Expressive Syntax Research Articles

Syntaxin 6 Enhances the Progression of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer by Promoting Cancer Cell Proliferation.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of syntaxin 6 (STX6) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and assess the effects of STX6 on the prognosis of patient. Using information from the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database, the effects of STX6 expression on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in ovarian cancer patients were examined. The clinical information of 147 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer was evaluated, and immunohistochemical staining was used to identify STX6 expression in postoperative tumor specimens, and the affection of STX6 expression on patient prognosis was assessed. In addition, the expression of STX6 in tumor tissue, peritoneal metastases (PM) derived from 13 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and 6 normal ovarian specimens was detected by PCR and Western blot. In order to investigate how STX6 affects the proliferation of tumor cells, STX6 was also over expressed and knock down in ovarian cancer cell lines. Then colony formation assay was used to explore the effect of STX6 regulating on cell proliferation. Kaplan-Meier Plotter enrollment data analysis revealed that patients with overexpressed STX6 had substantially worse OS and PFS than individuals with low STX6 expression. Retrospective study revealed a significant (P<0.05) correlation between the STX6 expression and tumor classifications, tumor stage, peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI), and PFS survival of patients. Western blot and PCR findings for fresh samples showed that STX6 was overexpressed in both primary lesions and PM nodules of OC. SKOV3 cell proliferation was shown to be dramatically reduced by STX6 knockdown and promoted by STX6 overexpression, according to the in vitro experiments. STX6 may increase the progression of epithelial OC by encouraging the proliferation of cancer cells, indicating that STX6 was a viable therapeutic target of epithelial OC.

Effects in language development of young children with language delay during early intervention

IntroductionIn the Netherlands, early language intervention is offered to young children with Language Delay (LD). The intervention combines groupwise language intervention, individual speech and language therapy and parent-implemented language intervention. This study tests the hypothesis that children with LD show progress in their receptive and expressive language during intervention. Differences in language progress between age groups (< 36 months and ≥ 36 months at intervention start) were expected in favour of the younger group, which might be due to an earlier intervention start, a longer treatment duration or the potential presence of late talkers. MethodsThe study included 183 children with LD (45 children < 3 years of age at intervention start; mean age 32 months, 138 children ≥ 3 years; mean age 40 months). Receptive and expressive language was assessed with norm-referenced tests at intervention start and ending using Routine Outcome Monitoring. A repeated measures MANOVA was carried out to examine language progress and to compare the age groups on receptive syntax, receptive vocabulary, expressive syntax and expressive vocabulary. The Reliable Change Index was used to study individual progress. ResultsOn average, children in both age groups showed significant improvement in all four language domains. The younger children showed more language progress than the older children in all four domains. When examining individual progress, most of the children displayed reliable improvement for expressive vocabulary. Most children developed in the same pace as their typically developing peers for receptive syntax, receptive vocabulary, and expressive syntax. ConclusionsChildren stabilized or even improved language proficiency during the intervention, indicating that the language gap between these children and typically developing children did not widen further. Younger children displayed more language progress than older children in all four domains, but it is unclear what might explain this difference.

Languages with Decidable Learning: A Meta-theorem

We study expression learning problems with syntactic restrictions and introduce the class of finite-aspect checkable languages to characterize symbolic languages that admit decidable learning. The semantics of such languages can be defined using a bounded amount of auxiliary information that is independent of expression size but depends on a fixed structure over which evaluation occurs. We introduce a generic programming language for writing programs that evaluate expression syntax trees, and we give a meta-theorem that connects such programs for finite-aspect checkable languages to finite tree automata, which allows us to derive new decidable learning results and decision procedures for several expression learning problems by writing programs in the programming language.

DeepOCL: A deep neural network for Object Constraint Language generation from unrestricted nature language

AbstractObject Constraint Language (OCL) is one kind of lightweight formal specification, which is widely used for software verification and validation in NASA and Object Management Group projects. Although OCL provides a simple expressive syntax, it is hard for the developers to write correctly due to lacking knowledge of the mathematical foundations of the first‐order logic, which is approximately half accurate at the first stage of development. A deep neural network named DeepOCL is proposed, which takes the unrestricted natural language as inputs and automatically outputs the best‐scored OCL candidates without requiring a domain conceptual model that is compulsively required in existing rule‐based generation approaches. To demonstrate the validity of our proposed approach, ablation experiments were conducted on a new sentence‐aligned dataset named OCLPairs. The experiments show that the proposed DeepOCL can achieve state of the art for OCL statement generation, scored 74.30 on BLEU, and greatly outperformed experienced developers by 35.19%. The proposed approach is the first deep learning approach to generate the OCL expression from the natural language. It can be further developed as a CASE tool for the software industry.

Обучение оперативному извлечению и пониманию конкретной информации из аутентичного текста студентами-нефилологами (на материале немецкого языка)

This article is the study of the conceptions for optimization, rationalization and constructivism in foreign-language training of students of non-linguistical universities and teaching reading foreign texts in particular. The aim of the research is to formulate the techniques of quick retrieval and understanding of specific information from a foreign authentic text by the students of non-linguistical universities when reading. The scientific novelty consists in the definition of the techniques of quick retrieval and understanding of specific information from a foreign authentic text by poorly motivated or poorly trained language learners. In particular, it is suggested to use a preparatory stage which precedes directly the foreign language reading process. The examples of preparatory stage realization are given. As a result, the feasibility of applying training techniques of quick retrieval and understanding of specific information from a foreign authentic text is substantiated. It includes the understanding of the title of a text, taking into account linguistic pillars such as nouns, verbs and lingua-cultural vocabulary and using a preparatory stage in reading process. The preparatory stage implies the linguistic analysis of syntax constructions and morphological forms used in authentic texts for improving training of students of non-linguistical universities to read texts in a foreign language.

Working memory training in children with developmental language disorder: Effects on complex syntax in narratives.

This study assesses the impact of a working memory training program on the syntactic complexity of the spontaneous speech of French-speaking children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). Thirty-nine 6- to 12-year-old children with DLD were allocated to a WM training (DLDMM, N = 20) or an active control group (DLDSQULA, N = 19). The computerized training sessions took place three times a week, yielding 12 training hours per participant. Syntactic complexity was assessed in storytelling, measuring mean length of utterances, use of embedded clauses and rate of errors in complex utterances. The performance of participants with DLD was first compared to previous spontaneous data of 40 typically-developing (TD) children of the same age. Then, intragroup (pre- vs. post-test) and intergroup (DLDMM vs. DLDSQULA) comparisons were made to assess the impact of the working memory training on the language measures. Global results confirmed syntactic impairment in children with DLD, as opposed to TD children, with large differences for the use of embedded clauses. Findings also suggested gains in the mastery of embedded clauses in children who participated in the WM training, whereas no gains were observed in the DLD control group. These findings confirm deficits in complex syntax in children with DLD, in particular in embedded clauses, and may encourage the clinical use of language sample analysis, which provides an ecological account of children's language performance. While our results should be replicated on a larger scale, they also suggest positive transfer effects of working memory training on the capacity of participants with DLD to produce embedded clauses, in line with previous studies showing a positive effect of WM training on tasks of expressive syntax. It thus seems that working memory training can yield benefits for language, which leaves open the door to new therapeutic approaches for children with DLD.

Функційні вияви парцелятів в ідіостилі Івана Франка

The article is devoted to the study of parcelat, which is one of the means of expressive syntax. The use of parcellation is characteristic feature of artistic and conversational styles, which demonstrates the combination of various syntactic forms of expression dictated by communicative requirements. Parcelat is the result of the segmentation of a sentence as a complete syntactic and intonation-content structure into several elements (basic part and segment) in order to actualize individual fragments of the message. In the context of the theory of actual articulation, the main part (core) of the parcelat occupies the thematic position, and the segment (parcel) is an expression of the rheme. The lack of linguistic works dedicated to the study of parcelat in the artistic heritage of Ivan Franko arouses scientific interest in studying the peculiarities of the functioning of parcelat in the writer's artistic works and determining their tasks in achieving a perlocutionary effect on the reader. The purpose of the scientific article is to study the peculiarities of the functioning of parcelat within a simple sentence based on the materials of Ivan Franko's literary works ("Petrii and Dovbuschuku" (1 ed.), "Borislav laughs", "Cross paths", "Petrii and Dovbuschuku" (2 ed.)), belonging to different periods of the writer's creativity. Parceled homogeneous predicates are the most used within a simple sentence, parceled homogeneous adjuncts, homogeneous circumstances and parceled predicate, meaning, adjunct, circumstance and the main member of a one-syllable sentence are much less recorded. Most often, the writer used parcelat with a non-conjunctive connection, less often – with a conjunctive one, sporadically used parcelat, the formal marker of which is a dot pause between the components. We note the quantitative growth of cases of parcellation in the writer's artistic works belonging to the late period of creativity. In the research, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the parcelat within a simple sentence, used by Ivan Franko in the artistic works of different periods of creativity, was carried out, which made it possible to reveal dynamic processes in their functioning. We see the prospect of further exploration in the involvement of a larger number of Ivan Franko's artistic works in order to reveal their functional and pragmatic potential in the writer's idiostyle. Key words: simple sentence, segmentation, parcelat, expressive syntax, pragmatics of artistic text, Ivan Franko.

Translation of legal language and the problem of equivalence

The field of law and its legal language, permanently influence the lives of the members of the society. Legal language is thought to be complex, pompous, laborious, sinuous, archaic, and exaggerative syntax constructions. Due to its complexity, a great number of people do not fully understand important documents (their rights and obligations granted by a constitution), decisions expressed by a court or by a tribunal, the regulations embodied in a statue, or the legal terms specified in a contract. We should take into consideration a very important aspect - the translation of legal language. In this paper, we will deal with the translation of legal texts, which is not simply a matter of linguistic transference, but an attempt to communicate someone else’s message through another language. We will show how the translator has to focus on a complex network of factors, in order to perform an accurate translation, such as the context of situation, the intended use of the translation, the communicative purpose, the generic knowledge, the rhetorical context. Translators must have basic knowledge of the legal cultures and systems of the source and target languages, and they must be aware of the differences of these cultures and even of the absence of equivalent concepts.

EXPRESSIVE SYNTAX IN PRESIDENTIAL DISCOURSE VLADIMIR ZELENSKY

The article is devoted to the analysis of figures of expressive syntax presented in public speeches of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky. The texts of presidential rhetoric, which was transformed during the Russian invasion on February 24, 2022, are considered. The peculiarities of presidential speeches, implemented at the syntactic level, are traced. Figures of expressive syntax are analyzed: syntactic repetition, syntactic anaphora, syntactic epiphora, syntactic parallelism, period. The material of the research was the texts of presidential speeches, represented in the daily video addresses of Volodymyr Zelensky to the Ukrainian people. The object of research was the Ukrainian presidential discourse, and the subject - the syntactic features of the political speeches of V. Zelensky. The purpose of the study is to identify and qualify the main means of expressive syntax used in the presidential rhetoric of V. Zelensky, which have influential potential. The material for the analysis was the speeches and addresses of V. Zelensky, presented on the official website of the President of Ukraine, starting from February 24, 2022. Both the texts of daily video appeals to the people of Ukraine and official speeches addressed to foreign leaders and communities are considered. It is proved that during the Russian-Ukrainian war a relatively new speech genre of political discourse, presented in the presidential rhetoric of V. Zelensky, became widespread - video appeals. The dynamic nature of this genre and its interactivity, enhanced by video and audio tools, required the actualization of linguistic means of influencing the addressee, among which the priority is the means of expressive syntax. V. Zelensky’s presidential discourse mostly presents syntactic repetitions (anaphora, epiphora, epanaphora), syntactic parallelism, antithesis, period and rhetorical questions.

Stylistics and Pragmatics of Artistic Ironic Discourse (English and French Languages)

The article is devoted to the display of the stylistic peculiarities of literary ironic discourse in modern English and French prose. The empirical basis of the research is built on the corpus of text fragments containing ironic statements selected from literary works in English and French. The relevance of the study is accounted for by the insufficient study of the interconnections between verbal components and conceptual background of irony — the mental mechanism of second-order empathy — as well as the need to confirm the status of irony as a speech strategy of encouragement, incentive, self-defense, censure, ridicule, discredit, self-justification, self-representation or self-abasement, which is verbalized in fiction literature, thanks to the involvement of a number of stylistic devices of a semantic and syntactic sense. It is shown that in addition to linguistic means that objectify the conceptual structure of an ironic utterance and deictic units that reveal the order and logic of organizing information at the level of second-order empathy, fictional ironic discourse (both English and French) is brightly colored with figurative and expressive means of language, which actualize through ambiguous, voluminous, image-forming semantics and expressive syntax. In the course of comparative analysis, it has also been found out that the French-language fictional ironic discourse has a higher density of stylistic devices and is more expressive than the English-language one.

Caractérisation structurelle des constructions chiasmatiques des langues russe et française

This article represents the author's experience in the comparative study of one of the figures of expressive syntax - chiasmatic constructions, functioning in fiction texts. The object of study in this study are chiasmas extracted from texts of fiction in Russian and French, the subject – linguopragmatic characteristics of chiasmatic constructions. Chiasmatic construction, or the figure of crossing, is one of the most complex and multifaceted rhetorical figures. Its appearance is the result of the interaction and fusion of several syntactic structures; this includes expressive constructions of syntactic parallelism, repetition, antithesis or contraposition, and inversion. The name itself comes from the peculiarities of the structure of the chiasmus, in which the second part is an inverse repetition of the first, such an intersection of parts generates a figure similar to the letter "x" - hence the ancient Greek name of the structure. Such constructions are individual, occurring mostly in winged sayings, phraseological units, fiction prose and most often in poetry. The conclusions and provisions developed in these studies, due to their theoretical value and significance, allow us to see the specificity of this figure of expressive syntax. At the same time, the analysis of the corresponding literature and the requirements for scientific research put forward by the time itself and the changes taking place in the society, which are naturally reflected in the language and in its functional stratification, testify to the necessity of the research directed to the complex illumination of problems of the syntax of a fiction text in the comparative aspect.

Inversion and Other Expressive Syntax Figures as Means of Expression in English and Ukrainian Fiction Texts

Inversion and Other Expressive Syntax Figures as Means of Expression in English and Ukrainian Fiction Texts

Экспрессивный синтаксис английского языка: систематический обзор

The aim of this systematic review is to identify the key tasks in the description of expressive syntax constructions by the material of the English language. The article deals with the Russian linguists’ papers written within the framework of the pragmatic-oriented approach and devoted to the classification and functioning of expressive syntactic forms. The scientific novelty consists in an attempt to determine the main problems of the expressive syntax of the English language from purely linguistic positions. As a result, the main research problems in the field of the grammatical description of expressive syntax constructions in the English language have been identified and the ways to solve them have been outlined.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ СОЦІОЛІНГВІСТИЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ МОЛОДІ

The study of socio-intellectual forms of language meets the needs of modern linguistics that considers language in close connection with an individual, his mentality and worldview. In general, the modern scientific paradigm is based on the principle of conditional linguistic differentiation in a heterogeneous society. In this context, youth language is an important area of linguistic research, being a clear indicator of the current state of society and language variability. In the sociolect of youth (SY) all the processes of a natural language develop many times faster and are available for direct observation. The structure of lexical, grammatical and phonetic systems of modern SY in the Ukrainian and English languages is considered in the work. The lexical structure includes the standard segment and the substandard (sociolect) segment, within which certain stylistically reduced and socially marked structural elements are distinguished, the quantitative and qualitative structure of these elements creates a partial situation of socio-stylistic lexical diglossia due to the lot of substandard lexicons. The grammatical parameters of SY demonstrate differential peculiarities of their functioning as an oral dialogic type of speech and sociolinguistic parameters of communicators. Emotional coloring, spontaneity, situation peculiarities determine the presence of certain features of SY grammatical subsystem, which are represented by variable types of expressive syntax, certain means of morphological level. The low frequency of substandard elements at the grammatical level, the sporadic nature of their manifestation does not give grounds to single out the substandard grammatical subsystem within the CY. Sociolinguistic characteristics of SY carriers and sociolinguistic parameters of youth communication determine the emotional and modal tension of speech among the youth, which is actualized by a set of phonetic parameters.

Linguistic and stylistic features of the essay as a journalistic genre

The article concretizes the concept of essay as a journalistic genre, outlines its specific genre features. Research on the stylistics of essay texts by various authors is analyzed. It is stated that essays are considered mainly from the point of view of the theory of journalism and literary criticism, the general linguistic and stylistic features of the essay text have not been outlined yet. The aim of the article was to determine the structural-compositional, syntactic, lexical-semantic, phraseological linguistic means used in the essay. The essay is interpreted as a small artistic and journalistic prose work on abstract-philosophical, aesthetic, literary-ethical theme, which has an arbitrary composition and reproduces the personal thoughts and impressions of the author on a particular occasion or issue, and is not an exhaustive and defining interpretation of the theme. The features of the essay, such as the logic of the opinion, are identified; attention to the artistic form of the text; subjective judgment of the author about an object; the possibility of involving the general cultural context of the background knowledge of the addressee; ease of speech; imagery, aphorisms, metaphors, etc. The structural and compositional means of the essay are outlined, which include the argumentative nature of the unfolding of the text, which is manifested in the logical acts of comparison, opposition, analogy, proof; in the judgments and reflections of the addressee of the speech; key sentences that determine the theme and content of the work; means of communication, including repetitions, parallel constructions, antitheses. The syntactic means of essay texts include inversion of words, rhetorical questions, sentences with different types of syntactic connection, exclamatory statements; means of expressive syntax are represented by ellipse, repetitions, gradation, inversion, parallel constructions. It is noted that the most expressive lexical and semantic feature of this genre is the wide expressive possibilities of the artistic word, in particular imagery. Therefore, at the lexical-semantic and phraseological levels, the characteristic means of the essay are the constant use of tropes: metaphors, personifications, comparisons, epithets, symbolic and allegorical images. A striking feature of the essay text is intertextuality, which finds expression in aphorisms, sentences, maxims, quotations. Keywords: essay, essays, essay genre, essay text, linguistic and stylistic features of the essay.

ПРАГМАТИЧНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ЕЛІПТИЧНИХ РЕЧЕНЬ У ВЕЛИКІЙ ПРОЗІ ІВАНА ФРАНКА (НА МАТЕРІАЛАХ ХУДОЖНІХ ТВОРІВ «ПЕТРІЇ Й ДОВБУЩУКИ» (1 РЕД.), «БОРИСЛАВ СМІЄТЬСЯ», «ПЕРЕХРЕСНІ СТЕЖКИ», «ПЕТРІЇ Й ДОВБУЩУКИ» (2 РЕД.))

The article is devoted to the study of elliptical sentences (ES), which are one of the means of expressive syntax. ES are relatively incomplete from a structural-syntactic point of view and semantically complete. The works of art selected for the study belong to different periods of Ivan Franko's work, which made it possible to trace the evolution of the writer's authorial style. The aim of the article was a comprehensive analysis of ES, in particular, reviewed research positions on such a phenomenon as ellipse, which is the basis of ES formation, described the structural-semantic groups of ES and identified their semantic-syntactic and pragmastylistic features of functioning. The conducted quantitative and statistical analysis shows a significant predominance of ES with elliptical verbs in comparison with ellipsed nouns, in particular with verbs of beingness, which is about 70% of the found ES. It is noted that ES is characterized by a variety of syntactic structure, in particular, they are mostly common and function in both one-syllable and two-syllable sentences. The priority in the structural organization of ES is the author's desire to reproduce the living communication between the characters as much as possible, thus truthfully and in detail to convey the features of communication, their characters, emotions, thoughts, etc., ie to reproduce the spirit of living natural speech. A prerequisite for the frequent use of ES is the linguistic tendency to save language resources, to create a compressed version of the expression. We see the prospect of further research in the involvement of other works of art of the writer, which would allow to trace much more widely the peculiarities of the writer's use of ES.

ПОСИЛЕННЯ ВИРАЗНОСТІ ХУДОЖНЬОГО ТЕКСТУ НОМІНАТИВНИМИ ЕКСПРЕСИВНИМИ РЕЧЕННЯМИ

This article is about the possibilities of expressiveness strengthening by means of nominative sentences. Syntactic means are capable of giving a special affective charge to a statement. At the syntactic level, expressiveness is a functional property of syntactic constructs enhances pragmatic and grammatical information that contains in the statement or in its component. Expressiveness in pragmatics, the semantics of the speech unit, is the factor that indicating the speaker’s interest in strengthening the influential power of expression. Highlighting the main types of expressive syntax schemes units are based on the classification of the expressive types, among which defined the rational and emotional. The article also deals with positional possibilities of nominative expressive sentences in the structure of the text. The text-forming function of nominative sentences is investigated here. Due to its method to the conciseness and brevity prepositional nominative sentences show different levels of expressiveness. The interpositive position of nominative sentences makes their usage both self-semantic and integrative. Synthesizing and forming the contexts of different semantic content, such sentences have properties that bring them closer to maxim. Slowing down the narration and enhancing the static of the description, sentences of this type form connotations of “passivity”, “discernment” and the like. Presupposition, which is the main source of adequate perception of content nominative sentences, concentrates in the previous context and establishes from retrospective links to it. These sentences are introducing into the text as a conclusion, a productive summary of what has already been said. Due to its tendency for conciseness, brevity and integrity of syntactic constructions the nominative sentences show different levels of expressiveness.

Projective and other locative PPs in Greek

The distinction between projective and non-projective locative prepositions that has been proposed in the semantic literature (Zwarts &amp;amp; Winter 2000) is reflected in the syntax and morphology of Greek spatial expressions. Projective PPs in Greek are always complex, formed by a spatial “adverb” and the “light” preposition apo marking the ground DP. In non-projective PPs, which can be either simple or complex, the light preposition alternates between se (in locative and goal environments) and apo (in source and route environments). This is attributed to the different syntactic status of the “adverb”, which is shown to be a head in projectives, and an adjunct in non-projectives (cf. Theophanopoulou-Kontou 2000). The Greek data support an extended P projection analysis along the lines of Svenonius (2008; 2010) for projectives, which relates to their vector space ontology (Zwarts &amp;amp; Winter 2000). Non-projective expressions, on the other hand, are syntactically reduced.

Mining Common Syntactic Patterns used by Java Programmers

Open source code repositories provide massive data as programs that have been used to develop different tools. These kinds of works have been included in the active Big Code and Mining Software Repositories research fields. Although different machine learning works already classify the syntactic constructs used by programmers, there are no reports about the most common syntactic patterns used by Java programmers. In this article, we describe a system we build to provide such a report. Our system retrieves the syntactic patterns used by Java programmers, distinguishing those utilized by experts and beginners. We also present the anomalies found in the usage of different syntactic constructs. We modify the OpenJDK compiler to double the syntactic information included in its Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), define a mechanism to translate ASTs into n-dimensional vectors, combine the information of different syntax constructs to build heterogeneous patterns, and apply the Frequent Pattern Growth algorithm to mine the syntactic patterns as association rules. The mined patterns allow expressing hierarchical subpatterns connected to one another, providing a high level of expressiveness.

Идентификация и интерпретация иронии посредством эмотивных маркеров вторичной эмпатии (на материале англоязычного и франкоязычного художественного дискурса)

The aim of the study is to establish a connection between second-order empathy and the emotive nature of ironic literary discourse in the aspect of comparing its linguistic expression among English- and French-speaking authors. The scientific novelty of the work lies in determining the principles of the interconnectedness of semantics and the associative background of emotive linguistic means of a literary text containing irony with the components of the event structure of secondary empathy. As a result, it has been established that emotivity explicates irony in the statements of discourse producers and is objectified through the names of emotions, emotionally charged language units and expressive syntax. Regardless of the linguistic embodiment and cultural background of literary discourse, the main emotional reason for irony is the contempt of the ironist for the event under discussion and its participants; however, the emotional colouring and direction of the ironic remark in English and French prose are differentiated.