is proposed to consider culture-bound elements as the main marker of national identity. The purpose of the study is to reveal the relationship between the demonstration of ethnic identity in the speech of an individual political subject and the use of language means that reflect national specifics. General scientific (description, continuous sampling method) and linguistic (linguoculturological and discursive analysis) methods were used in the research. Statistical methods (Chi-square, Cramer’s coefficient) were used to obtain more accurate results and test the hypothesis about the presence or absence of a relationship between language markers and the demonstration of the politician’s national identity. The material of the study was the texts of 34 government statements of the former chancellor of Germany A. Merkel in the period between 2014 and 2021. The chronological framework is determined by extralinguistic factors (the beginning of the Ukrainian crisis and the end of the chancellor’s term), which must be taken into account when analyzing political discourse. This genre of political communication has not been subjected to thorough linguistic analysis, so this study has a certain novelty. The selected lexical units were classified according to the onomastic principle (toponyms, anthroponyms, polytonyms, official names, geortonyms, ethnonyms) and divided into two categories: units denoting German and other realities. A total of 1902 units and 5823 cases of use. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis and indicate the presence of a dependence, but indicate a weak degree of correlation. The proposed approach seems to be innovative, since it allows us to comprehensively consider the phenomenon of identity and can help to correctly interpret and demonstrate the intentions of a political individual subject in public speeches.

INVARIANT LINGUOSTYLISTICS OF THE MEDIA REVIEW GENRE

The article touches upon the problem of stylistic status of the review. Its invariant in the media in modern forms optimizes the effective model of analytics in public communication. The author’s thesis is based on the argumentation of the contrasting nature of the modern media review (as an object of analysis) in relation to its traditional varieties – scientific and literary-critical. It is explained by the dynamic functional resource of new media represented in the Internet, social networks, etc. The openness of their communicative boundaries expands the category of authorship, when a potential reviewer is not necessarily a specialist (which is typical for scientific review), but a real recipient of information. Such extralinguistic dominants of the media review are qualified as one of the genre-creating factors resulting in the systematic selection of relevant constructions. In accordance with the research tasks, a thesis is formulated regarding the change of the professional context of the review in the media, which is supplemented by the means of individual emotional and expressive evaluation, verbalized by units of different language levels. It is determined that the genre nature of the media review relies on the analytical resource of verbalizing the author’s – not professional – opinion regarding the object of review. Appropriate reflection, taking into account the mass media context of its functioning and the extralinguistic factor of the audience, involves the use of commonly used vocabulary, phraseology, paraphrases, epithets, optimal, special syntactic models, etc. – as communicative markers of assessment. The investigation of linguostylistics of the media review results in its identification as a meta-genre, which, assuming the analytical principle of informing, is based on a certain recommended evaluation of a message, book, film, concert, event, etc., and can be designed in accordance with the communicative dominant of genres, actual for different media segments –review, post in social networks, extended comment, rticle, etc. The formulated and commented ambiguity and debatability of the genre-stylistic status of the media review determines the actual and perspective problems of further professional studies in the field of media genreology.

Influências estilísticas e sociais na variação dos possessivos em 3ª pessoa no corpus D&G Natal

This study is the result of an analysis of the linguistic variation between the possessive forms SEU and DELE (and their inflections) in Natal/RN, at the end of the 20th century, with emphasis on social and stylistic aspects, as extralinguistic factors that condition usage. 40 oral texts and their respective written versions were selected, extracted from the Corpus Discurso e Gramática (D&G), and these data are equally stratified in language modality, gender/textual sequence, age/education and gender. It was verified, through quantitative analyzes provided by the Statistical Program Goldvarb, that the DELE(A)(S) form stands out in orality, in genres/sequences of the narrative sphere, among younger/less educated individuals, and among men. Among these factors, the one with the greatest influence was related to language modality. And from the sociolinguistic generalizations, it could be concluded that the phenomenon of variation between the possessive forms of the 3rd person singular, regarding the analyzed factors, indicated, at that time, a stable variation between the variants.

From tweets to trends: analyzing sociolinguistic variation and change using the Twitter Corpus of English in Hong Kong (TCOEHK)

ABSTRACT This article presents the Twitter Corpus of English in Hong Kong (TCOEHK): a 123-million-word corpus derived from sampling tweets across the 18 districts and three geographical (macro-)regions of Hong Kong from 2010 to 2022. It introduces the corpus and demonstrates its utility by examining four linguistic variables found in English in Hong Kong (EngHK) and the dominant variety Hong Kong English (HKE): tense marking, ‘-ize/-ise’ suffix use, adverb syntactic position, and copula (non-)use. It explores their relationship with intralinguistic, stylistic (e.g. formality), and extralinguistic factors (e.g. region, year, affect). The findings show that the distribution of variants in all four variables (e.g. rates of -ize use) is similar to the patterns identified in prior HKE work. In addition to confirming previous research, the results also reveal how intralinguistic, stylistic, and extralinguistic factors can each influence the distribution of variants differently depending on the variable studied, highlighting the complex and ever-changing nature of EngHK. The availability of social metadata and the large size of the TCOEHK make it viable for examining (socio)linguistic variation and changes in contemporary (Twitter-style) EngHK, as well as potential regional and social sub-varieties/styles within EngHK. It promises to advance research on variation and change in EngHK.

German and Romance varieties in contact in northeastern Italy

Northeastern Italy offers several sites where a variety of German is in contact with Italian, Italo-Romance, or Rhaeto-Romance: All of these contact situations vary according to sociolinguistic and extralinguistic factors, such as the composition of the speech community, structure of linguistic repertoires, language status, standardization, and demography. These factors combine into more or less coherent speech community types that, in turn, constrain the typology of contact linguistic phenomena that can be observed. In this contribution, based on the trilingual region of South Tyrol, a few emblematic case studies will be discussed focusing on insertional mechanisms that occur in speech. Based on the outcomes of a larger research project and drawing on various corpora of conversational data, quantitative and qualitative aspects of this contact situation will be explored in more detail.

Linguocultural Aspects of PR Translation in the Modern World

The present study deals with the topical issue of professional public relations (PR) terminology translation into the Russian language. The discipline and the field of professional activity, which emerged in Russia in the late 1980s, still poses lots of problems in terms of translation. The aim of the study is to reveal what translation procedures are applicable in rendering subject specific terminology into the target language with the absence of equivalents in the professional field. The novelty lies in the disclosure of translation features as well as translation procedures applied to PR terminology with special attention to linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The methods of comprehensive analysis of English PR terms, comprising the general scientific method, the communicative method, the method of comparative analysis, the dictionary definitions method, as well as the method of translation adequacy and the method of analysis of translation procedures and transformations have allowed to reveal the peculiarities of PR terms’ meanings and their functioning in the English professional discourse to be rendered into the Russian language. The findings illustrate the most adequate procedures to be used for the purpose of rendering PR terms and terminology as units of specific meaning into the target language. The conclusion drawn from the study postulates that along with the borrowing of PR terminological field, the English cultural and conceptual worldview was also adopted to produce a hybrid professional worldview sharing similar PR subject specific language units, which is a great advance towards English as a global language.

La diversidad terminológica dentro del mismo ordenamiento jurídico como problema de traducción: el subdominio jurídico de las parejas de hecho en España

Abstract In multi-legislative states, there is no uniformity, but rather a possible diversity of legal responses to the same subject matter. This diversity can occur in all sectors of law if the political and legal autonomy of the communities that make up the State is very broad or only in one or some of the sectors, with uniform legislation in the remaining sectors. This situation is in fact applicable to Spain and has given rise to an important terminological diversity in the treatment of various sectors where both the Spanish State and the Autonomous Communities have legislative powers. We have studied this question in the framework of civil partnerships a frequent phenomenon in modern Western societies due to the marked social changes that have taken place in the field of family relations in the preceding decades. Using a corpus of regulations on this subject enacted by regional legislators, we have been able to observe a considerable terminological variation, both formal and conceptual, which is due to different linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. We also analysed the repercussions and problems that this variation can have on the translation of legal documentation in this field.